There are five different types of eye movements: saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibular ocular eye movements, optokinetic eye movements, and vergence eye movements. The purpose of this book is focused primarily on mathematical models of the horizontal saccadic eye movement system and the smooth pursuit system, rather than on how visual information is processed. A saccade is a fast eye movement used to acquire a target by placing the image of the target on the fovea. Smooth pursuit is a slow eye movement used to track a target as it moves by keeping the target on the fovea. The vestibular ocular movement is used to keep the eyes on a target during brief head movements. The optokinetic eye movement is a combination of saccadic and slow eye movements that keeps a full-field image stable on the retina during sustained head rotation. Each of these movements is a conjugate eye movement, that is, movements of both eyes together driven by a common neural source. A vergence movement is a non-conjugate eye movement allowing the eyes to track targets as they come closer or farther away. In this book, early models of saccades and smooth pursuit are presented. The smooth pursuit system allows tracking of a slow moving target to maintain its position on the fovea. Models of the smooth pursuit have been developed using systems control theory, all involving a negative feedback control system that includes a time delay, controller and plant in the forward loop, with unity feedback. The oculomotor plant and saccade generator are the basic elements of the saccadic system. The oculomotor plant consists of three muscle pairs and the eyeball. A number of oculomotor plant models are described here beginning with the Westheimer model published in 1954, and up through our 1995 model involving a 4th order oculomotor plant model. The work presented here is not an exhaustive coverage of the field, but focused on the interests of the author. In Part II, a state-of-art model of the saccade system is presented, including a neural network that controls the system. Table of Contents: Introduction / Smooth Pursuit Models / Early Models of the Horizontal Saccadic Eye Movement System / Velocity and Acceleration Estimation / 1995 Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement Model
There are five different types of eye movements: saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibular ocular eye movements, optokinetic eye movements, and vergence eye movements. The purpose of this book is focused primarily on mathematical models of the horizontal saccadic eye movement system and the smooth pursuit system, rather than on how visual information is processed. A saccade is a fast eye movement used to acquire a target by placing the image of the target on the fovea. Smooth pursuit is a slow eye movement used to track a target as it moves by keeping the target on the fovea. The vestibular ocular movement is used to keep the eyes on a target during brief head movements. The optokinetic eye movement is a combination of saccadic and slow eye movements that keeps a full-field image stable on the retina during sustained head rotation. Each of these movements is a conjugate eye movement, that is, movements of both eyes together driven by a common neural source. A vergence movement is a non-conjugate eye movement allowing the eyes to track targets as they come closer or farther away. In this book, a 2009 version of a state-of-the-art model is presented for horizontal saccades that is 3rd-order and linear, and controlled by a physiologically based time-optimal neural network. The oculomotor plant and saccade generator are the basic elements of the saccadic system. The control of saccades is initiated by the superior colliculus and terminated by the cerebellar fastigial nucleus, and involves a complex neural circuit in the mid brain. This book is the second part of a book series on models of horizontal eye movements. Table of Contents: 2009 Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement Model and Post-Saccade Behavior: Dynamic and Glissadic Overshoot / Neural Network for the Saccade Controller
There are five different types of eye movements: saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibular ocular eye movements, optokinetic eye movements, and vergence eye movements. The purpose of this book series is focused primarily on mathematical models of the horizontal saccadic eye movement system and the smooth pursuit system, rather than on how visual information is processed. In Part 1, early models of saccades and smooth pursuit are presented. A number of oculomotor plant models are described here beginning with the Westheimer model published in 1954, and up through our 1995 model involving a 4th order oculomotor plant model. In Part 2, a 2009 version of a state-of-the-art model is presented for horizontal saccades that is 3rd-order and linear, and controlled by a physiologically based time-optimal neural network. Part 3 describes a model of the saccade system, focusing on the neural network. It presents a neural network model of biophysical neurons in the midbrain for controlling oculomotor muscles during horizontal human saccades. In this book, a multiscale model of the saccade system is presented, focusing on a multiscale neural network and muscle fiber model. Chapter 1 presents a comprehensive model for the control of horizontal saccades using a muscle fiber model for the lateral and medial rectus muscles. The importance of this model is that each muscle fiber has a separate neural input. This model is robust and accounts for the neural activity for both large and small saccades. The muscle fiber model consists of serial sequences of muscle fibers in parallel with other serial sequences of muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is described by a parallel combination of a linear length tension element, viscous element, and active-state tension generator. Chapter 2 presents a biophysically realistic neural network model in the midbrain to drive a muscle fiber oculomotor plant during horizontal monkey saccades. Neural circuitry, including omnipause neuron, premotor