A pioneering neuroscientist reveals the reasons for chronic loneliness--which he defines an unrecognized syndrome--and brings it out of the shadow of its cousin, depression. 12 illustrations.
This book provides a needed survey of a truly remarkable number of different theoretical approaches to the related phenomena of attitude and belief change. It focuses on variable perspective theory which is far more deserving of attention than the present level of research activity.
Humans, like many other animals, are highly social species. But what exactly makes us social? How do our biological systems implement social behavior? And, in turn, how do these social processes impact our brain and biology? These are the questions that define the young field of social neuroscience, a field that combines the study of animal models and humans in order to understand the neural, hormonal, cellular, and genomic mechanisms underlying social processes and behaviors such as imitation, loneliness, empathy, and cooperation. Intended for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, this is the first textbook to provide a synthetic approach to social neuroscience. Here, students and scholars are introduced to the field by examining a growing body of evidence that shows that the nervous system cannot be understood without consideration of the social environments in which humans and many animal species live. The first three chapters introduce readers to the neurological basis for social behavior and the concept of the social brain. Chapters four through six discuss how mental states are communicated between people. And chapters seven through nine cover the neural roots of social interactions and group thought patterns. Ultimately, this book demonstrates how the brain mediates social behaviour and provides a foundational textbook for this nascent field"--
In this innovative approach to the Intro Psychology course, authors John Cacioppo and Laura Freberg present psychology as an integrative science that is highly relevant for students of all majors. The authors have kept a familiar chapter structure, providing an easy roadmap for the introductory psychology course, but the similarities with other approaches to introductory psychology end there. Integration extends in two directions, highlighting connections within psychology as well as between psychology and other disciplines. The writing and features are smart and engaging, and consistently illustrate the benefit of using multiple perspectives within psychology. Cacioppo and Freberg offer the best science possible, including exciting new research findings likely to expand students' understanding of psychology as a scientific field of study. Features and images coordinate with and enhance the text, providing many additional opportunities for critical thinking and connecting ideas. Psychology is evolving into an integrative, multidisciplinary field, and this text offers an opportunity to teach all of psychology in one place and at one time. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
In this innovative approach to the introductory course, John Cacioppo and Laura Freberg present psychology as a multidisciplinary, integrative science that is relevant for students of all majors. In DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY, 3rd Edition, the authors use a familiar chapter structure to provide an easy roadmap for the course, while highlighting connections within psychology as well as between psychology and other disciplines. The writing and features are smart and engaging, and consistently illustrate the benefit of using multiple perspectives within psychology. Cacioppo and Freberg offer the best science possible, including exciting new research findings likely to expand students' understanding of psychology as a scientific field of study. Features and images coordinate with and enhance the text, providing additional opportunities for critical thinking and connecting ideas. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
Get on the path to being well. We’re the most technologically advanced society in history, but we’ve never been more stressed, medicated, or lonely. We have 1,000 Facebook friends but no one to help us move our couch. The pace of life is making us exhausted. We’re all carrying the weight of our trauma based on the stories we were told by others and the ones we tell ourselves—and those stories are like bricks in a backpack that keep us from being happy and healthy. In his new book, national bestselling author Dr. John Delony provides a clear, five-step path to being well. You’ll learn how to: * Redefine what trauma is and how to identify it in your life. * Grieve and heal from past hurt and trauma. * Make friends as an adult—it’s not easy, but it is necessary. * Change your thoughts—it’s possible. * Assess and evaluate your actions—these can change too. You’ll laugh. You’ll cry. Your thoughts and actions will be challenged. And if you take the steps John outlines, you’ll learn how to leave the past where it belongs and get on the path to healing.
Psychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological Response provides students with essential elementary information regarding the anatomy and physiology of various body systems, recording techniques, integrative reviews of literature, and concepts
Psychology of Adjustment: The Search for Meaningful Balance combines a student focus with state-of-the-art theory and research to help readers understand and adjust to life in a context of continuous change, challenge, and opportunity. Incorporating existential and third wave behavioral psychology perspectives, authors John Moritsugu, Elizabeth M. Vera, Jane Harmon Jacobs, and Melissa Kennedy emphasize the importance of meaning, mindfulness, and psychologically-informed awareness and skill. An inviting writing style, examples from broad ethnic, cultural, gender, and geographic areas, ample pedagogical support, and cutting-edge topical coverage make this a psychological adjustment text for the 21st century.
