Low-dimensional Materials and Applications systematically introduces the preparation and performance of low-dimensional materials, such as carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphene etc, as well as their applications in environmental pollution control, electronics, coating industry and defense technologies. Written with a practical focus and containing abundant examples, it is well suited for both researchers and engineers.
During the Tang dynasty (618–907), changes in political policies, the religious landscape, and gender relations opened the possibility for Daoist women to play an unprecedented role in religious and public life. Women, from imperial princesses to the daughters of commoner families, could be ordained as Daoist priestesses and become religious leaders, teachers, and practitioners in their own right. Some achieved remarkable accomplishments: one wrote and transmitted texts on meditation and inner cultivation; another, a physician, authored a treatise on therapeutic methods, medical theory, and longevity techniques. Priestess-poets composed major works, and talented priestess-artists produced stunning calligraphy. In Gender, Power, and Talent, Jinhua Jia draws on a wealth of previously untapped sources to explain how Daoist priestesses distinguished themselves as a distinct gendered religious and social group. She describes the life journey of priestesses from palace women to abbesses and ordinary practitioners, touching on their varied reasons for entering the Daoist orders, the role of social and religious institutions, forms of spiritual experience, and the relationships between gendered identities and cultural representations. Jia takes the reader inside convents and cloisters, demonstrating how they functioned both as a female space for self-determination and as a public platform for both religious and social spheres. The first comprehensive study of the lives and roles of Daoist priestesses in Tang China, Gender, Power, and Talent restores women to the landscape of Chinese religion and literature and proposes new methodologies for the growing field of gender and religion.
This timely book covers the basic concepts of the dynamics of epidemic disease, presenting various kinds of models as well as typical research methods and results. It introduces the latest results in the current literature, especially those obtained by highly rated Chinese scholars. A lot of attention is paid to the qualitative analysis of models, the sheer variety of models, and the frontiers of mathematical epidemiology. The process and key steps in epidemiological modeling and prediction are highlighted, using transmission models of HIV/AIDS, SARS, and tuberculosis as application examples.
The tobacco area of the west Henan Province is located at the border of Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces, which is a transition zone of subtropical and warm temperate zone with mild climate and sufficient light. This area is suitable for the growth of high-quality tobacco leaves. However, in recent years, drought in the fast- growing period occurs often in tobacco leaf production, leading to late growth, late maturity, and declining quality of tobacco leaves. This study has found that the rainfall was low before July and had a high inter-annual variability by the analysis of the rainfall from April to September 1986-2022 in Sanmenxia [Sanmenxia, a city in Henan, China] tobacco-growing area and from May to October 1986-2022 in Luoyang [Luoyang, a city in Henan, China] tobacco-growing area. It subsequently carries out a randomized block design in three key stages of tobacco growth, including the root extending stage, the fast-growing stage, and the mature stage, in Liangjiazhuang, Zhuyang Town, Sanmenxia. The randomized block design studies the effects of four drought-resistance technologies on Yunyan87’s agronomic character, root activity, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key enzyme activity in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, relative expression of key genes in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, field growth phase, conventional chemical component of top-three leaves and. The four drought-resistance technologies include water-holding agents and antitranspirant (no water-holding agents, using water-holding agents alone, using antitranspirant alone, and using water-holding agents and antitranspirant at the same time), different amount of water for irrigation (no irrigation when it is raining, and respectively irrigating to 40%, 60%, 80% of soil water content in the fast growing stage), different nitrogen application rates and basal-topdressing nitrogen ratios (total local conventional nitrogen fertilization of 3.5kg per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, and total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre), and different substances of chemical manipulation (no chemical manipulation, spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid, and spraying ethephon). This study is conducive to exploring the appropriate dry-land cultivation techniques for different places. It also subsequently carries out a randomized block design in Wangcun, Xiaojie Town, Luoyang. The randomized block design studies the effects of four drought-resistance technologies on LY1306’s agronomic traits, root activity, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key enzyme activity in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, relative expression of key genes in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, the field growing period, conventional chemical components of top-three leaves. The four drought-resistance technologies include ridge tillage to preserve soil moisture (ridging in spring, ridging in winter, autumn ploughing and winter ridging), appropriate transplanting methods (conventional strong seedling transplanting, small seedling transplanting under film, and well-cellar seedling transplanting), different nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing nitrogen ratios (total local conventional nitrogen fertilization of 3.5kg per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, and total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre), and different chemical regulators (no chemical regulators, spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid, and spraying ethephon). This study is conducive to exploring the appropriate dry-land cultivation techniques for different places. Major research results are as follows: (1) The variation of rainfall in the Sanmenxia tobacco-growing area from April to September from 1986 to 2022 shows a slow upward trend, and the rainfall of half of the years concerned of rainfall is lower than the average one. The variation coefficient of rainfall in September is the largest, followed by that in May, and the smallest is in