This classic textbook is an introduction to the systematics and the use of stable isotopes in geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: i) theoretical and experimental principles, ii) fractionation processes of light and heavy elements, iii) the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the publication of the previous edition improvements in multi-collector ICP mass-spectrometry have increased the ability to measure isotope ratios with very high precision for many elements of the periodic table. The amount of published data has increased tremendously in the last years; thus, conclusions based on a limited database are now better constrained. In this new edition, therefore, 47 elements with resolvable natural variations in isotope composition are discussed. This increase of elements, together with advances in the calculation of equilibrium isotope fractionation using ab initio methods, has led to an unbelievable rise of publications, making substantial major revisions and extensions of the last edition necessary. Many new references have been added, which enable quick access to recent literature.
Welfare state reform has been a focus of domestic policy making in many European countries in recent years. Representing almost a third of the EU population and two distinctive models of European welfare states, this book compares development in British and German social policy over the past 25 years. During this time four periods of conservative governments were followed by centre-left administrations in both countries. Moreover, the respective economic and social positions of the two countries have been reversed. Adverse socio-economic developments have contributed to the waning of the erstwhile appeal of Germany as a role model of welfare capitalism. By contrast, the UK is seen by some as being on its way to gaining such a position. These trends provide an analytically intriguing background for a systematic contextualized comparison of reform processes in the two welfare states. Concentrating on three core domains of social policy, the book argues that unemployment support and public pension programmes have been subjected to retrenchment, as well as to restructuring. By contrast, family policies have been extended in both countries. However, patterns of retrenchment and restructuring differ across countries and programmes. In order to explain similarities and variations, the book emphasizes the relevance of three sets of factors: shifts in party policy preferences and power relations, three institutional variables, and contingent factors impinging on policy direction and profiles. Within pension policy, the relevance of different institutional characteristics and the respective balance between private and public forms of retirement suggest that the concept of 'path dependence' is particularly instructive. By contrast, differences in programme structures and their role within national political economies prove to be most relevant for the understanding of changes in unemployment support policy. Less institutionally embedded and expanding, the trajectories of family policies have to be seen in the context of dynamic party policy preferences.
First published in 1997 in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union, this volume examines the situation of Russian managers in the transition to a more capitalist and democratic system. It asks whether a country of eleven time zones, extreme climatic conditions from arctic temperatures to dry stone and sand deserts, with more than a hundred nationalities and limited experience with liberal ideas and concepts or with civil-democratic traditions can be ruled in a modern world. The differences between ‘Westies’ and ‘Slavophiles’ only complicate its situation further. Further still, the authors note significant similarities between notions of national betrayal related to the withdrawal of the victorious Red Army from Central and Eastern Europe and attitudes in 1920s Germany towards World War I. The immense responsibility carried by the company directors, entrepreneurs and managers of Russia for the future of their country is the focus of this book. It follows two other volumes on Germany (1990) and an Anglo-German comparison related to Western European integration (1993).
Past cycles of sovereign lending and default suggest that debt crises will recur at some point. This book shows why investors should reckon with similar credit events in the future. Surveying the sovereign bond market, the author provides investors with a useful toolkit for analyzing sovereign bonds and foreseeing trends in the international financial architecture. The result should be a better understanding of debt crises and more deliberate investment decisions.
Upwelling systems are special places in the oceans where nutrient-enriched water is brought into the euphotic zone to fuel phytoplankton blooms that, via marine food-web interactions, create the world’s richest fish resources. This book introduces the reader to the interdisciplinary science of upwelling and provides a comprehensive overview of the world’s most productive marine ecosystems in the context of climate variability, climate change and human exploitation. This material presented is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate study or just for anyone interested to learn about the creation of life in the oceans and how this is compromised by human activities.
This book criticizes the fact that profitability measures derived from capital market models such as the Sharpe ratio and the reward-to-VaR ratio are proposed for loan portfolios, although it is not proven whether their risk-return trade-offs are optimal for banks. The authors demonstrate that even the reward-to-VaR ratio, which is developed for valuating loan portfolios, can be highly misleading. They also show how market discipline, capital requirements, and insured deposits affect decision-making.
Regulating the Risk of Unemployment offers a systematic comparative analysis of reforms to unemployment protection systems in European countries since the early 1990s. The volume sheds new light on important changes in a core field of welfare state activity.
Presenting recent developments and applications, the book focuses on four main topics in current model theory: 1) the model theory of valued fields; 2) undecidability in arithmetic; 3) NIP theories; and 4) the model theory of real and complex exponentiation. Young researchers in model theory will particularly benefit from the book, as will more senior researchers in other branches of mathematics.
From their humble beginnings in Jerusalem as a late eleventh-century hospital and an early twelfth-century pilgrim escort, Hospitallers and Templars evolved into international military religious orders, engaged in numerous charitable, economic, and military pursuits. At the heart of each of these communities, and in many ways a mirror of their growth and adaptability, was a central convent led by several high officials and headquartered first in Jerusalem (to 1187), then in Acre (1191-1291), and then on Cyprus (since 1291), from where the Hospitallers conquered Rhodes (1306-1310), and where fate in the form of a heresy trial caught up with the Templars. The history, organization, and personnel of these two central convents to 1310 are the subject of this comparative study.
