Traditional food and bioprocessing technologies are facing challenges due to high expectation from the consumers and producers for better quality and safety, higher process efficiency, and products with novel properties or functionalities. For this reason, in the last few years new forms of physical energies have been explored to propose alternatives to traditional processing technologies. Acoustic energy has the potential to replace or partially substitute conventional processes, and at the same time offer unique opportunities in the characterization of foods and biomaterials. This book is a resource for experts and newcomers in the field of power ultrasound, gives insights into the physical principles of this technology, details the latest advancements, and links them to current and potential applications in the food and bioprocessing related industries.
Traditional food and bioprocessing technologies are facing challenges due to high expectation from the consumers and producers for better quality and safety, higher process efficiency, and products with novel properties or functionalities. For this reason, in the last few years new forms of physical energies have been explored to propose alternatives to traditional processing technologies. Acoustic energy has the potential to replace or partially substitute conventional processes, and at the same time offer unique opportunities in the characterization of foods and biomaterials. This book is a resource for experts and newcomers in the field of power ultrasound, gives insights into the physical principles of this technology, details the latest advancements, and links them to current and potential applications in the food and bioprocessing related industries.
The Weimar Republic has received more attention in academic research and popular culture than almost any other period in German history. Nevertheless, its prevailing historical image remains surprisingly simplistic: an era of accelerated cultural progress on the one hand and extreme political unrest, social upheaval and economic crisis on the other. This volume aims to move the discussion beyond this limited dichotomy. The chapters cover a wide range of topics, from Weimar's legal framework to musical theatre, challenging hitherto accepted views in their respective fields. Despite their thematic range and differences in approach, the contributions are united by the common theme of contingency. They propose the idea of Weimar's historical 'openness', reflected in the period's pluralism, as a counter-narrative to the image of the first German democracy as a moribund mixture of modernist glitter and socio-economic doom.
The first step in a new era where optics supersedes electronics was established by fiber optic communication. Optical data processing is now following with optical elements which can address and retrieve information directly using fiber optics. The new technology is progressing rapidly due to a major input of materials scientists guided by early pioneers such as Francis Garito and Joseph Zyss, who are among the contributors to this volume, which is divided into eight parts: molecular engineering and nonlinear optics, Langmuir-Blodgett films, nonlinear polymers, harmonic generation, nonlinear optical materials, photoreactive materials, nonlinear liquid crystals, and optical testing. No subject index. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.
Examines the role of money in modern German literature. Using examples from Goethe, Gotthelf, Holderlin and others to demonstrate the intersecting worlds of literature and finance, the author argues that money, like literature, has no intrinsic value, but is at the same time a necessity.
Ongoing advances in science and engineering enable mankind to design and operate increasingly sophisticated systems. Both their design and operation require the understanding of the system and its interaction with the envir- ment. This necessitates the formalisation of the knowledge about the system by models. A major issue is what kind of model is best suited for a given task. This book is about the supervision of continuous dynamical systems. Such systems are typically described by di?erential equations. However, this does notautomaticallymeanthatdi?erentialequationsarepropermodelsforso- ing supervision tasks. Instead, this book and recent approaches in literature show that supervision tasks do in general not require the use of such precise modelsasdi?erentialequations.Thisisofinterestbecauseuncertainties,t- ically occurring in supervision, make the use of precise models very di?cult. Alternative approaches therefore use less precise models such as discrete– event descriptions to solve supervision tasks on a higher level of abstraction. Discrete–event descriptions in form of automata are one of the key elements of this book. To reach this higher level of abstraction, uncertainties by qu- tisation are introduced on purpose, taking into account a loss of precision. This is one of the main di?erence to other approaches. When using nume- calmodelsliketransferfunctionsordi?erentialequations,uncertaintiesmake the analysis more di?cult. Not so here, where the system is described on a qualitative level on which uncertainties are naturally incorporated. The book presents a new way to describe systems for supervision. Preparing this book I learned that the key to solve supervision problems is simplicity.
This classic textbook is an introduction to the systematics and the use of stable isotopes in geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: i) theoretical and experimental principles, ii) fractionation processes of light and heavy elements, iii) the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the publication of the previous edition advances in multicollector-ICP-mass-spectrometry allow precise measurements of new isotope systems. In this new edition therefore, 42 elements with resolvable natural variations in isotope composition are discussed. New findings from non-traditional isotope systems have been incorporated. Many new references have been added, which enable quick access to recent literature.