excitatory and inhibitory burst neurons, long lead burst neuron, tonic neuron, interneuron, abducens nucleus, and oculomotor nucleus, is developed to examine saccade dynamics. The time-optimal control mechanism demonstrates how the neural commands are encoded in the downstream saccadic pathway by realization of agonist and antagonist controller models. Consequently, each agonist muscle fiber is stimulated by an agonist neuron, while an antagonist muscle fiber is unstimulated by a pause and step from the antagonist neuron. It is concluded that the neural network is constrained by a minimum duration of the agonist pulse, and that the most dominant factor in determining the saccade magnitude is the number of active neurons for the small saccades. For the large saccades, however, the duration of agonist burst firing significantly affects the control of saccades. The proposed saccadic circuitry establishes a complete model of saccade generation since it not only includes the neural circuits at both the premotor and motor stages of the saccade generator, but it also uses a time-optimal controller to yield the desired saccade magnitude. Table of Contents: Acknowledgments / A New Linear Muscle Fiber Model for Neural Control of Saccades\footnotemark / A Physiological Neural Controller of a Muscle Fiber Oculomotor Plant in Horizontal Monkey Saccades\footnotemark / References / Authors' Biographies
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering is a comprehensive survey text for biomedical engineering courses. It is the most widely adopted text across the BME course spectrum, valued by instructors and students alike for its authority, clarity and encyclopedic coverage in a single volume. Biomedical engineers need to understand the wide range of topics that are covered in this text, including basic mathematical modeling; anatomy and physiology; electrical engineering, signal processing and instrumentation; biomechanics; biomaterials science and tissue engineering; and medical and engineering ethics. Enderle and Bronzino tackle these core topics at a level appropriate for senior undergraduate students and graduate students who are majoring in BME, or studying it as a combined course with a related engineering, biology or life science, or medical/pre-medical course. - NEW: Each chapter in the 3rd Edition is revised and updated, with new chapters and materials on compartmental analysis, biochemical engineering, transport phenomena, physiological modeling and tissue engineering. Chapters on peripheral topics have been removed and made avaialblw online, including optics and computational cell biology - NEW: many new worked examples within chapters - NEW: more end of chapter exercises, homework problems - NEW: image files from the text available in PowerPoint format for adopting instructors - Readers benefit from the experience and expertise of two of the most internationally renowned BME educators - Instructors benefit from a comprehensive teaching package including a fully worked solutions manual - A complete introduction and survey of BME - NEW: new chapters on compartmental analysis, biochemical engineering, and biomedical transport phenomena - NEW: revised and updated chapters throughout the book feature current research and developments in, for example biomaterials, tissue engineering, biosensors, physiological modeling, and biosignal processing - NEW: more worked examples and end of chapter exercises - NEW: image files from the text available in PowerPoint format for adopting instructors - As with prior editions, this third edition provides a historical look at the major developments across biomedical domains and covers the fundamental principles underlying biomedical engineering analysis, modeling, and design - Bonus chapters on the web include: Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology, Genomics and Bioinformatics, and Computational Cell Biology and Complexity
Austria 1867-1955 connects the political history of German-speaking provinces of the Habsburg Empire before 1914 (Vienna and the Alpine Lands) with the history of the Austrian Republic that emerged in 1918. John W. Boyer presents the case of modern Austria as a fascinating example of democratic nation-building. The construction of an Austrian political nation began in 1867 under Habsburg Imperial auspices, with the German-speaking bourgeois Liberals defining the concept of a political people (Volk) and giving that Volk a constitution and a liberal legal and parliamentary order to protect their rights against the Crown. The decades that followed saw the administrative and judicial institutions of the Liberal state solidified, but in the 1880s and 1890s the membership of the Volk exploded to include new social and economic strata from the lower bourgeoisie and the working classes. Ethnic identity was not the final structuring principle of everyday politics, as it was in the Czech lands. Rather social class, occupational culture, and religion became more prominent variables in the sortition of civic interests, exemplified by the emergence of two great ideological parties, Christian Socialism and Social Democracy in Vienna in the 1890s. The war crisis of 1914/1918 exploded the Empire, with the Crown self-destructing in the face of military defeat, chronic domestic unrest, and bitter national partisanship. But this crisis also accelerated the emergence of new structures of democratic self-governance in the German-speaking Austrian lands, enshrined in the republican Constitution of 1920. Initial attempts to make this new project of democratic nation-building work failed in the 1920s and 1930s, culminating in the catastrophe of the 1938 Nazi occupation. After 1945 the surviving legatees of the Revolution of 1918 reassembled under the four-power Allied occupation, which fashioned a shared political culture which proved sufficiently flexible to accommodate intense partisanship, resulting, by the 1970s, in a successful republican system, organized under the aegis of elite democratic and corporatist negotiating structures, in which the Catholics and Socialists learned to embrace the skills of collective but shared self-governance.
