Between 1095 and 1229, Western Europe confronted a series of alternative cultural possibilities that would fundamentally transform its social structures, its intellectual life, and its very identity. It was a period of difficult decisions and anxiety rather than a triumphant 'renaissance'. In this fresh reassessment of the twelfth century, John D. Cotts: - Shows how new social, economic and religious options challenged Europeans to re-imagine their place in the world - Provides an overview of political life and detailed examples of the original thought and religious enthusiasm of the time - Presents the Crusades as the century's defining movement. Ideal for students and scholars alike, this is an essential overview of a pivotal era in medieval history that arguably paved the way for a united Europe.
This volume will provide the first English translation of Ralph Niger’s critical reflection on military pilgrimage, written in the late 1180s in response to the calling of the Third Crusade. Long known to scholars as early and highly idiosyncratic critique of crusading, On Warfare and the Threefold Path of the Jerusalem Pilgrimage provides a sustained reflection on penance, the meaning of Jerusalem, and the challenges of military expeditions to the Levant. After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, Ralph resisted the calls to crusade and instead exhorted Christians to look inward and build Jerusalem in their hearts. Throughout the four books of the work, Ralph looks to scripture for precedents for crusading and finds none. However, by ranging widely over examples of Old Testament violence and considering the Heavenly and Earthly Jerusalem together, On Warfare offers a unique perspective on how the Bible informed contemporary views of the Crusades. Methodically examining pilgrimage through the lens of scripture, Ralph surveys the entire semantic field of crusading, and concludes that Christian knights could do more good by staying home than going on a military adventure to the Holy Land.
Between 1095 and 1229, Western Europe confronted a series of alternative cultural possibilities that would fundamentally transform its social structures, its intellectual life, and its very identity. It was a period of difficult decisions and anxiety rather than a triumphant 'renaissance'. In this fresh reassessment of the twelfth century, John D. Cotts: - Shows how new social, economic and religious options challenged Europeans to re-imagine their place in the world - Provides an overview of political life and detailed examples of the original thought and religious enthusiasm of the time - Presents the Crusades as the century's defining movement. Ideal for students and scholars alike, this is an essential overview of a pivotal era in medieval history that arguably paved the way for a united Europe.
In this volume, the author offers a substantial reconsideration of same-sex relations in the early modern period, and argues that early modern writers – rather than simply celebrating a classical friendship model based in dyadic exclusivity and a rejection of self-interest – sought to innovate on classical models for idealized friendship. This book redirects scholarly conversations regarding gender, sexuality, classical receptions, and the economic aspects of social relations in the early modern period. It points to new directions in the application of queer theory to Renaissance literature by examining group friendship as a celebrated social formation in the work of early modern writers from Shakespeare to Milton. This volume will be of interest to scholars of the early modern period in England, as well as to those interested in the intersections between literature and gender studies, economic history and the economic aspects of social relations, the classics and the classical tradition, and the history of sexuality.
Historians typically single out the hundred-year period from about 1050 to 1150 as the pivotal moment in the history of the Latin Church, for it was then that the Gregorian Reform movement established the ecclesiastical structure that would ensure Rome’s dominance throughout the Middle Ages and beyond. In Before the Gregorian Reform John Howe challenges this familiar narrative by examining earlier, "pre-Gregorian" reform efforts within the Church. He finds that they were more extensive and widespread than previously thought and that they actually established a foundation for the subsequent Gregorian Reform movement. The low point in the history of Christendom came in the late ninth and early tenth centuries—a period when much of Europe was overwhelmed by barbarian raids and widespread civil disorder, which left the Church in a state of disarray. As Howe shows, however, the destruction gave rise to creativity. Aristocrats and churchmen rebuilt churches and constructed new ones, competing against each other so that church building, like castle building, acquired its own momentum. Patrons strove to improve ecclesiastical furnishings, liturgy, and spirituality. Schools were constructed to staff the new churches. Moreover, Howe shows that these reform efforts paralleled broader economic, social, and cultural trends in Western Europe including the revival of long-distance trade, the rise of technology, and the emergence of feudal lordship. The result was that by the mid-eleventh century a wealthy, unified, better-organized, better-educated, more spiritually sensitive Latin Church was assuming a leading place in the broader Christian world. Before the Gregorian Reform challenges us to rethink the history of the Church and its place in the broader narrative of European history. Compellingly written and generously illustrated, it is a book for all medievalists as well as general readers interested in the Middle Ages and Church history.