Seven hundred years after the dissolution of the order, the trial of the Templars still arouses enormous controversy and speculation. In October 1307, all the brothers of the military-religious order of the Temple in France were arrested on the instructions of King Philip IV and charged with heresy and other crimes. In 1312, Pope Clement V, at the Council of Vienne, dissolved the order. Since the 1970s, there has been increasing scholarly interest in the trial, and a series of books and articles have widened scholars' understanding of causes of this notorious affair, its course and its aftermath. However, many gaps in knowledge and understanding remain. What were the Templars doing in the months and years before the trial? Why did the king of France attack the Order? What evidence is there for the Templars' guilt? What became of the Templars and their property after the end of the Order? This book collects together the research of both junior and senior scholars from around the world in order to establish the current state of scholarship and identify areas for new research. Individual chapters examine various aspects of the background to the trial, the financial, political and religious context of the trial in France, the value of the Templars' testimonies, and consider the trial across the whole of Europe, from Poland and Cyprus to Ireland and Portugal. Rather than trying to close the discussion on the trial of the Templars, this book opens a new chapter in the ongoing scholarly debate.
Over the years enormous effort was invested in proving ergodicity, but for a number of reasons, con?dence in the fruitfulness of this approach has waned. — Y. Ben-Menahem and I. Pitowsky [1] Abstract The basic motivation behind the present text is threefold: To give a new explanation for the emergence of thermodynamics, to investigate the interplay between quantum mechanics and thermodynamics, and to explore possible ext- sions of the common validity range of thermodynamics. Originally, thermodynamics has been a purely phenomenological science. Early s- entists (Galileo, Santorio, Celsius, Fahrenheit) tried to give de?nitions for quantities which were intuitively obvious to the observer, like pressure or temperature, and studied their interconnections. The idea that these phenomena might be linked to other ?elds of physics, like classical mechanics, e.g., was not common in those days. Such a connection was basically introduced when Joule calculated the heat equ- alent in 1840 showing that heat was a form of energy, just like kinetic or potential energy in the theory of mechanics. At the end of the 19th century, when the atomic theory became popular, researchers began to think of a gas as a huge amount of bouncing balls inside a box.
This work offers the first comparative treatment of the roles of informal ad hoc groupings of states, such as Groups of Friends or G-8, within selected conflict settings, and their effects on the practices of the UN Security Council. This pivotal work draws on both case-study analysis and archival sources.
Existing theories of cooperation assume a stable geo-political order, led by countries with a shared conception of the modalities of cooperation. These assumptions are no longer justified. Effective Multilateralism makes the case for a new approach to explaining international cooperation through the lens of East Asian.
the Roof Construction Manual is a comprehensive reference work on the construction of pitched roofs, containing over 1800 plans and 220 photographs. Thirteen fundamental roof types and the relevant materials including thatch, wood, slate, tile, concrete, fibrous cement, bitumen, glass, metal, membranes, and synthetic materials are documented in detail. Essential topics such as ventilation, vapour and wind seals, insulation and drainage, renovation and energy conservation are examined. As with all the Construction Manuals, some 38 built examples illustrate the theoretical details, paying particular attention to important features such as the ridge, hip, eaves, roof valley, verge, and penetration. A compact presentation of the load-bearing physics and structures as well as current norms and standards make this volume an indispensable standard work for all architects and engineers.
This analysis of Hans Kelsen's international law theory takes into account the context of the German international legal discourse in the first half of the twentieth century, including the reactions of Carl Schmitt and other Weimar opponents of Kelsen. The relationship between his Pure Theory of Law and his international law writings is examined, enabling the reader to understand how Kelsen tried to square his own liberal cosmopolitan project with his methodological convictions as laid out in his Pure Theory of Law. Finally, Jochen von Bernstorff discusses the limits and continuing relevance of Kelsenian formalism for international law under the term of 'reflexive formalism', and offers a reflection on Kelsen's theory of international law against the background of current debates over constitutionalisation, institutionalisation and fragmentation of international law. The book also includes biographical sketches of Hans Kelsen and his main students Alfred Verdross and Joseph L. Kunz.