A brilliant book, which brings historical analysis of religion in American culture to a new level of insight and importance." —New York Times Book Review Catholicism and American Freedom is a groundbreaking historical account of the tensions (and occasional alliances) between Catholic and American understandings of a healthy society and the individual person, including dramatic conflicts over issues such as slavery, public education, economic reform, the movies, contraception, and abortion. Putting scandals in the Church and the media's response in a much larger context, this stimulating history is a model of nuanced scholarship and provocative reading.
An innovative, critical, historically informed, yet accessible reassessment of writers who remained in Nazi Germany and Austria yet expressed nonconformity - even dissent - through their fiction.
The Year Book of Surgery brings you abstracts of the articles that reported the year's breakthrough developments in general surgery, carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. The Year Book of Surgery is published annually in June, and includes topics such as: General Surgery; Trauma; Burns; Critical Care; Transplantation; Surgical Infections; Would Healing; Oncology; Vascular Surgery; and General Thoracic Surgery.
In this sequel to Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna, John Boyer picks up the history of the Christian Social movement after founder Karl Lueger's rise to power in Vienna in 1897 and traces its evolution from a group of disparate ward politicians, through its maturation into the largest single party in the Austrian parliament by 1907, to its major role in Imperial politics during the First World War. Boyer argues that understanding the unprecedented success that this dissident bourgeois political group had in transforming the basic tenets of political life is crucial to understanding the history of the Central European state and the ways in which it was slowly undermined by popular electoral politics. The movement's efforts to save the Austrian Empire by trying to create an economically integrated but ethnically pluralistic state are particularly enlightening today in the shadow of ethnic violence in Sarajevo, where began the end of the Austrian Empire in 1914. The most comprehensive account of any mass political movement in late-nineteenth century Central Europe, this two- volume work is crucial reading for anyone interested in Hapsburg history, German history or the history of social democracy.
To develop strong disciplinary literacy skills, middle and high school students need to engage with diverse types of challenging texts in every content area. This book provides a blueprint for constructing literacy-rich instructional units in English language arts, science, and social studies. The authors describe how to design interconnected text sets and plan lessons that support learning and engagement before, during, and after reading. Presented are ways to build academic vocabulary and background knowledge, teach research-based comprehension strategies, and guide effective discussions and text-based writing activities. Chapters also cover how to teach students to write argumentative, informative, and narrative essays, and to conduct discipline-specific inquiry. Special features include sample text sets and 24 reproducible planning templates and other teaching tools; purchasers get access to a Web page where they can download and print the reproducible materials in a convenient 8 1/2" x 11" size.
BACE inhibitors and their use in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease BACE (β-site of APP cleaving enzyme) is a critical component in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and the development of BACE inhibitors shows great potential as a therapy for the disease. BACE: Lead Target for Orchestrated Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease covers virtually all aspects of BACE from initial identification, discovery of inhibitors, and challenges in clinical development, while providing a global understanding essential for productive and successful drug discovery. This book details the story of the discovery of BACE and its role in AD and comprehensively discusses: The development of BACE inhibitors as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease The research that led to the identification of BACE New BACE inhibitors currently being clinically tested ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and clinical trial design—topics not addressed in current field literature Cutting-edge technology such as high-throughput screening, structure-based drug design, and QSAR in context of BACE inhibitors and Alzheimer's drug discovery Other approaches to BACE inhibition based on interaction with the precursor protein APP By enhancing the reader's understanding of the various aspects of the BACE drug-discovery process, this much-needed reference will serve as a key resource for all scientists involved in Alzheimer's research—and inspire new approaches to treatment of AD.
