John Hawkins demonstrates a clear link between how languages are used and the conventions of their grammars. He sets out a theory in which performance shapes grammars and accounts for the variation patterns found in the world's languages.
In this book John A. Hawkins argues that major patterns of variation across languages are structured by general principles of efficiency in language use and communication. Evidence for these comes from languages permitting structural options from which selections are made in performance, e.g. between competing word orders and between relative clauses with a resumptive pronoun versus a gap. The preferences and patterns of performance within languages are reflected, he shows, in the fixed conventions and variation patterns across grammars, leading to a 'Performance-Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis'. Hawkins extends and updates the general theory that he laid out in Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars (OUP 2004): new areas of grammar and performance are discussed, new research findings are incorporated that test his earlier predictions, and new advances in the contributing fields of language processing, linguistic theory, historical linguistics, and typology are addressed. This efficiency approach to variation has far-reaching theoretical consequences relevant to many current issues in the language sciences. These include the notion of ease of processing and how to measure it, the role of processing in language change, the nature of language universals and their explanation, the theory of complexity, the relative strength of competing and cooperating principles, and the proper definition of fundamental grammatical notions such as 'dependency'. The book also offers a new typology of VO and OV languages and their correlating properties seen from this perspective, and a new typology of the noun phrase and of argument structure.
This issue of Orthopedic Clinics will focus on orthopedic urgencies and emergencies. Articles to be included will cover pediatrics, trauma, upper extremity, adult reconstruction, and foot and ankle.
First published in 1986, this book draws together analyses of English and German. It defines the contrasts and similarities between the two languages and, in particular, looks at the question of whether contrasts in one area of the grammar is systematically related to contrasts in another, and whether there is any ‘directionality’ or unity to contrast throughout grammar as a whole. It is suggested that there is, and that English and German can serve as a case study for a more general typology of languages than we now have. This volume will be of interest to a wide range of linguists, including students of Germanic languages; language typologists; generative grammarians attempting to ‘fix the parameters’ on language variation;’ historical linguists; and applied linguists.
This is an edition of the Hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Late Hittite states of Turkey and Syria. These inscriptions, surviving largely on stone, include monuments of kings to their reigns and works as well as the humbler memorials of subordinates. A few precious survivals of documents in the form of lead strips give us a different type of document: letters and economic texts. Recent discoveries have improved the decipherment and understanding of these inscriptions to a point where new and comprehensive translations can be offered, and the presentation of this in English will make them available for the first time to the wide audience of the English-speaking world. At the same time we are in a position to present more reliable texts than those which have appeared in editions hitherto regarded as standard.
Authority and accessibility combine to bring the history and the drama of Tudor England to life. Almost 900 engaging entries cover the life and times of Henry VIII, Mary I, Elizabeth I, William Shakespeare, and much, much more. Written for high school students, college undergraduates, and public library patrons—indeed, for anyone interested in this important and colorful period—the three-volume Encyclopedia of Tudor England illuminates the era's most important people, events, ideas, movements, institutions, and publications. Concise, yet in-depth entries offer comprehensive coverage and an engaging mix of accessibility and authority. Chronologically, the encyclopedia spans the period from the accession of Henry VII in 1485 to the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. It also examines pre-Tudor people and topics that shaped the Tudor period, as well as individuals and events whose influence extended into the Jacobean period after 1603. Geographically, the encyclopedia covers England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and also Russia, Asia, America, and important states in continental Europe. Topics include: the English Reformation; the development of Parliament; the expansion of foreign trade; the beginnings of American exploration; the evolution of the nuclear family; and the flowering of English theater and poetry, culminating in the works of William Shakespeare.
This book argues that major patterns of variation across languages are structured by general principles of efficiency in language use and communication, an approach that has far-reaching theoretical consequences for issues such as ease of processing, language universals, complexity, and competing and cooperating principles.
BACE inhibitors and their use in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease BACE (β-site of APP cleaving enzyme) is a critical component in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and the development of BACE inhibitors shows great potential as a therapy for the disease. BACE: Lead Target for Orchestrated Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease covers virtually all aspects of BACE from initial identification, discovery of inhibitors, and challenges in clinical development, while providing a global understanding essential for productive and successful drug discovery. This book details the story of the discovery of BACE and its role in AD and comprehensively discusses: The development of BACE inhibitors as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease The research that led to the identification of BACE New BACE inhibitors currently being clinically tested ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and clinical trial design—topics not addressed in current field literature Cutting-edge technology such as high-throughput screening, structure-based drug design, and QSAR in context of BACE inhibitors and Alzheimer's drug discovery Other approaches to BACE inhibition based on interaction with the precursor protein APP By enhancing the reader's understanding of the various aspects of the BACE drug-discovery process, this much-needed reference will serve as a key resource for all scientists involved in Alzheimer's research—and inspire new approaches to treatment of AD.