Written by well-known sociologists John D. DeLamater, Daniel J. Myers, and Jessica L. Collett, this fully revised and updated edition of Social Psychology is a highly accessible and engaging exploration of the question "what is it that makes us who we are?". With hundreds of real-world examples, figures, and photographs and grounded in the latest research, the text explores such topics as self, attitudes, social influence, emotions, interpersonal attraction and relationships, and collective behavior. The book also explains the methods that social psychologists use to investigate human behavior in a social context and the theoretical perspectives that ground the discipline. Each chapter is a self-contained unit for ease of use in any classroom.
Integrating control theory, evolutionary psychology, and a hierarchical approach to personality, this book presents a new approach to motivation, personality, and consumer behavior. Called the 3M, which stands for `Meta-theoretic Model of Motivation', this theory seeks to account for how personality traits interact with the situation to influence consumer attitudes and actions. The book proposes that multiple personality traits combine to form a motivational network that acts to influence behavior. Mowen argues that in order to understand the causes of enduring behavioral tendencies, one must identify the more abstract traits underlying surface behaviors. In constructing the 3M model, the author reports data from fifteen empirical studies employing over 3500 respondents. In this hierarchical model, four types of personality traits are identified: elemental, compound, situational, and surface traits. Eight elemental traits are proposed as forming the underlying dimensions of personality. Consistent with control theory, the research reveals that the elemental traits combine to form compound traits, such as self-efficacy, task orientation, playfulness, and competitiveness. These elemental and compound traits combine with situational influences to cause enduring behavioral tendencies within general situational contexts. Examples of situational traits investigated include impulsive buying, value consciousness, sports interest, and health motivation. In the 3M model the elemental, compound, and situational traits combine to yield surface traits, which are enduring dispositions to act in specific behavioral contexts. Five surface traits are empirically investigated in the book: compulsive buying, sports participation, healthy diet lifestyles, proneness to bargaining, and a tendency to frugality. Across these five studies, the empirical results reveal that the 3M model accounts for over 44% of the variance in the surface trait measures. By presenting a new meta-theory of motivation and personality that is testable, Mowen's 3M model accounts for high levels of variance in consumer behavior. By integrating the work of selected past and current theorists into a comprehensible whole, the 3M model provides coherence in a field currently dominated by conflicting ideas, theories, and approaches. The book provides evidence that by understanding the individual dispositions that underlie consumer behavior, public policy officials and marketing specialists can develop better communication programs to influence and persuade their target audiences. The book shows how to employ the 3M model to segment the marketplace, provide psychographic inventories, position brands, create promotional themes, and develop brand personalities.
This monograph attempts to apply the philosophy of social science to the study of buyer behaviour. It encompasses ideas from various disciplines, such as philosophy and psychology.
In its original volume, first published in 1993, John Gottman details years of research involving questionnaires and observations of married couples in pursuit of the determinants of both marital happiness and divorce. Grounded in science and informed by clinical practice, it offers psychological professional insight and awareness of what healthy relationships need. With a new preface by the Gottman Institute Clinical Director, Dr Don Cole, and Research Director, Dr Carrie Cole, this Classic Edition of the landmark text, What Predicts Divorce?, reveals to a new generation, the original context of Gottman’s work, how he has further developed his research and thinking, and the ongoing relevance of this volume in the context of future challenges for the field. Providing a roadmap that gives shape to the science yet to be done, this Classic Edition of What Predicts Divorce? is essential reading for all family and clinical psychologists, as well as therapists working with couples in relationship counselling.
The Handbook of the Logic of Argument and Inference is an authoritative reference work in a single volume, designed for the attention of senior undergraduates, graduate students and researchers in all the leading research areas concerned with the logic of practical argument and inference. After an introductory chapter, the role of standard logics is surveyed in two chapters. These chapters can serve as a mini-course for interested readers, in deductive and inductive logic, or as a refresher. Then follow two chapters of criticism; one the internal critique and the other the empirical critique. The first deals with objections to standard logics (as theories of argument and inference) arising from the research programme in philosophical logic. The second canvasses criticisms arising from work in cognitive and experimental psychology. The next five chapters deal with developments in dialogue logic, interrogative logic, informal logic, probability logic and artificial intelligence. The last chapter surveys formal approaches to practical reasoning and anticipates possible future developments. Taken as a whole the Handbook is a single-volume indication of the present state of the logic of argument and inference at its conceptual and theoretical best. Future editions will periodically incorporate significant new developments.