July. According to the analysis of rainfall in each growing period of a flue-cured tobacco field, the variation of rainfall in the root stretching period, the fast growing period and the maturity period shows a slow downward trend respectively in general, and the relation is the root stretching period(262.23 mm)>the fast growing period(85.80mm)>the maturity period(81.84mm), which are inconsistent with the appropriate rainfall of tobacco-growing area field. The years of rainfall less than their own average rainfall accounts for 57%, 51% and 54% of all years, respectively. (2) In the study on the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant, the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time has the best effect on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, achieving the fastest fading of flue-cured tobacco and the most coordinated chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves. There is little difference between the application of a water-holding agent and the application of an antitranspirant, whose effect is just followed by the application of a water-holding agent and the antitranspirant at the same time. The agronomic traits of the group under treatment are better than those of the control group, and the agronomic traits of the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are the best. 60 and 90 days after transplanting, the soil moisture content and root activity of groups under treatments are significantly higher than those of the control group and the highest soil moisture content and root activity are obtained when water-holding agent and antitranspirant are applied at the same time, followed by the application of water-holding agent alone. 120 days after transplanting, the root activity decreases significantly in groups under treatments, and the root activity of the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is the lowest and its root aging is the deepest. The contents of O2- and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and the hydroxyl radical clearance in groups under treatments is significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the accumulated active oxygen species in the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is the highest. The nitrate reductase (NR) enzyme activity and glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the expressions of NtNR and NtGS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the expressions of NtNR and NtGS genes in the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are 0.23 and 0.22 times of those in the control group. The sucrose phosphate synthetase (SS) enzyme activity of groups under treatments is significantly lower than that in the control group, and the gene expression of NtSPS and NtSS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than that in the control group. The gene expression of NtSPS and NtSS treated with water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are 0.21 and 0.20 times that of the control group. The enzyme activity and gene expression related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism are the lowest when water-holding agent and antitranspirant are applied at the same time. The growing period of the field treated with water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is 126 days, which is 6 days, 6 days, and 19 days shorter than that of the application of water-holding agent, that of the application of antitranspirant alone and the control group. Compared with the control group, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium increased, while the contents of total nitrogen, nicotine, and chlorine decreased. At the same time, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and the nitrogen-nicotine ratio in groups under treatments are the highest, and the chemical components of tobacco leaves are the most coordinated under the above treatment. (3) On the study of different irrigation, flue-cured tobacco first enters the maturity period and has the shortest growing period under the condition of irrigation to 80% soil moisture content. Compared with the control group, 60 and 90 days after transplanting, the agronomic traits of groups under treatment are better, among which that of the irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the best, followed by 60%. The root soil moisture content and root activity in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and that of group with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is the largest. 120 days after transplanting, the root activity of flue-cured tobacco is the lowest when irrigating to 80% of soil moisture content. The contents of O2•− and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and that of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the highest, followed by 60%. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate in groups under treatments is significantly lower than that in the control group, and that of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The NR enzyme activity, GS enzyme activity, SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity are significantly lower than those in the control group, and those of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The gene expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and those of treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The field growing period of treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is 126 days, which is shortened by 6 days, 6 days and 19 days compared with treatment with irrigation to 60% soil moisture content, irrigation to 40% soil moisture content and the control group. Compared with the control, the reducing sugar and total sugar of cured tobacco increase with the increase of irrigation amount, while the content of nicotine, chlorine and total nitrogen decrease with that. In the treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and nitrogen-nicotine ratio of flue-cured tobacco is the highest, and the chemical components of them are most coordinated, followed by 60%. (4) In the study of appropriate nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing ratio of flue-cured tobacco, 30 days and 60 days after transplanting, the agronomic traits of groups under treatments are significantly better than those of the control group, among which those of (T2) 3 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio is the best, followed by (T4) 4 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio, indicating that with the progress of field growing period, the total biomass of T2 is the largest, and the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco are the fastest. 90 days after transplanting, T2 still performs best in agronomic traits. 