Designing Distributed Control Systems presents 80 patterns for designing distributed machine control system software architecture (forestry machinery, mining drills, elevators, etc.). These patterns originate from state-of-the-art systems from market-leading companies, have been tried and tested, and will address typical challenges in the domain, such as long lifecycle, distribution, real-time and fault tolerance. Each pattern describes a separate design problem that needs to be solved. Solutions are provided, with consequences and trade-offs. Each solution will enable piecemeal growth of the design. Finding a solution is easy, as the patterns are divided into categories based on the problem field the pattern tackles. The design process is guided by different aspects of quality, such as performance and extendibility, which are included in the pattern descriptions. The book also contains an example software architecture designed by leading industry experts using the patterns in the book. The example system introduces the reader to the problem domain and demonstrates how the patterns can be used in a practical system design process. The example architecture shows how useful a toolbox the patterns provide for both novices and experts, guiding the system design process from its beginning to the finest details. Designing distributed machine control systems with patterns ensures high quality in the final product. High-quality systems will improve revenue and guarantee customer satisfaction. As market need changes, the desire to produce a quality machine is not only a primary concern, there is also a need for easy maintenance, to improve efficiency and productivity, as well as the growing importance of environmental values; these all impact machine design. The software of work machines needs to be designed with these new requirements in mind. Designing Distributed Control Systems presents patterns to help tackle these challenges. With proven methodologies from the expert author team, they show readers how to improve the quality and efficiency of distributed control systems.
With the departure of European Muslims to the “Islamic State” and a wave of terrorist attacks in Europe in recent years, the questions of why and how individuals radicalize to Jihadi extremism attracted keen interest. This thesis examines how individuals radicalize by applying a theoretical framework that primarily refers to social capital theory, the economics of religion, and social movement theory. The analysis of the biographical backgrounds, pathways of radicalization, and network connections of more than 1,300 Jihadi extremists from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland shows that radicalization primarily need to be considered as a social process of isolation from former social contacts and affiliation with a new religious group. Radicalization is characterized by the transformation of social capital and often channeled through so-called “strong ties” to friends and family members. These peer networks constitute the social fundament of radical clusters on the local level which are usually linked to a broader milieu through exclusive mosque communities and religious authorities. Bonding social capital within these radical groups minimizes the risk of betrayal and promotes trust essential for clandestine and risky activities.
This book highlights the criminal framework legislation developed by the UN Security Council and the EU in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks in the USA in 2001, and studies the implementation of these rules in six European legal orders. It contains a thorough analysis of the concept of terrorist offences, including complex issues such as actions by armed forces and resistance movements. It also explores the broad criminalisation of preparatory acts, including the participation in terrorist groups, and discusses the extended application of national law to offences committed abroad. More generally, the book sheds light on the interplay between global, regional and national regulation and contributes to a better understanding of national differences in the field of criminal law.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Messfehlern in Längsschnittdaten. Messfehler können in besonderem Maße die Messung von Übergängen und Veränderungen über die Zeit beeinflussen. Die Messung von Veränderungen ist jedoch einer der Hauptgründe für das Erheben von Längsschnittdaten. Allerdings werden Messfehler in Längsschnittdaten selten analysiert. Durch die Verknüpfung von Paneldaten mit Registerdaten auf der individuellen Ebene werden in dieser Arbeit Messfehler für den Bezug von Arbeitslosengeld II für fünf aufeinanderfolgende Panelwellen untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Messfehler für den Bezug nicht zufällig verteilt sind, sondern mit der Zeit und persönlichen Charakteristiken korrelieren.
Nordic welfare states are known for a unique combination of equity and efficiency and for political institutions facilitating compromise and consensus between conflicting interests. The Nordic Welfare State in Three Eras: From Emancipation to Discipline analyses the historical and contemporary evolution of Nordic welfare states in Denmark, Sweden and Finland during three periods: the developmental period until the end of WWII, the period of emancipatory welfare institutions until the 1980s, and the period of restructuring from the 1980s until present times. The three eras discussed are shared in one way or another by all welfare states. However, Nordic welfare institutions are unique in the sense that they were particularly compatible with the ideas of Keynesian macro-economic management that constituted the blueprint of international economic ideas during the post-war period. This ground-breaking book will show how preceding emancipating elements of Nordic welfare states were largely lost in the process of renegotiating the post-war social order, and replaced by new elements of discipline and control.
Innovative and forward-thinking in its approach, this book advocates for the liberation of people’s creative potential through the systematic transformation of work and capital. Providing a detailed account and analysis of current social policy, Johannes Kananen envisions an emancipatory societal development that prioritises fulfilling human need as opposed to the accumulation of private capital.