One of the major challenges facing Sub-Saharan African organizations today is how to effectively manage their resources. Though the importance of effective management of organizational resources is generally acknowledged, published research on the theme is disappointingly scarce. This book hopes to contribute in filling the lacuna. Contributors to the volume, which is the first in a book series from African Journal of Business and Economic Research (AJBER), a peer-reviewed, triennial publication, discuss various management issues in sub-Saharan Africa such as employee motivation, job satisfaction, compensation, organizational commitment, ethics, social responsibility and export management and the interplay between these and the effective management of an organization's resources. They argue that effective management of organizational resources - whether in the public or private sector - promotes efficiency, which in turn enhances the organization's ability to compete. The contributors also offer valuable insights into why many organizations in sub-Saharan Africa are inefficiently managed and offer desiderata for overcoming such challenges.
In Empowering the Lonely Crowd, John Raymaker simplifies and extends arguments made in his previous book, A Buddhist-Christian Logic of the Heart, in particular the notion of a spiritual genome. Raymaker explores and compares John Paul II and Lonergan's thought in relation to (Japanese) Buddhism, concluding that while all life has a coded genome, all humans have a free, uncoded spiritual genome that is a viable alternative to postmodern scepticism.
In Search of Japan's Hidden Christians is a remarkable story of suppression, secrecy and survival in the face of human cruelty and God’s apparent silence. Part history, part travelogue, it explores and seeks to explain a clash of civilizations—of East and West—that resonates to this day. For seven generations, Japan’s ‘Hidden Christians’ preserved a faith that was forbidden on pain of death. Just as remarkably, descendants of the Hidden Christians continue to practise their beliefs today, refusing to rejoin the Catholic Church. Why? And what is it about Japanese culture that makes it so resistant to Western Christianity?
In Cultural and Theological Reflections on the Japanese Quest for Divinity, John J. Keane offers an explanation of Japanese divinity (kami 神) using sociology, anthropology, linguistics, literature and history. He presents an overview of how the Japanese have sought to love and serve their kami - a quest that rivals the interest that the West gives to God. The principles of interreligious dialogue are applied to the meaning of kami and a plea is made for a dialogue that respectfully accepts differences between the cultures and the theologies of Eastern and Western thought. Important cultural themes are discussed as a part of this quest, such as the emperors of Japan and the Japanese Tea Ceremony. The work also challenges the understanding of kami as highlighted by Akutagawa Ryunosuke and Endo Shusaku.
Written and illustrated by Luftwaffe expert John Weal, this book completes Osprey's trilogy on one of the most important German aircraft of World War II. The Ju 88, “Wunderbomber” was the main punch of the Luftwaffe's bomber arm during the initial invasion of the Soviet Union and went on to provide critical ground support to the advancing Wehrmacht. This book tells the complete story of the Ju 88's activities on the Eastern Front including their participation in the campaign against the arctic convoys and the several variants employed. Written and illustrated by renowned Luftwaffe expert John Weal, this book completes Osprey's trilogy on one of the most important German aircraft of World War II.
Relying heavily on MATLAB® problems and examples, as well as simulated data, this text/reference surveys a vast array of signal and image processing tools for biomedical applications, providing a working knowledge of the technologies addressed while showcasing valuable implementation procedures, common pitfalls, and essential application concepts. The first and only textbook to supply a hands-on tutorial in biomedical signal and image processing, it offers a unique and proven approach to signal processing instruction, unlike any other competing source on the topic. The text is accompanied by a CD with support data files and software including all MATLAB examples and figures found in the text.
Management Ethics provides the rationale, conceptual framework and practical tools needed to build and sustain management and organization integrity over time.
Globalization, an inevitable phenomenon in human history, has been bringing the world closer through exchange of goods and services, advancements in information communication technologies (ICTs), global diffusion of technologies, and cultural awareness. Recent developments and trends within the global business arena present managers with challenging situations. Competing in the twenty-first century and beyond requires firms to invest in the increasingly refined managerial skills needed to perform effectively in a multicultural business environment. Global companies are faced with varied and dynamic environments in which they must accurately assess the political, legal, technological, ethical, and cultural factors that shape their strategies and operations. The success of a company's global operation often depends significantly on the manager's cultural skills, as well as the ability to carry out the company's strategy within the context of the host country's business practices. While globalization is a vehicle for, and a consequence of human progress, it is also a confused process that requires change. The change process presents the manager with challenging strategic options. Globalization of Business: Theories and Strategies for Tomorrow's Managers addresses the above challenges. It offers managers and business students strategies on how to become globally competitive in a complex international management environment. Contributors to the volume offer their insights into the issues every global manager needs to understand such as the nature of the global business environment, entry mode choice, global strategic positioning, global human resource management, human rights and ethical issues. The book covers general as well as specific topics, including assumptions, theories, and practices of globalization. It is expected that the book will enable business students, managers and corporate leaders to avoid common drawbacks in their quest to build a successful global firm that will benefit all.