120 days after transplanting, the enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the relative expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those of the control group. the enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and the relative expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in T2 are lowest, followed by T4. The contents of O2•− and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of T2 is the lowest, and the content of reactive oxygen species of T2 is the highest. This experiment shows that with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio, the capacity of carbon sequestration, transformation and metabolism in flue-cured tobacco decrease, the nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency decrease, the content of reactive oxygen species increases, and the maturity and senescence of flue-cured tobacco are deepened. With the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio, the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar in flue-cured tobacco increase, while the contents of nicotine and total nitrogen decrease. Among them, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio of T2 are the best, where the chemical components of flue-cured tobacco are most coordinated. It is followed by T4. (5) In the study on spraying chemical regulators, spraying ethephon has the best effect of yellowing, and under this treatment, the growing period of the field is the shortest. It is followed by spraying jasmonic acid. 120 days after transplanting, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. As spraying abscisic acid, the content of total chlorophyll is significantly higher than that of spraying jasmonic acid, which is significantly higher than that of spraying ethephon. Compared to the control group, the content of O2- content in groups under treatment are significantly higher, which are 1.31, 1.29 and 1.58 times of that in the control group, respectively. Compared to the control group, the content of H2O2 content in groups under treatments is significantly higher, which are 1.12, 1.19 and 1.47 times of that in the control group, respectively. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of groups under treatments is significantly lower than that of the control group, and that of the group with spraying ethephon is the lowest. The NR enzyme activity, GS enzyme activity, SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity in groups under treatment are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the key enzyme activity of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the group with spraying ethephon is the lowest. Compared to the control group, the expressions of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in groups under treatments are significantly lower, which are, in treatment of spraying ethephon, 0.23, 0.21, 0.15 and 0.14 times of those in the control group. In the treatment of spraying ethephon, the growing period is the shortest (126 days), which is 6 days, 6 days and 19 days shorter than that of spraying abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and the control group. The content of total sugar in group of spraying ethephon is the highest (33.73%), an increase of 1.23% and 1.96% compared with that in the group of spraying jasmonic acid and abscisic acid respectively. The ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in the group of spraying ethephon are the best, which can better coordinate the chemical components of flue-cured tobacco. (6) The average rainfall in the Luoyang tobacco-growing area from May to October from 1986 to 2022 is 446.84 mm, showing a slow upward trend. Among all the years, the rainfall of 1997 is the lowest, and the rainfall of half of the years concerned of rainfall are lower than the average one. According to the analysis of rainfall in each growing period of a flue-cured tobacco field, the variation of rainfall in the root stretching period, the fast growing period and the maturity period shows a slow downward trend respectively in general, and the relation is the root stretching period(218.52mm)>the fast growing period(105.72mm)>the maturity period(89.49mm), which are inconsistent with the appropriate rainfall of tobacco-growing area field. The years of rainfall less than their own average rainfall accounts for 57%, 62% and 65% of all years, respectively. (7) In the study of ridge tillage to preserve soil moisture, ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging can significantly increase the soil moisture in the early growing period, improve the root activity of flue-cured tobacco during flue-cured tobacco’s growth and development, and reduce it in the maturity and aging period. With the maturity and aging of flue-cured tobacco, the capacity of nitrogen metabolism gradually decreases, and the capacity for carbon sequestration and transformation decreases. This study finds that in the late growing period of flue-cured tobacco, the key enzyme activity in carbon and nitrogen metabolism and the expression of related genes are significantly reduced by ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging. In addition, under these two treatments, the contents of nicotine, total nitrogen and chlorine are reduced, the contents of reducing sugar, total sugar and potassium are increased, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio are more coordinated, and the quality of flue-cured tobacco is higher. The picking time of the upper leaves in the treatment of ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging is advanced by 11 days and 16 days respectively. (8) In the study of appropriate transplanting methods, small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting significantly reduce the root activity in the maturity period, which are 81.06% and 75.06% of CK, the name of the control group, respectively. As for well-cellar seedling transplanting, the key enzyme activity and the relative expression of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in flue-cured tobacco in the maturity period are significantly decreased, and the relationship is CK>T1>T2. The peroxidase activity in small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting are significantly lower than that in CK, 67.90% and 62.50% of that of CK respectively. The conventional chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves are more coordinated in well-cellar seedling transplanting, and the quality of tobacco leaves is better. At the same time, small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting can advance the picking time and shorten the growing period of flue-cured tobacco. (9) In the study of appropriate nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing ratio of flue-cured tobacco, (T4) 4 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio shows higher photosynthetic rate and excellent agronomic traits in the early periods, and can be picked earlier in the maturity period. In general, before and during the fast growing