Leadership Communication articulates the important roles communication plays in helping to co-construct group, organizational, or community direction. Leadership Communication focuses on the communication skills necessary to help co-construct an effective direction in one's systems while playing the varied roles of doer, follower, guide, manager, and/or leader. Leadership Communication is organized around three major units: 1) the integrally linked role played by communication and direction-givers in constructing our past, current, and future experiences; 2) the communication skills required for different types of direction-givers, and 3) the nature of dramatic action, which represents human engagement in systems, that may manifest as ethical action and future experiences. This book has a number of unique features including: a coherent and unified set of frameworks with which to synthesize and employ a wide range of leadership research results and theory as well as other practical materials from contemporary leadership studies; a focus on explaining the common communicative elements and skills (e.g., soliciting and saving narratives for use as teaching tales, strategic stories, and memorable messages; framing and critical incidents; dialog, discussion, and debate) involved across seemingly quite different leadership contexts (e.g., working in groups, in small organizations, in large and complex organizations, in social movements, in communities, and in the broad cultural sweep of civic life); a discussion of the different processes for attaining a direction-giving role or position given the different needs faced by the system; an explanation of the art of following, doing, and guiding well: the "small leadership" so often overlooked or undervalued in leader-centric explanations for effective systems; an explanation of three different orientations for "communicating the vision": selling a vision; working with those who are seeking a vision; and acting with those for whom a vision is an evoked co-construction; and a discussion of how crisis (as a point of decision or of opportunity) can be useful as a source of the energy and rhetorical resources necessary for rare and difficult forms of dramatic action (leadership).
In this 1992 book John Zaller develops a comprehensive theory to explain how people acquire political information from elites and the mass media and convert it into political preferences. Using numerous specific examples, Zaller applies this theory to the dynamics of public opinion on a broad range of subjects, including domestic and foreign policy, trust in government, racial equality, and presidential approval, as well as voting behaviour in U.S. House, Senate, and presidential elections. The thoery is constructed from four basic premises. The first is that individuals differ substantially in their attention to politics and therefore in their exposure to elite sources of political information. The second is that people react critically to political communication only to the extent that they are knowledgeable about political affairs. The third is that people rarely have fixed attitudes on specific issues; rather, they construct 'preference statements' on the fly as they confront each issue raised. The fourth is that, in constructing these statements, people make the greatest use of ideas that are, for various reasons, the most immediately salient to them. Zaller emphasizes the role of political elites in establishing the terms of political discourse in the mass media and the powerful effect of this framing of issues on the dynamics of mass opinion on any given issue over time.
For over forty years, Theories of Human Communication has facilitated the understanding of the theories that define the discipline of communication. The authors present a comprehensive summary of major communication theories, current research, extensions, and applications in a thoughtfully organized and engaging style. Part I of the extensively updated twelfth edition sets the stage for how to think about and study communication. The first chapter establishes the foundations of communication theory. The next chapter reviews four frameworks for organizing the theories and their contributions to the nature of inquiry. Part II covers theories centered around the communicator, message, medium, and communication with the nonhuman. Part III addresses theories related to communication contexts—relationship, group, organization, health, culture, and society. “From the Source” contributions from theorists provide insight into the inspirations, motivations, and goals behind the theories. Online instructor’s resource materials include sample syllabi, key terms, exam questions, and text graphics. The theories include those important for their continuing influence in the field as well as emerging theories that encourage thinking about issues in new ways. For a reasonable price, readers are able to explore the patterns, trends, trajectories, and intricacies of the landscape of communication theory and will have an invaluable resource for future reference.
Psychology is of interest to academics from many fields, as well as to the thousands of academic and clinical psychologists and general public who can't help but be interested in learning more about why humans think and behave as they do. This award-winning twelve-volume reference covers every aspect of the ever-fascinating discipline of psychology and represents the most current knowledge in the field. This ten-year revision now covers discoveries based in neuroscience, clinical psychology's new interest in evidence-based practice and mindfulness, and new findings in social, developmental, and forensic psychology.