Focusing on the fate of a Berlin-based newspaper during the 1920s and 1930s, Moderate Modernity: The Newspaper Tempo and the Transformation of Weimar Democracy chronicles the transformation of a vibrant and liberal society into an oppressive and authoritarian dictatorship. Tempo proclaimed itself as “Germany’s most modern newspaper” and attempted to capture the spirit of Weimar Berlin, giving a voice to a forward-looking generation that had grown up under the Weimar Republic’s new democratic order. The newspaper celebrated modern technology, spectator sports, and American consumer products, constructing an optimistic vision of Germany’s future as a liberal consumer society anchored in Western values. The newspaper’s idea of a modern, democratic Germany was undermined by the political and economic crises that hit Germany at the beginning of the 1930s. The way the newspaper described German democracy changed under these pressures. Flappers, American fridges, and modern music—the things that Tempo had once marshalled as representatives of a German future—were now rejected by the newspaper as emblems of a bygone age. The changes in Tempo’s vision of Germany’s future show that descriptions of Weimar politics as a standoff between upright democrats and rabid extremists do not do justice to the historical complexity of the period. Rather, we need to accept the Nazis as a lethal product of a German democracy itself. The history of Tempo teaches us how liberal democracies can create and nurture their own worst enemies.
From their humble beginnings in Jerusalem as a late eleventh-century hospital and an early twelfth-century pilgrim escort, Hospitallers and Templars evolved into international military religious orders, engaged in numerous charitable, economic, and military pursuits. At the heart of each of these communities, and in many ways a mirror of their growth and adaptability, was a central convent led by several high officials and headquartered first in Jerusalem (to 1187), then in Acre (1191-1291), and then on Cyprus (since 1291), from where the Hospitallers conquered Rhodes (1306-1310), and where fate in the form of a heresy trial caught up with the Templars. The history, organization, and personnel of these two central convents to 1310 are the subject of this comparative study.
Today, most firms employ online and offline distribution channels. Customers combine both channels for information search and purchase. However, researchers and practitioners are still lacking insight concerning the creation of additional customer value, in terms of a seamless purchase experience, by combining the online and offline channels. Also, it is unclear if these channel integration activities can actually help multichannel firms obtain a strategic advantage over their online pureplay competitors. Jochen Binder investigates how, why, and to what extent an integrated online channel increases customer value and leads to higher willingness to pay, customer loyalty and purchase intention in a firm's online and offline stores.
This book explores the theory of strongly continuous one-parameter semigroups of linear operators. A special feature of the text is an unusually wide range of applications such as to ordinary and partial differential operators, to delay and Volterra equations, and to control theory. Also, the book places an emphasis on philosophical motivation and the historical background.
How can the selection of individuals to configure teams be improved with the help of information technology? Due to organizational trends, team-based work structures gain importance and increase the demand for staffing highly effective teams. However, existing human resource management systems have often not yet been adapted to support HR decision makers in this task and IS support for team staffing is rather scarce. Existing systems only consider whether a person has the required technical skills and abilities for a job. Those systems (1) are not able to capture the latent aspects that typically underlie personnel selection decisions, (2) do not consider candidate preferences and (3) especially neglect to consider the match between the person and the team members in terms of interpersonal compatibility.This book presents a decision support system based on an automated recommendation approach for providing a pre-selection of candidates that fit best with a specific job and with future team members. The system contributes to literature by proposing an IS-supported approach for the selection of individuals for teams and to practice by offering time and cost savings for HR professionals.
The book presents effective model-based analysis and design methods for fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control. Architectural and structural models are used to analyse the propagation of the fault through the process, to test the fault detectability and to find the redundancies in the process that can be used to ensure fault tolerance. Design methods for diagnostic systems and fault-tolerant controllers are presented for processes that are described by analytical models, by discrete-event models or that can be dealt with as quantised systems. Four case studies on pilot processes show the applicability of the presented methods. The theoretical results are illustrated by two running examples which are used throughout the book. The book addresses engineering students, engineers in industry and researchers who wish to get a survey over the variety of approaches to process diagnosis and fault-tolerant control.
From 1942 to 1950, nearly twenty thousand Poles found refuge from the horrors of war-torn Europe in camps within Britain’s African colonies, including Uganda, Tanganyika, Kenya and Northern and Southern Rhodesia. On the Edges of Whiteness tells their improbable story, tracing the manifold, complex relationships that developed among refugees, their British administrators, and their African neighbors. While intervening in key historical debates across academic disciplines, this book also gives an accessible and memorable account of survival and dramatic cultural dislocation against the backdrop of global conflict.
Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum This invaluable work traces the role of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and SD, the core group of Himmler’s murder units involved in the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” during and immediately after the German campaign in Poland in 1939. In addition to relevant Einsatzgruppen reports, the book includes key documents from other sources, especially eyewitness accounts from victims or onlookers. Such accounts provide an alternative, often much more realistic, perspective on the nature and consequences of the actions previously known only through documentation generated by the perpetrators. With carefully selected primary sources contextualized by the authors’ clear narrative, this work fills an important gap in our understanding of a crucial period in the evolution of policies directed against Jews, Poles, and others deemed dangerous or inferior by the Third Reich. Supplemented by maps and photographs, this book will be an essential reference and research tool.