period, when the nitrogen fertilization is the same, the content of plastid pigment, the capacity for material accumulation, root activity and antioxidant activity of tobacco plants increase with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio. However, when the basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio is the same, the content of plastids pigment increases with the increase of nitrogen fertilization. The trend is opposite to that in the fast growing period. The carbonitase activity and the relative expression of carbazitase genes in tobacco plants decrease with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio. Compared with the control group, all treatments promote the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in chemical components of flue-cured tobacco. T4 is the best, which is followed by T2. In T4, the growing period is the shortest, which is 140 days, 8 days, 3 days, 5 days, and 18 days shorter than that of T1, T2, T3 and the control group. (10) In the study on spraying chemical regulators, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. 120 days after transplanting, the NR enzyme activity and GS enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the effect of (T3) spraying ethephon is the most obvious. 120 days after transplanting, the SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the effect of T3 is the best. 120 days after transplanting, the POD enzyme activity, SOD enzyme activity and CAT enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. 120 days after transplanting, the relative expression of NtNCET1, NtPR1b, and NtEFE26 are promoted significantly. In general, the effect of T3 is the best. From the whole growing period of flue-cured tobacco fields, the growing period of T3 is the shortest, lasting 138 days, which is 3 days, 6 days and 21 days shorter than the growing period of spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid and the control group. Compared with the control group, different treatments can promote the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in chemical components of flue-cured tobacco, among which T3 is the best in all dictators. We are confident that people in the field of tobacco cultivation will derive valuable knowledge from reading this monograph.
This book gives an overview on mid-infrared optical glass and fibers laser, it cover the underlying principle, historic background, as well as recent advances in materials processing and enhanced properties for rare earth doped luminescence, spectroscopy lasers, or optical nonlinearity applications. It describes in great detail, the preparation of high purity non-oxide IR glass and fibers to be used as mid-IR fiber laser and supercontinuum sources for optical fiber spectroscopy. It will be useful for academics, researchers and engineers in various disciplines who require a broad introduction to the subject and would like to learn more about the state-of-the-art and upcoming trends in mid-infrared fiber source development, particularly for industrial, medical and military applications.
The rebirth of an immortal emperor occurred ten years ago. "Young man Ye Chen, holding a beauty in his arms, attacking your enemy, erasing your past shame and reaching the peak of your life once again!" No matter where you are, no matter where you are, if you have ever insulted me, I will humiliate you!
In recent years China has experienced intense economic development. Previously a rapidly urbanising industrial economy, the country has become a post-industrial economy with a service sector that accounts for almost half the nation’s GDP. This transformation has created many socio-political changes, but key among them is social mobilisation. This book provides a full and systematic analysis of social mobilisation in China, and how its use as part of state capacity has evolved.
Perform Suzhou is a task- and performance-oriented textbook course for Chinese study abroad programs serving intermediate- to advanced-level learners. Performance is the key concept; developing communication skills through role playing. Field performance tasks enable students learning Chinese to refine and solidify communication skills by executing real-life tasks in the target culture, before reporting on their experiences in the classroom. The dialogues presented form the basis for improvisation for related contexts, equipping students to respond appropriately in new situations. Perform Suzhou is composed of staged units, drills, exercises and culture notes with accompanying audio. The textbook is accompanied by audio and Action! China, the supporting workbook.
Risk management has become an essential issue in supply chain management, from the modeling of the decision maker's risk preference, and the studies on uncertain elements such as demand, supply, price, lead time, etc., to the consideration of more practical background including cash flow constraints, inventory financing and delayed cash payment. In this new volume, the authors provide a framework to study the interaction of various factors related to risk and their influence on supply chain management. The scope of areas covered includes operations management, decision analysis, and business administration. This book focuses on several key issues of risk management in supply chains. Specifically, an analysis framework is presented for studying the supplier selection problem and identifying the optimal sourcing strategy in a one-retailer two-suppliers supply chain with random yields. The optimal sourcing strategy of a retailer and the pricing strategies of two suppliers under an environment of supply disruption are investigated. Besides, the authors study the dynamic inventory control problems with cash flow constraints, financing decisions as well as delayed cash payment. In addition, originating from the annual international iron ore price negotiation, the authors model the bargaining process to deal with the risk of wholesale price in the game analysis context. Within the three perspectives of risk management in supply chains, the modeling of decision maker's risk preference has been extensively studied and many results have been obtained to guide the practice. However, the analysis on the other two kinds of topics is still in its infancy, and needs more efforts from academia. It is thus the ambition and innovation for this book to contribute on risk management in supply chains in the following ways: (1) characterizing the explicit sourcing strategy (i.e., single sourcing or dual sourcing) to deal with supply disruption risk; (2) introducing the concepts of financial risk measurement by incorporating cash flow constraints, inventory financing and delayed cash payment into inventory management models; and (3) providing insights for the iron ore price negotiation to help steel manufacturers handle the risk of price increase.