The widely celebrated, research-based marital therapy program—now updated and revised. The highly influential book The Marriage Clinic presented a complete marital therapy program based on John Gottman’s much-heralded research on marital success and failure. Since then, Dr. Gottman has collaborated with his wife, clinical psychologist Dr. Julie Gottman, to conduct their well-known Love Lab studies, allowing the pair to design a highly successful couples’ workshop and develop their Sound Relationship House theory. Now, in the book’s first-ever revision, Dr. Gottman and Dr. Gottman incorporate the results of their studies and their most powerful interventions. In addition to its original, celebrated marital therapy program, The New Marriage Clinic includes findings on the dynamics of same-sex couples, interventions for couples recovering from situational domestic violence, strategies for couples rebuilding their marriages after an affair, and much more. No relational therapist’s bookshelf is complete without this vital update to the groundbreaking guide on marital therapy.
In October 1960, Omaha Central and Creighton Prep met for what many Nebraskans consider the greatest high school football game ever played. Future NFL Hall of Famer Gale Sayers scored seventy points while leading Central’s powerful offense through its first four games. Prep’s strong defense, on the other hand, allowed only twenty points all season. Legendary coaches patrolled both sidelines, and Prep was aiming for its third straight state championship. The stage was set for a Friday-night showdown. Fifteen thousand fans packed into Omaha’s Municipal Stadium to watch the early season championship clash. Stubborn defenses ensured parity. Back and forth the teams battled, mired around the 50-yard line, punt after punt soaring into the sky. With no overtime to settle things and the defenses holding fast, the game ended in a scoreless tie. When both teams won their remaining games, they shared the state title that year. Scoreless retells the details of this legendary game, the buildup to it, and the story behind the teams and their renowned coaches and players. It is the tale of one of the most remarkable football games in Nebraska high school sports history.
Evidence is mounting that we are not as in control of our judgments and behavior as we think we are. Unconscious or ‘automatic’ forms of psychological and behavioral processes are those of which we tend to be unaware, that occur without our intention or consent, yet influence us on a daily basis in profound ways. Automatic processes influence our likes and dislikes for almost everything, as well as how we perceive other people, such as when we make stereotypic assumptions about someone based on their race or gender or social class. Even more strikingly, the latest research is showing that the aspects of life that are the richest experience and most important to us - such as emotions and our close relationships, as well as the pursuit of our important life tasks and goals - also have substantial unconscious components. Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes offers a state-of-the-art review of the evidence and theory supporting the existence and the significance of automatic processes in our daily lives, with chapters by the leading researchers in this field today, across a spectrum of psychological phenomena from emotions and motivations to social judgment and behavior. The volume provides an introduction and overview of these now central topics to graduate students and researchers in social psychology and a range of allied disciplines with an interest in human behavior and the unconscious, such as cognitive psychology, philosophy of mind, political science, and business.
A high level textbook discussing different perspectives in consumer behaviour. Drawing on real life case studies, this book enables students to critically approach and evaluate behavioural concepts.
The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination provides comprehensive coverage on the state of research, critical analysis and promising avenues for further study on prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. Each chapter presents in-depth reviews of specific topics, describing the current state of knowledge and identifying the most productive new directions for future research. Representing both traditional and emerging perspectives, this multi-disiplinary and truly international volume will serve as a seminal resource for students and scholars.
The first prediction of the Moabite parchment is coming to pass. The world is in the death grip of a devastating plague. Civilization is on the brink of chaos. Some are saying its the wrath of God, while others are proclaiming the end times. In the small Midwestern town of Thorntree, Father Jacob Winston watches helplessly as his friends are transformed into hideous creatures and die screaming on their seventh day. When presented with half of the parchment, he is offered a way to alleviate their suffering. If he accepts the first half of the parchment he will become instrumental in making the second prediction come true. The consequences of the second prediction reach far beyond the natural order and into the realm of angels and demons. The cardinals are gathering in Rome to elect a new pope. In the intrigue of the conclave, the journal of the last pope and the second half of the parchment are discovered. If these documents are allowed to be presented to the other cardinals, their surprising contents could determine the outcome of the election, and shape the future of the church and the world.