The use of reactive polymers enables manufacturers to make chemical changes at a late stage in the production process—these in turn cause changes in performance and properties. Material selection and control of the reaction are essential to acheive optimal performance. The second edition of Reactive Polymers Fundamentals and Applications introduces engineers and scientists to the range of reactive polymers available, explains the reactions that take place, and details applications and performance benefits. Basic principles and industrial processes are described for each class of reactive resin (thermoset), as well as additives, the curing process, and applications and uses. The initial chapters are devoted to individual resin types (e.g. epoxides, cyanacrylates, etc.); followed by more general chapters on topics such as reactive extrusion and dental applications. Material new to this edition includes the most recent developments, applications and commercial products for each chemical class of thermosets, as well as sections on fabrication methods, reactive biopolymers, recycling of reactive polymers, and case studies. Injection molding of reactive polymers, radiation curing, thermosetting elastomers, and reactive extrusion equipment are all covered as well. - Most comprehensive source of information about reactive polymers - Covers basics as well as most recent developments, including reactive biopolymers, recycling of reactive polymers, nanocomposites, and fluorosilicones - Indispensable guide for engineers and advanced students alike—providing extensive literature and patent review
This report offers a review of what is known about opportunities and risks of biochar systems in developing countries. Its aim is to fill in critical knowledge gaps between the biochar research community and development practicioners on the ground.
Allergy is one of the major health problems of most modern societies. Although allergic diseases are well-known for almost two hundred years, their prevalence has increased dramatically over the last decades. Allergic reactions manifest in various organs, most commonly in the skin and mucous membranes, the frontier surfaces where the contact between the individual and the environment takes place. In a very concise and practical way this book covers all aspects of allergic reactions from pathophysiology to diagnosis, therapy and prevention with a strong focus on relevant aspects for the everyday work of the practising dermatologist and allergist in the hospital or office. This book reflects the rich personal experience of a German allergist with international training and reputation, who is active in immunology and allergy research and practice for almost 30 years. In this book, not only IgE-mediated allergic reactions are covered but all other kinds of allergies such as atopic eczema, contact dermatitis, drug eruptions, anaphylaxis and food allergies are equally represented as well as psychosomatic aspects and problems of environmental intolerances.
This book presents the state of the art in research into atopic dermatitis, or atopic eczema, and provides numerous effective practical management recommendations that are grounded in the immense clinical experience of the author. A scientific evidence-based approach to the subject is adopted, progressing from clinical symptoms in different disease stages, molecular genetics, and pathophysiology through to treatment and prevention. All aspects of patient management are covered, including diagnostics, avoidance strategies, emollient therapy, and acute treatment of eczema and itch. Diverse special therapeutic approaches are discussed, ranging from glucocorticoids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and antimicrobial therapy through to UV therapy, allergen-specific immunotherapy, systemic immunosuppressive therapy, and emerging options. Environmental influences are considered, and there is a focus on the whole human being, with attention to psychosocial aspects of the disease and the benefit of educational programs such as “eczema schools”. Atopic Dermatitis will be invaluable for dermatologists, allergists, pediatricians, and general practitioners and informative for other interested persons and sufferers.
Designing Distributed Control Systems presents 80 patterns for designing distributed machine control system software architecture (forestry machinery, mining drills, elevators, etc.). These patterns originate from state-of-the-art systems from market-leading companies, have been tried and tested, and will address typical challenges in the domain, such as long lifecycle, distribution, real-time and fault tolerance. Each pattern describes a separate design problem that needs to be solved. Solutions are provided, with consequences and trade-offs. Each solution will enable piecemeal growth of the design. Finding a solution is easy, as the patterns are divided into categories based on the problem field the pattern tackles. The design process is guided by different aspects of quality, such as performance and extendibility, which are included in the pattern descriptions. The book also contains an example software architecture designed by leading industry experts using the patterns in the book. The example system introduces the reader to the problem domain and demonstrates how the patterns can be used in a practical system design process. The example architecture shows how useful a toolbox the patterns provide for both novices and experts, guiding the system design process from its beginning to the finest details. Designing distributed machine control systems with patterns ensures high quality in the final product. High-quality systems will improve revenue and guarantee customer satisfaction. As market need changes, the desire to produce a quality machine is not only a primary concern, there is also a need for easy maintenance, to improve efficiency and productivity, as well as the growing importance of environmental values; these all impact machine design. The software of work machines needs to be designed with these new requirements in mind. Designing Distributed Control Systems presents patterns to help tackle these challenges. With proven methodologies from the expert author team, they show readers how to improve the quality and efficiency of distributed control systems.
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