Turkish-German Bilingual Students' Acquisition of English Word Order in a German Educational Setting investigates the syntactic influences of Turkish and German on the acquisition of English word order in a German educational setting.
With this volume of three essays, the authors want to create an opportunity for dialogue between different disciplines by taking a closer look at three cardio-physiological examples. In the essays presented, we will look at the exploration of different cardiological topics from the 20th century, all of which have contributed to a better understanding of certain aspects of cardiac activity. Not only do these insights provide a more complete picture of these cardiac phenomena, but it is also within this context that we can look for and into the patterns of regularities which govern this living organism. Our goal is to stimulate a dialogue on the philosophy of science in the spirit of Hans Reichenbach.
What did Hitler really want to achieve: world domination. In the early twenties, Hitler was working on this plan and from 1933 on, was working to make it a reality. During 1940 and 1941, he believed he was close to winning the war. This book not only examines Nazi imperial architecture, armament, and plans to regain colonies but also reveals what Hitler said in moments of truth. The author presents many new sources and information, including Hitler’s little known intention to attack New York City with long-range bombers in the days of Pearl Harbor.
Written by an expert team and praised for its refreshing approach, this essential text offers a critical, holistic understanding of strategy theory and practice. The fourth edition has been fully updated to include: • Coverage of contemporary issues including the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change and digitalization • Topical and engaging case studies such as Disney’s Strategy and Covid-19, Netflix Versus Amazon: Dynamic Capabilities for Global Success, and PS5, Xbox and BMW: Chips and Supply Chains • A wealth of new examples of strategy in practice from world-renowned organisations such as Google, Uniqlo, Tesla, IKEA, and Airbnb Suitable for both undergraduate and postgraduate study, Strategy: Theory and Practice encourages readers to engage critically with the internal and external factors that shape strategy in the real world. A selection of tried and tested online resources, including a teaching guide, PowerPoints, an online case study bank and test bank of questions have been developed to support lecturers using the book in their teaching. Stewart Clegg is Professor at the University of Sydney, Emeritus Professor at the University of Technology Sydney, and Visiting Professor at the University of Stavanger, University of Johannesburg, and Nova School of Business and Economics. Christos Pitelis is Head of Department of International Business and Professor of International Business and Sustainable Competitiveness at the University of Leeds, and Life Fellow at Queens’ College, University of Cambridge. Jochen Schweitzer is an Associate Professor at the University of Technology Sydney. Andrea Whittle is Professor of Management at Newcastle University Business School.
This paper quantifies the speed of convergence and higher-order asymptotics of fast diffusion dynamics on Rn to the Barenblatt (self similar) solution. Degeneracies in the parabolicity of this equation are cured by re-expressing the dynamics on a manifold with a cylindrical end, called the cigar. The nonlinear evolution becomes differentiable in Hölder spaces on the cigar. The linearization of the dynamics is given by the Laplace-Beltrami operator plus a transport term (which can be suppressed by introducing appropriate weights into the function space norm), plus a finite-depth potential well with a universal profile. In the limiting case of the (linear) heat equation, the depth diverges, the number of eigenstates increases without bound, and the continuous spectrum recedes to infinity. The authors provide a detailed study of the linear and nonlinear problems in Hölder spaces on the cigar, including a sharp boundedness estimate for the semigroup, and use this as a tool to obtain sharp convergence results toward the Barenblatt solution, and higher order asymptotics. In finer convergence results (after modding out symmetries of the problem), a subtle interplay between convergence rates and tail behavior is revealed. The difficulties involved in choosing the right functional spaces in which to carry out the analysis can be interpreted as genuine features of the equation rather than mere annoying technicalities.
This volume explores the reorganisation of knowledge taking place in the course of Galileo's research process extending over a period of more than thirty years, pursued within a network of exchanges with his contemporaries, and documented by a vast collection of research notes. It has revealed the challenging objects that motivated and shaped Galileo's thinking and closely followed the knowledge reorganization engendered by theses challenges. It has thus turned out, for example, that the problem of reducing the properties of pendulum motion to the laws governing naturally accelerated motion on inclined planes was the mainspring for the formation of Galileo's comprehensive theory of naturally accelerated motion.