Mrketing reversed prior business logic 50 years ago and said «the customer is king», and the companies began to recognize that it was not just the product that was the most important aspect of their business. Companies recognized that consumers had a myriad of choices of product offerings and marketing was responsible to ensure that the company?s products had the benefits and attributes that customers wanted and were willing to pay for. Today, considering the technology development, which influences every function of the company, the focus of the successful marketing oriented companies has changed from «the customer is king» to «the customer is a dictator!!!». However, and despite the new trends in marketing, like any social science, marketing has basic principles, and these principles need to be considered when making any type of marketing decisions. So, the major step of a student of marketing, whether it is a young university student or an experienced business executive, is to understand the principles of marketing, and reading the present book will be the first step in accomplishing this task. This book describes these basic principles of marketing, and while the authors recognize that each decision may be slightly different from any previous decision, the rules or principles remain the same. The present book presents these basic marketing principles and tries to capture the essence of practical and modern marketing today. Therefore, the purpose of Principles of Marketing is to introduce readers to the fascinating world of marketing today, in an easy, enjoyable and practical way, offering an attractive text from which to learn about and teach marketing.
A successor to the acclaimed 'Music and Emotion', The Handbook of Music and Emotion provides comprehensive coverage of the field, in all its breadth and depth. As well as summarizing what is currently known about music and emotion, it will also stimulate further research in promising directions that have been little studied.
John Jost tackles fundamental questions about politics, sociology, and psychology. In what sense are ordinary citizens "ideological"? It is useful to locate attitudes on a left-right dimension? Are there meaningful differences in the psychological characteristics of leftists and rightists? What contextual factors trigger progressive and conservative shifts in society? Drawing on the concept of elective affinities, one of the world's leading political psychologists describes the ways in which people choose ideas and ideas choose people. --
Overcome resistance and fully engage clients by bringing neuroscience into treatment Brain2Brain: Enacting Client Change Through the Persuasive Power of Neuroscience applies the popular topic of neuroscience in mental health to everyday practice, showing therapists how to teach their clients brain-based strategies for making changes and improving their lives. Cutting-edge findings in neuroscience are translated into language that clients will understand, and sidebars provide therapists more detailed information relating to particular disorders. With a holistic approach that incorporates mental, spiritual, and physical skills, knowledge, and exercises, this book provides a clear, complete resource for incorporating neuroscience into therapy. Case examples illustrate how the material can be used with different types of clients and situations, and sample dialogues and client handouts help therapists easily incorporate these techniques into their practice. Many clients forget that there is a biological basis for everything the brain does, and the ways that activity manifests everyday – good or bad, healthy or dysfunctional, the very core of human consciousness boils down to a series of electrical impulses. This book helps therapists bring neuroscience into therapy, to teach clients how to work with their brain's innate processes to reinforce progress and achieve healthier outcomes. Learn techniques for dealing with client resistance factors Discover phrases and memory aides that help clients apply what they've learned in therapy Facilitate higher client motivation to engage in the therapeutic process Teach clients about the brain's relevance to their particular problem Find tools for explaining the role of diet, exercise, and sleep in mental health When a client's treatment revolves around eliminating harmful thought patterns or behaviors, the therapeutic process can feel like a battle against their own brain. By bringing neuroscience into the treatment plan, therapists can shift the client's perspective to a more collaborative mindset, focused on the positive aspects of change. Brain2Brain: Enacting Client Change Through the Persuasive Power of Neuroscience provides the guidance therapists need to chart a clearer path to good mental health.
The world's leading expert on the unconscious mind reveals the hidden mental processes that secretly govern every aspect of our behavior. For more than three decades, Dr. John Bargh has been conducting revolutionary research into the unconscious mind--not Freud's dark, malevolent unconscious but the new unconscious, a helpful and powerful part of the mind that we can access and understand through experimental science. Now Dr. Bargh presents an engaging and enlightening tour of the influential psychological forces that are at work as we go about our daily lives--checking a dating app, holding a cup of hot coffee, or getting a flu shot. Dr. Bargh takes you into his labs at New York University and Yale where his ingenious experiments have shown how the unconscious guides our actions, goals and motivations in areas like race relations, parenting, business, consumer behavior, and addiction. He reveals the pervasive influence of the unconscious mind on who we choose to date or vote for, what we buy, where we live, how we perform on tests and in job interviews, and much more. Before You Know It is full of surprising and entertaining revelations as well as tricks to help you remember to-do items, shop smarter, and sleep better. Before You Know It will profoundly change the way you understand yourself by introducing you to a fascinating world only recently discovered, the world that exists below the surface of your awareness and yet is the key to unlocking new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving."--Jacket.
Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 5th Edition by Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright is specifically written to provide a complete introduction to human resource management for the general business manager. This book is the most engaging, focused and applied HRM text on the market.
