Psychophysical theory exists in two distinct forms -- one ascribes the explanation of phenomena and empirical laws to sensory processes. Context effects arising through the use of particular methods are an unwanted nuisance whose influence must be eliminated so that one isolates the "true" sensory scale. The other considers psychophysics only in terms of cognitive variables such as the judgment strategies induced by instructions and response biases. Sensory factors play a minor role in cognitive approaches. This work admits the validity of both forms of theory by arguing that the same empirical phenomena should be conceptualized in two alternative, apparently contradictory, ways. This acceptance of opposites is necessary because some empirical phenomena are best explained in terms of sensory processes, while others are best ascribed to central causes. The complementarity theory stresses the "mutually completing" nature of two distinct models. The first assigns importance to populations of sensory neurons acting in the aggregate and is formulated to deal with sensory effects. The second assigns importance to judgment uncertainty and to the subject strategies induced by experimental procedures. This model is formulated to explain context effects. Throughout the text, the exposition is interlaced with mathematics, graphs, and computer simulations designed to reveal the complementary nature of psychophysical explanations.
Psychophysical Analysis of Visual Space focuses on the use of psychophysics in the analysis of visual space, with emphasis on space perception and physiological optics. Topics covered include null-size judgment, ratio-size judgment, frontal-size judgment, and distance judgment, as well as selected physiological correlates of size and distance judgments. A theoretical analysis of model reduction is also presented. This volume consists of 11 chapters and opens with an overview of basic definitions and evidence in support of the constancy hypothesis. A psychophysical approach to the problems of visual space is described. The reader is then introduced to null-size judgment, ratio-size judgment, frontal-size judgment, and distance judgment, with emphasis on the importance of the retina as a reference for spatial judgments and how size judgments of targets at different distances can be related to judgments of targets at a constant distance. Some of the important relationships between ocular physiology and size-distance judgments are also examined, paying particular attention to size and distance judgments which relate to the variables of convergence, accommodation, angle-of-regard, and binocular disparity. The remaining chapters look at two stimulus correlates of distance judgments: frontal size and longitudinal size. This book will be of interest to physiologists, physicists, and experimental psychologists.
The NHS came into existence in an atmosphere of conflict centred on the strong ideological commitment of the Post-war Labour Government and the opposition of the Conservative Party of that time to the idea of a universally available and centrally planned medical care service. There was also opposition from some sections of the medical establishment who feared the loss of professional autonomy. Setting health policy in both an historical and modern context (post 1997) Carrier and Kendall weigh up the successes and failures of the National Health Service and examine the conflicts which have continued for over sixty years, in spite of efforts to solve financial problems in the NHS through increases in funding as well as structural and organisational change. After looking at recent responses to supposed failures of the NHS, they conclude that the NHS has successfully faced the challenges before it and is likely to continue to meet the changing health needs of the population. Financial stresses, concerns about the quality of care and demographic change, with consequent issues for the elderly and the chronically ill, continue to be urgent and politically contentious issues. This book is appropriate for a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate students studying health policy and the NHS.
Although it is not generally acknowledged, a number of soldiers of Hispanic ancestry fought on behalf of the Confederacy during the American Civil War. As John O'Donnell-Rosales explains in the Introduction to the new Third Edition of his ground-breaking list of Hispanic Confederate soldiers, many of these individuals--including businessmen and sailors living in cities like New Orleans, St. Louis, Natchez, Biloxi, and Mobile--would have to choose between their cultural aversion to American slavery and the natural desire to protect their way of life in the South. After consulting a number of primary and secondary sources, including numerous rosters of Confederate soldiers, the author has compiled the only comprehensive roster of Hispanic Confederate soldiers in print. The number of soldiers listed in this volume has grown to 6,175 men, a number nearly twice as large as identified in the first edition.
The Tennessee 45th Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Trousdale, Tennessee, in December, 1861. It participated in the Battle of Shiloh, was active at Baton Rouge, then served in the Jackson area. Later it was assigned to J.C. Brown's, Brown's and Reynolds' Consolidated, and Palmer's Brigade, Army of Tennessee. In November, 1863, it was consolidated with the 23rd Infantry Battalion. The regiment took an active part in the campaigns of the army from Murfreesboro to Atlanta, moving with General Hood back into Tennessee, but it was not engaged at Franklin and Nashville. It ended the war in North Carolina. The unit sustained 112 casualties at Murfreesboro, lost forty-three percent of the 226 at Chickamauga, and reported 12 men disabled at Missionary Ridge. The 45th/23rd Battalion totaled 316 men and 340 arms in December, 1863. Few surrendered in April, 1865.
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