Proven and effective orthopedic therapy techniques for musculoskeletal disorders Orthopedic Manual Therapy presents a systematic, step-by-step guide to manual therapy for disorders of the extremities and spine. Readers will find detailed examination and treatment techniques, the newest scientific and clinical advances, and updates on pain physiology, biomechanics, neurodynamics, and the biopsychosocial model of disease as the foundation for manual therapy. Special Features Describes every procedure in well structured, logical sequences of assessment, classification, and intervention, including core questions for patients Covers examination and treatment of all joints, from the toes to the shoulder girdle, with new information on the sacro-iliac joint tests, as well as additional new techniques for the wrist and the hindfoot Provides more than 500 full-color, step-by-step photographs that illustrate every technique for treating functional disorders of the locomotor system Explains the important topic of arthrokinematics (movement of the adjacent joint surfaces) and its role in the mechanics of manual therapy Offers a practical documentation template for recording each articulation and communicating findings to colleagues or physicians Access to 20 instructive videos on the Thieme MediaCenter that demonstrate procedures in real-life clinical situations Complete with case studies, checklists, and study questions, this practical, didactic book is ideal as both a textbook and a reference. Students and practitioners of physical and manual therapy will find it essential for gaining the knowledge and decision-making skills to treat any musculoskeletal disorder related to posture and movement.
With this volume of three essays, the authors want to create an opportunity for dialogue between different disciplines by taking a closer look at three cardio-physiological examples. In the essays presented, we will look at the exploration of different cardiological topics from the 20th century, all of which have contributed to a better understanding of certain aspects of cardiac activity. Not only do these insights provide a more complete picture of these cardiac phenomena, but it is also within this context that we can look for and into the patterns of regularities which govern this living organism. Our goal is to stimulate a dialogue on the philosophy of science in the spirit of Hans Reichenbach.
This title was first published in 2002: Although the economic integration of the European Union is far-advanced, its social dimension remains under-developed. Often there is uncertainty about, and lack of information on, the economic, social and legal situation of employees in the other EU countries. This study investigates this situation. It acknowledges the term "Europeanization" as being in no way clearly defined, but offers an interpretation of the Europeanization of industrial relations as a socio-political process, with the main focus the change within the plant and organization. Industrial relations in Germany are used as a point of reference against which selected aspects of industrial relations in France, the UK, and Italy are compared and contrasted. Specific areas of study include: workplace and company organization; collective bargaining; trade unions and employers' associations; and government regulations and legislative standardization.
Measures of Active Labor Market Policy - such as training, wage subsidies, public employment measures, and job search assistance - are widely used in European countries to combat unemployment. This study provides novel insight on this important policy issue by discussing the role of the European Commission's Employment Strategy, reviewing the experiences made in European states, and giving the first ever quantitative assessment of the existing cross-country evidence.
the Roof Construction Manual is a comprehensive reference work on the construction of pitched roofs, containing over 1800 plans and 220 photographs. Thirteen fundamental roof types and the relevant materials including thatch, wood, slate, tile, concrete, fibrous cement, bitumen, glass, metal, membranes, and synthetic materials are documented in detail. Essential topics such as ventilation, vapour and wind seals, insulation and drainage, renovation and energy conservation are examined. As with all the Construction Manuals, some 38 built examples illustrate the theoretical details, paying particular attention to important features such as the ridge, hip, eaves, roof valley, verge, and penetration. A compact presentation of the load-bearing physics and structures as well as current norms and standards make this volume an indispensable standard work for all architects and engineers.
This book presents a collection of articles on the general framework of mechanizing deduction in the logics of practical reasoning. Topics treated are novel approaches in the field of constructive algebraic methods (theory and algorithms) to handle geometric reasoning problems, especially in robotics and automated geometry theorem proving; constructive algebraic geometry of curves and surfaces showing some new interesting aspects; implementational issues concerning the use of computer algebra systems to deal with such algebraic methods. Besides work on nonmonotonic logic and a proposed approach for a unified treatment of critical pair completion procedures, a new semantical modeling approach based on the concept of fibered structures is discussed; an application to cooperating robots is demonstrated.
Published in 1997, the is the report of a study commissioned by the Department of Social Security (UK). The aim of the study was to provide detailed information about the social assistance systems of four European countries which, to a greater or lesser extent, are delegated to local levels of government. The study distinguished between policy-making, finances, delivery and accountability. The strengths and weaknesses of each system were evaluated and common and divergent trends noted. There is growing interest in social assistance schemes internationally and this publication provides original information about European schemes. It follows an earlier study, also commissioned by the DSS, on social assistance schemes in 24 OECD countries.
In this work, different nanocrystalline metals and alloys were investigated by a synchrotron-based in situ XRD mechanical testing technique in order to investigate the dominant deformation mechanisms. All tested samples show a succession and coexistence of several mechanisms, regardless of grain size, loading condition, or sample geometry. However, the relative shares of the individual mechanisms strongly vary and depend on parameters such as grain size, sample purity, and alloy composition.
Microbial polysaccharides represent an attractive alternative to those from plants or macro algae. They can be produced from renewable sources including lignocellulosic waste streams. Their production does not depend on geographical constraints and/or seasonal limitations. Additionally the manipulation of biosynthetic pathways to enhance productivity or to influence the chemical polysaccharide composition is comparatively easy in bacteria. Microbial exopolysaccharides represents a valuable resource of biogenic and biodegradable polymers, suitable to replace petro based polymers in various technical applications. Furthermore, biocompatible exopolysaccharides are very attractive in medical applications, such as drug delivery systems, use as vaccines or nanoparticles. This research topic will depict the status quo, as well as the future needs in the field of EPS and biofilm research. Starting from the unexplored diversity of microbial polysaccharide producers to production processes and possibilities for modifications, to enhance the already high number of functionalities based on the chemical structures. An overview of the recent and future applications will be given, and the necessity in unravelling the biosynthesis of microbial exopolysaccharide producers is depicted, highlighting the future trend of tailor made polymers. Constraints in structure analysis of these highly complex biogenic polymers are described and different approaches to solve the restrictions in imaging and NMR analysis will be given. Therefore; this research topic comprises the whole process from genes to applications.
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