Increase intimacy, connection, and love with this “critical” (Vanessa Van Edwards, bestselling author of Captivate: The Science of Succeeding with People), science-based guide to creating meaningful and lasting relationships. When it comes to building a better relationship with your partner, touch and connection matter so much more than the words that you say. And author and therapist John Howard is here to tell us why. More Than Words shows you how to deepen love and connection in any relationship based on the latest cutting-edge research in interpersonal neurobiology, trauma-informed healing, attachment theory, and many more scientific fields. This “brilliant guide” (Diane Poole-Heller, PhD, author of The Power of Attachment) explains why verbal communication may not elicit the connection you seek and offers ways to practice and form new habits that can nurture love, care, safety, comfort, and passion in relationships. Science shows that these techniques work, but most people don’t know them yet. You can start using these techniques today to increase intimacy and emotional connection in your closest relationships. Mindful of all the needs of the modern individual, More Than Words is inclusive of LGBTQ+, polyamorous, and other nontraditional committed relationships and ultimately looks to elevate the way we strengthen the most important bonds in our lives.
The past 30 years have seen the field of clinical neuropsychology grow to become an influential discipline within mainstream clinical psychology and an established component of most professional courses. It remains one of the fastest growing specialities within mainstream clinical psychology, neurology, and the psychiatric disciplines. Substantially updated to take account of these rapid developments, the new edition of this successful handbook provides a practical guide for those interested in the professional application of neuropsychological approaches and techniques in clinical practice. With chapters by leading specialists, it demonstrates the contribution that neuropsychological approaches can make to the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of a range of brain disorders, as well as addressing the special considerations when treating children and the elderly. As before, the book is divided into 10 sections, covering everything from methodological and conceptual issues, developmental and paediatric neuropsychology, funcional neuroanatomy, and the historical context. Throughout, the content draws on contemporary neuroscientific techniques, focusing on the methods of functional imaging, cognitive psychology, cognitive neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry and cognitive rehabilitation. It also provides background information on laboratory and research techniques, as well as covering relevant neurology and psychiatry. The book will be essential for trainee neuropsychologists, students and teachers in the clinical and cognitive neurosciences/psychology, neurobiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons and psychiatrists.
Before we are anything else, we are feeling bodies. In fact, feelings are an important part of every experience we ever have. This book explains what feelings are, describes their relationship with other psychological phenomena, and shows how their analysis transforms understandings of some key topics related to health and illness.
This is the first comprehensive overview of the development of the field of Organizational Behavior. It belongs on the shelf of every scholar and student in the discipline. Part I covers the foundations of the scientific method, theory development, and the accrual of scientific knowledge in the field. Part II introduces the ideas of pioneers whose work pre-dates the emergence of Organizational Behavior. Part III considers the actual emergence of OB as we know it today, with an analysis of the environmental forces that impinged upon it (such as the recruiting of social scientists into business schools). Part IV presents an assessment of the current state of the art in OB research, with an original assessment of the importance, validity, and practical usefulness of 73 core theories in OB. Finally, Part V sets forth a vision for the future identity and growth of Organizational Behavior research, theory, and practice.
Media Audiences: Effects, Users, Institutions, and Power 2nd Edition explores the concept of media audiences from four broad perspectives: as "victims" of mass media, as market constructions & commodities, as users of media, and as producers & subcultures of mass media.
Those who seek to accurately gauge public opinion must first ask themselves: Why are certain opinions highly volatile while others are relatively fixed? Why are some surveys affected by question wording or communicative medium (e.g., telephone) while others seem immune? In Hard Choices, Easy Answers, R. Michael Alvarez and John Brehm develop a new theory of response variability that, by reconciling the strengths and weaknesses of the standard approaches, will help pollsters and scholars alike better resolve such perennial problems. Working within the context of U.S. public opinion, they contend that the answers Americans give rest on a variegated structure of political predispositions--diverse but widely shared values, beliefs, expectations, and evaluations. Alvarez and Brehm argue that respondents deploy what they know about politics (often little) to think in terms of what they value and believe. Working with sophisticated statistical models, they offer a unique analysis of not just what a respondent is likely to choose, but also how variable those choices would be under differing circumstances. American public opinion can be characterized in one of three forms of variability, conclude the authors: ambivalence, equivocation, and uncertainty. Respondents are sometimes ambivalent, as in attitudes toward abortion or euthanasia. They are often equivocal, as in views about the scope of government. But most often, they are uncertain, sure of what they value, but unsure how to use those values in political choices.
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