As with the previous editions, Introduction to Toxicology, Fourth Edition, continues to chart the evolution of the field of toxicology, from the use of natural toxins by ancient tribes through the developments established by Paracelsus, and progresses through to the current topics in the public interest. For centuries, the study of toxicology has fascinated students. The book begins with basic toxicological principles, including an historical summary, dose-response relationships (NEW chapter), exposure-response relationships (NEW chapter), disposition, and metabolism of xenobiotic toxic substances. Other important new chapters include target organ toxicity, toxicity of carcinogenic agents and new and updated concepts in toxicity testing, and antidotes and treatment of poisonings. In all, nine new or expanded chapters from the third edition are advanced. Current concerns about the effects of therapeutic drugs, carcinogens, industrial toxins, pesticides, and herbicides on human health, animal welfare, and the stability and maintenance of the ecosystem continue to highlight toxicology as an important and growing scientific discipline. Key features: Comprehensive coverage of the field of toxicology which illustrates its importance to and impact on society Uses pertinent examples, tables, and diagrams to aid understanding with learning objectives, summaries, questions, and answers for each chapter Clearly and concisely written and presented concepts for easy comprehension by toxicology, biomedical, and health science students Examines the complex interactions associated with toxicological events Covers the effect of toxins on biological and physiological systems This book successfully condenses the diffuse literature in the field into an accessible and readable text, made easier with the insertion of many tables and figures. It introduces fundamental concepts and builds upon these using topical and relevant historical examples. Its improved format includes learning objectives and summaries of each chapter, as well as questions and answers suitable for self-assessment. This latest edition is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate toxicology students, as well as an introductory text for other health care students and professionals. The book also functions as a comprehensive introductory reference text for environmental scientists, medical biologists and chemists, chemical engineers, and regulatory agencies, with interests in toxicologically related areas.
Scholarship on the German Reformation has long equated preaching with Protestantism, just as many scholars have employed sermons but usually in supplemental and unsystematic ways. Based on an analysis of over 400 standard sermon collections (postils) produced by Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists (1520-1620), this study offers the first comprehensive, systematic presentation of these works from a cross-confessional perspective. It lays to rest the notion that preaching was somehow distinctively Protestant while tracing the creation, production, use, and censorship of postils. These sermon collections were nothing less than the applied distillation of Christianity delivered on a regular basis by the clergy to the laity, and as such the most important vehicle for the dissemination of ideas in early modern Germany.
Armed with their own magic and a unicorn's horn that can repel the magic of others, Score, Pixel, and Renald finally come face-to-face with the evil Sarman who needs to kill them in order to become supreme ruler of the Diadem universe.
This incisive book critically explores the principles, purpose and application of corporate rescue in order to bring new significance to rescue theory. Responding to key legislative developments and recent case law, it examines major insolvency theories and establishes which theoretical principles are prominently applied in practice, and whether these principles have affected the drivers of policy consideration.
Football is a game of numbers--fourth and inches, the three-man rush, a two point conversion, first down. Even with the obvious numbers in the statistics, rules and game situations, the players' uniform numbers themselves have become part of professional football and its lore. NFL players, like modern-day gladiators, are fitted head-to-toe in protective gear, obscuring even their faces from their most loyal fans. They have become largely identifiable through their uniform numbers. You cannot conjure up Larry Csonka without seeing the number 39 crashing through the line of scrimmage, or recall Lawrence Taylor without imagining the fear his 56 inspired in opposing quarterbacks. This comprehensive reference work lists all 32 current franchises of the NFL and includes brief team histories, statistics and interesting facts. Each chapter ends with an all-time numerical roster listing the numbers 1 through 99 (in some cases beginning with 00) and everyone, from Hall-of-Famer to replacement player, who has ever worn the corresponding number for that club. Four appendices are included.
Numbers conjure up vivid memories in sports. If you say "3" most sports fans would think of Babe Ruth; Green Bay Packer fans would remember Tony Canadeo. If you say "75" most football fans would think of Mean Joe Green, but Packer fans would recall Forrest Gregg. This unique book features 99 chapters one keyed to each uniform number. The history of each number provides a different slice of Packer history, representing a thematic rather than chronological approach to Green Bay's rich heritage. There is no other book like this that reviews a team history by its uniform numbers. A refreshing take on a most popular team!
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