The hydrogeological aspect of groundwater science is universal and applied in nature to have a sustainable water resource development with social, economic, ecological, cultural and aesthetic background. Since 99% of the world's fresh available water is groundwater; yet, the majority of financial resources are directed to surface water found in rivers and lakes. This serious imbalance requires urgent redress. This volume is addresses the issue to facilitate the joint analysis of groundwater management studies and problems faced by scientist, engineers, managers and other scholars from natural and applied sciences. Significant financial support is required for basic groundwater research if sustainable development is to be a realistic goal. As a fresh water resource, groundwater has major advantages over surface water. This is the basic idea that explicitly appears in almost all paper of this book. The authors have tried to focus their task on those topics that seemed to us more urgent and relevant and have paid much attention to questions related to management of aquifers, groundwater pollution, the long-term problems and the key issues in developing countries, where majority of world population live and where at present enormous groundwater abstraction occurs. We (editors) have dissipated proper information in a systematic scientific manner to make the concept of groundwater management and sustainability understandable to everyone, through this book. The book provides a platform to bring together earth scientists, professionals from chemical and engineering science disciplines, public health professionals and social scientists involved with the management and development of groundwater resources. The book is expected to reflect the current understanding of all the issues related to management of groundwater resources and their sustainable use.
The integration of multisensory information is an essential mechanism in perception and in controlling actions. Research in multisensory integration is concerned with how the information from the different sensory modalities, such as the senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and proprioception, are integrated to a coherent representation of objects. Multisensory integration is central for action control. For instance, when you grasp for a rubber duck, you can see its size and hear the sound it produces. Moreover, identical physical properties of an object can be provided by different senses. You can both see and feel the size of the rubber duck. Even when you grasp for the rubber duck with a tool (e.g. with tongs), the information from the hand, from the effect points of the tool and from the eyes are integrated in a manner to act successfully. Over the recent decade a surge of interest in multisensory integration and action control has been witnessed, especially in connection with the idea that multiple sensory sources are integrated in an optimized way. For this perspective to mature, it will be helpful to delve deeper into the information processing mechanisms and their neural correlates, asking about the range and constraints of this mechanisms, about its localization and involved networks.
For more than three centuries, scientists have studied the world as detached observers. In doing so, science has achieved marvelous results, but it has also lost the sense of the whole that earlier cultures possessed. By concentrating on the "text" of the physical world, science has lost the context--the etheric world of life forces. Goethean phenomenology (so named for Goethe's observations) is a scientific method capable of bringing the clarity of natural science to this context of phenomena. Unconsciously, scientific observers have always been using the context to read the text. The phenomenological method involves training observers to look at the activity of thinking itself as it perceives intentionally. It then uses this activity itself as a means of perception. The observer thus becomes conscious that physical nature is indeed a text, and that its meaning derives from the etheric context. Unlike the more common hypothetical and deductive methods--which presupose a detached observer--the phenomenological method is based on active participation by the observer. This eliminates the need to construct speculative hypotheses; the observer's awareness of his or her own intentionality ensures the veracity of the observations. The etheric world is not a new hypothesis; it is, however, a new domain of observation. The authors--Jochen Bockemühl, Christof Lindenau, Georg Maier, Ernst-August Müller, Hermann Poppelbaum, Dietrich Rapp, and Wolfgang Schad--have all written extensively on "participatory" science and related matters. In this ground-breaking collection, they each explore an aspect of the etheric world and its relationship to human thinking. They systematically lead the reader into the "formative movements" of nature and offer genuine insight into the far-reaching mystery of life.
A collection of essays presenting international perspectives on the narratives and the practices grounding the scholarly study of American Art"--Provided by publisher.
The primary aim of this monograph is to provide a formal framework for the representation and management of uncertainty and vagueness in the field of artificial intelligence. It puts particular emphasis on a thorough analysis of these phenomena and on the development of sound mathematical modeling approaches. Beyond this theoretical basis the scope of the book includes also implementational aspects and a valuation of existing models and systems. The fundamental ambition of this book is to show that vagueness and un certainty can be handled adequately by using measure-theoretic methods. The presentation of applicable knowledge representation formalisms and reasoning algorithms substantiates the claim that efficiency requirements do not necessar ily require renunciation of an uncompromising mathematical modeling. These results are used to evaluate systems based on probabilistic methods as well as on non-standard concepts such as certainty factors, fuzzy sets or belief functions. The book is intended to be self-contained and addresses researchers and practioneers in the field of knowledge based systems. It is in particular suit able as a textbook for graduate-level students in AI, operations research and applied probability. A solid mathematical background is necessary for reading this book. Essential parts of the material have been the subject of courses given by the first author for students of computer science and mathematics held since 1984 at the University in Braunschweig.
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