The terms gender and sex in both western and Chinese culture, and professional area, seems complex and sometimes confusing. Previous studies have examined gender expectation within (Kroska, 2003) and across (Baxter, 1997; Zhou, Dawson, Herr, & Stukas, 2004) cultures, and many have focused on traits of different genders, especially Bem's (1974) measurement which has been widely discussed. In order to explore the difference between Mandarin Chinese and English speakers on gender stereotype, an online survey with English and simplified Chinese language version was conducted. Twenty-one daily life activities were examined in this survey to measure gender stereotype. Data was mainly collected from American and Chinese social media, and from advertisements at some universities in both countries. The results show that English speakers had a lower variance of scores on gender expectations according to the twenty-one daily life activities than Chinese speakers did, suggesting Chinese speakers hold stronger gender stereotypes. There was no effect for sex at birth and no interaction between language and sex. Future studies could examine other differences in beliefs about gender stereotype that may occur between cultures.
Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a devastating bacterial disease threatening the worldwide production of pome fruit trees, including apple and pear. Within host xylem vessels, E. amylovora cells restrict water flow and cause wilting symptoms through formation of biofilms, that are matrix-enmeshed surface-attached microcolonies of bacterial cells. Biofilm matrix of E. amylovora is primarily composed of several exopolysaccharides (EPSs), including amylovora, levan, and, cellulose. The final step of biofilm development is dispersal, which allows dissemination of a subpopulation of biofilm cells to resume the planktonic mode of growth and consequentially cause systemic infection. In this work, we demonstrate that identified the Hfq-dependent small RNA (sRNA) RprA positively regulates amylovoran production, T3SS, and flagellar-dependent motility, and negatively affects levansucrase activity and cellulose production. We also identified the in vitro and in vivo conditions that activate RprA, and demonstrated that RprA activation leads to decreased formation of biofilms and promotes the dispersal movement of biofilm cells. This work supports the involvement of RprA in the systemic infection of E. amylovora during its pathogenesis.Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic loci composed of a proteinaceous toxin and a counteracting antitoxin. In this work, we identified and characterized a chromosomally encoded hok/sok-like type I TA system in Erwinia amylovora Ea1189. Ectopic overexpression of hok caused massive cell death in E. amylovora and its toxicity can be partially reversed through co-overexpression of the cognate sRNA sok. Phenotypic and transcriptomic examination of E. amylovora cells expressing hok at subtoxic levels demonstrated that hok causes membrane rupture and proton motive force dissipation, upregulates expression levels of ATP biosynthesis genes and consequently cellular ATP levels. Hok also positively affects phage shock protein genes to protect cells from further membrane damage. Taken together, the hok/sok TA system, besides being potentially self-toxic, appears to facilitate E. amylovora to manage various stress responses when the toxin gene is expressed in low levels.The succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) is a broad-spectrum fungicide class that has been widely utilized in agricultural fields. Blumeriella jaapii, the causative agent of cherry leaf spot (CLS), is the most important limiting factor for tart cherry production in the Midwestern United States. In the last decade, reduced efficacy in using SDHIs, i.e. boscalid, fluopyram, and fluxapyroxad, for management of CLS has been observed in many research and commercial orchard sites. Through whole-genome sequencing of B. jaapii using both PacBio long-reads and Illumina short-reads, we identified mutations in SdhB or SdhC that are correlative to resistance of this fungus to boscalid, fluopyram, and/or fluxapyroxad. SdhB and SdhC are components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex that contributes fungal respiration. In view of the widely conserved sequences of the SdhB and SdhC genes in phytopathogenic Ascomycete fungi, we expressed the wild-type or mutated alleles of the B. jaapii Sdh gene in the soybean white mold pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We successfully validated the functions of the mutations in Sdh genes of B. jaapii in conferring resistance to several SDHIs examined in this study. The S. sclerotiorum heterologous expression system was also validated to be highly effective in characterizing the functions of other Sdh mutations of B. cinerea, C. homoeocarpa, and M. fructicola. The approach developed in this study can potentially be widely applied to interrogate SDHI fungicide resistance mechanisms in other phytopathogenic ascomycetes.