This book addresses a question fundamental to any discussion of grammatical theory and grammatical variation: to what extent can principles of grammar be explained through language use? John A. Hawkins argues that there is a profound correspondence between performance data and the fixed conventions of grammars. Preferences and patterns found in the one, he shows, are reflected in constraints and variation patterns in the other. The theoretical consequences of the proposed 'performance-grammar correspondence hypothesis' are far-reaching — for current grammatical formalisms, for the innateness hypothesis, and for psycholinguistic models of performance and learning. Drawing on empirical generalizations and insights from language typology, generative grammar, psycholinguistics, and historical linguistics, Professor Hawkins demonstrates that the assumption that grammars are immune to performance is false. He presents detailed empirical case studies and arguments for an alternative theory in which performance has shaped the conventions of grammars and thus the variation patterns found in the world's languages. The innateness of language, he argues, resides primarily in the mechanisms human beings have for processing and learning it. This important book will interest researchers in linguistics (including typology and universals, syntax, grammatical theory, historical linguistics, functional linguistics, and corpus linguistics), psycholinguistics (including parsing, production, and acquisition), computational linguistics (including language-evolution modelling and electronic corpus development); and cognitive science (including the modeling of the performance-competence relationship, pragmatics, and relevance theory).
Luwian and the closely related Hittite are the oldest known languages of the Indo-European group. Luwian is written in two scripts: Cuneiform and its own Hieroglyphic, which survives mostly on stone monuments collected from Turkey and Syria. The texts fall into two main groups, those of the Hittite Empire (c. 1400–1200 B.C.), and those of the Iron Age (c. 1000–700 B.C.),with a transitional period (c. 1200–1000 B.C.). One of the editor’s principal research efforts has been the establishment of reliable texts presented in facsimile copies and photographs. His Inscriptions of the Iron Age were published as Vol. I in 2000, and the great Luwian-Phoenician Bilingual in collaboration with Halet Çambel as Vol. II in 1999. Vol. III will present the Inscriptions of the Hittite Empire along with the newly discovered Iron Age inscriptions, thus completing the whole corpus. It will then make available to the scholarly world the Luwian language in its Hieroglyphic manifestation, which will be of importance to philologists and ancient historians alike.
A highly topical thriller set amongst the world of the homeless in Cambridge Frank Pugsley, a homeless ex-soldier, has come to Cambridge looking for answers. Having heard that his son has died from a drugs overdose he sets out to discover the truth of what has happened. This will be a quest fraught with danger as he enters a very different side of Cambridge to the one most of us know. As well as having to battle external threats Frank will also have face up to the post-traumatic stress disorder he suffers as a result of fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan. Frank encounters a cast of shady and dangerous characters: a ruthless leader of a drug dealing gang; assorted heavies; a greedy and disreputable landlord: a bent police inspector and a well connected auctioneer with a strange and surprising collection of auction gavels. With the help of his estranged wife, and her new husband, a WPC with whom he has a brief affair; a talkative and knowledgeable ‘Big Issue’ seller and a collection of rough sleepers and market traders Frank gets nearer to the truth. But this only increases the danger to him and those helping him. An explosive culmination to his quest will bring violence and further death to the city. Underbelly of Cambridge is a taut and violent thriller which also deals with an urban problem getting worse and worse in modern Cambridge.It reveals an underclass in society and the constant danger they face. It has at its heart a hero, having to deal with his own inner demons, wanting justice but at what cost to himself and those around him?
Latin American Political Culture: Public Opinion and Democracy presents a genuinely pan-Latin American examination of the region’s contemporary political culture. This is the only book to extensively investigate the attitudes and behaviors of Latin Americans based on the Latin American Public Opinion Project’s (LAPOP) AmericasBarometer surveys. The findings reveal a complex Latin America with distinct political culture. Authors John Booth and Patricia Bayer Richard join rigorous analysis with clear graphic presentation and extensive examples, and readers learn about public opinion research, engage with further questions for analysis, and have access to data, an expansive bibliography, and links to appendices.
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