This volume will provide the first English translation of Ralph Niger’s critical reflection on military pilgrimage, written in the late 1180s in response to the calling of the Third Crusade. Long known to scholars as early and highly idiosyncratic critique of crusading, On Warfare and the Threefold Path of the Jerusalem Pilgrimage provides a sustained reflection on penance, the meaning of Jerusalem, and the challenges of military expeditions to the Levant. After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, Ralph resisted the calls to crusade and instead exhorted Christians to look inward and build Jerusalem in their hearts. Throughout the four books of the work, Ralph looks to scripture for precedents for crusading and finds none. However, by ranging widely over examples of Old Testament violence and considering the Heavenly and Earthly Jerusalem together, On Warfare offers a unique perspective on how the Bible informed contemporary views of the Crusades. Methodically examining pilgrimage through the lens of scripture, Ralph surveys the entire semantic field of crusading, and concludes that Christian knights could do more good by staying home than going on a military adventure to the Holy Land.
An eighteenth century poet and dramatist, John Gay is best remembered for ‘The Beggar's Opera’ (1728), a ballad opera featuring the characters Captain Macheath and Polly Peachum, who swiftly became household names. Gay’s refined and satirical poetry was much influenced by his close friend Alexander Pope. His first important poem, ‘Rural Sports’, is a descriptive and didactic work in two short books dealing with hunting and fishing, as well as meditations on the Horatian theme of retirement. Gay’s finest poem, ‘Trivia: or, The Art of Walking the Streets of London’ (1716), displays an assured craftsmanship in which rhythm and diction portrays the many experiences he describes. Other notable poems include ‘The Shepherd’s Week’ (1714), a series of mock classical poems in a pastoral setting and the ‘Fables’ (1727), structured as octosyllabic illustrations of moral themes, often satirical in tone. The Delphi Poets Series offers readers the works of literature’s finest poets, with superior formatting. This volume presents Gay’s complete poetical works, with related illustrations and the usual Delphi bonus material. (Version 1) * Beautifully illustrated with images relating to Gay’s life and works * Concise introduction to Gay’s life and poetry * Complete poetical works of John Gay, based on the Lawrence and Bullen Edition, 1893 * Includes Gay’s famous plays, including all of the ballad operas * Images of how the poetry books were first printed, giving your eReader a taste of the original texts * Excellent formatting of the poems * Special alphabetical contents tables for the poetry * Easily locate the poems you want to read * Includes Gay’s letters — spend hours exploring the poet’s personal correspondence * Gay’s important prose pamphlet ‘The Present State of Wit’ * Features two biographies, including Samuel Johnson’s famous account of Gay’s life — discover the poet’s intriguing past * Scholarly ordering of texts into chronological order and literary genres Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to see our wide range of poet titles CONTENTS: The Life and Poetry of John Gay Brief Introduction: John Gay Complete Poetical Works of John Gay List of Poems in Alphabetical Order The Dramatic Works The Mohocks Three Hours after Marriage The Beggar’s Opera Polly Acis and Galatea Achilles The Letters List of Letters The Pamphlet The Present State of Wit The Biographies Gay by Samuel Johnson John Gay by Henry Austin Dobson Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to browse through our range of poetry titles or buy the entire Delphi Poets Series as a Super Set
Volumes V and VI concern Dryden's most involved labor: the complete translation of Virgil into English. Volume V contains The Pastorals and The Georgics in their entirety; the first six books of The Aeneid is contained as well.
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