This new issue in our leadership series provides you with a comprehensive analysis of management practices in Australia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Dominican Republic , Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, New Zealand, Romania, Suriname, Sweden and Vietnam. This book shows how domestic leadership conventions often differ significantly from those in other countries. Comparative desk research, focus interviews with, and online polling of thousands of C-level professionals in the aforementioned countries, made us realise how much cultural factors can affect leadership strategies across the globe. A book providing a reference for those aiming at a cross-border career, or interested in international management issues. Alwin van der Blom ; امل المنوتي (Amal El Mannouti) ; Анастасия Сафонова (Anastasiya Safonava) ; Aryan Ghanizadeh ; Bas Aartsma ; Bibi Kor ; Boaz Kuijer ; Bram de Kloet ; Bram Verburg ; Bùi Ngọc Diệu Thảo ; Celeste Dorigo ; Charlotte Boakye ; Daan van der Schot ; Daley Claassen ; Dennis Mosch ; Erik Kaal ; Fleur Leijtens ; Inge Trakzel ; Jary Nijssen ; Jasper van Beek ; Jeroen van Duin ; Jesse Buiter ; 彭竞雨 (Jingyu Peng) ; Jorrit van den Berg ; Julian van Arkel ; Juno Bäckman ; Kassandre Maginot ; Kevin van Balen ; Койна Стоянова (Koina Stoyanova) ; Kristy Bruijn ; Lisa Straalman ; Luciano Tetelepta ; मनीषा रसियावन (Manisha Rasiawan) ; Margot Amouroux-Prince ; Maria Simões Fortini Sidney de Souza ; Marije Hollestelle ; Marissa Bank ; Mark Grasmayer ; Mark Hoogenraat ; Martijn Smeets ; Maurice Backer Dirks ; Maxime Requin ; Megena Tesfamariam ; Michelle Vet ; Myrtill Dongen Natalia Kempny ; نورهان الخفاجي (Norhan Al Khafaji) ; Omar Fye ; Patricia Okarimia ; Patrick Kat ; Patrick Peute ; Raphael Gounod-Rondepierre ; Rens Geertse ; Ruben den Bak ; Rudmer Lieshout ; Rynk Poelsma ; Sam van Diest ; Sammie Reijnders ; Sem van Amersfoort ; Sil Visser ; Sophie Klijn ; Stefanie Ozuna Castillo ; Susanne Koelman ; Sven Spiegelenberg ; Teun Hoogland ; Tibor Lundberg ; Tim Eliasson ; Titta Pennanen ; Tjeerd Phaff ; Victoria Ricknell ; Vlada Sacara and 张洋帆 (Yvonne, Yangfan Zhang).
This book explores the experiences of ethnic performers' in a small Chinese city. Introducing the concept of ‘intimacy as a lens’, the author examines intimate negotiations involving emotions, sense of self and relationships as a way of understanding wider social inequalities.
New Approaches of Protein Function Prediction from Protein Interaction Networks contains the critical aspects of PPI network based protein function prediction, including semantically assessing the reliability of PPI data, measuring the functional similarity between proteins, dynamically selecting prediction domains, predicting functions, and establishing corresponding prediction frameworks. Functional annotation of proteins is vital to biological and clinical research and other applications due to the important roles proteins play in various biological processes. Although the functions of some proteins have been annotated via biological experiments, there are still many proteins whose functions are yet to be annotated due to the limitations of existing methods and the high cost of experiments. To overcome experimental limitations, this book helps users understand the computational approaches that have been rapidly developed for protein function prediction. Provides innovative approaches and new developments targeting key issues in protein function prediction Presents heuristic ideas for further research in this challenging area
This book begins with the dynamic characteristics of the covering layerbedrock type slope, containing monitoring data of the seismic array, shaking table tests, numerical analysis and theoretical derivation. Then it focuses on the landslide mechanism and assessment method. It also proposes a model that assessing the hazard area based on the field investigations. Many questions, exercises and solutions are given. Researchers and engineers in the field of Geotechnical Engineering and Anti-seismic Engineering can benefit from it.
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