Provides a comprehensive overview of the field of free electron lasers. Each chapter is based on a graduate-level lecture given by an internationally-known expert in the field, and is self-contained, beginning with introductory background material and culminating in an in-depth discussion of the author's current research. Written with both the student physicist and the active researcher in mind, this book is sure to be an invaluable reference for graduate students and professionals alike.
In this monograph, the interplay between geometry and partial differential equations (PDEs) is of particular interest. It gives a selfcontained introduction to research in the last decade concerning global problems in the theory of submanifolds, leading to some types of Monge-Amp re equations. From the methodical point of view, it introduces the solution of certain Monge-Amp re equations via geometric modeling techniques. Here geometric modeling means the appropriate choice of a normalization and its induced geometry on a hypersurface defined by a local strongly convex global graph. For a better understanding of the modeling techniques, the authors give a selfcontained summary of relative hypersurface theory, they derive important PDEs (e.g. affine spheres, affine maximal surfaces, and the affine constant mean curvature equation). Concerning modeling techniques, emphasis is on carefully structured proofs and exemplary comparisons between different modelings.
With the recent developments in the field of advanced materials, there exists a need for a systematic summary and detailed introduction of the modeling and simulation methods for these materials. This book provides a comprehensive description of the mechanical behavior of advanced materials using modeling and simulation. It includes materials such as high-entropy alloys, high-entropy amorphous alloys, nickel-based superalloys, light alloys, electrode materials, and nanostructured reinforced composites. Reviews the performance and application of a variety of advanced materials and provides the detailed theoretical modeling and simulation of mechanical properties Covers the topics of deformation, fracture, diffusion, and fatigue Features worked examples and exercises that help readers test their understanding This book is aimed at researchers and advanced students in solid mechanics, material science, engineering, material chemistry, and those studying the mechanics of materials.
One day, she accidentally kissed a prodigy who had been a good-for-nothing of a small family.""Woman, who gave you the right to kiss me? Did I ask you to save me?""If you don't want to, I'll kick you back!"If you have an army, then I have the Imperial Clairvoyant."In the nine days and nine nights, he made a contract with the devil."A dragon soars and a phoenix dances. No one wishes to bow down before a woman."She was reborn from the fire, and her petite figure covered the entire world with one hand.
This book presents comprehensive and rigorous research on the acquisition of Chinese negation by L1-English and L1-Korean learners within the theoretical framework of the Interface Hypothesis and the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis. The results from grammaticality judgment data (N=182) and learner corpus data (overall scale: 15.19 million characters) reveal multiple factors contributing to the variability in L2 acquisition at the interfaces involved with Chinese negative structures, including L1 influence, the quantity (input frequency) and the quality of the target input (input consistency and regularity), as well as L2 proficiency. These factors also underlie the detectability and reassembly of the [±realis] features encoded with bu and mei, the two primary negation markers in Mandarin Chinese, in different licensing contexts. Task modality (written vs. aural) seems to play a role in L2 learners’ access to explicit and implicit knowledge about Chinese negation, but the effect of task modality is constrained by other factors such as structural/feature complexity, L2 proficiency, and L1-L2 similarity. The approach of employing both elicited experimental data and authentic learner corpus data furnishes new evidence for the acquisition Chinese negation by L2 learners. The findings of this study are of significance to the examination of the Interface Hypothesis and the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis in generative-oriented SLA research.
Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich Composite Walls covers key aspects of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite walls, including: an analysis and design and their loading carrying capacities when subjected to different loading scenarios, e.g., bending, shear, punching, compression, in-plane and out-of-plane shear, etc.; analyzes the basic resistance of the steel-concrete-steel walls; and covers the use of such structures under particular seismic conditions. Such structures combine the advantages of steel and reinforced concrete structures with wide advantages, e.g., it permits prefabrication, increases the construction efficiency, shortens construction period, saves formwork and manpower, and provides high resistance to blast and impact loads. Steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite walls, as a representative structural element of steel-concrete-steel sandwich structures, have been used as the nuclear shielding walls in the new generation nuclear power plant, shield tunnels in Japan, immersed tunnels, ice-resisting walls for Arctic offshore platforms, shear walls in high-rise buildings. - Provides strong first-hand experimental information on steel-concrete-steel walls under different loading conditions - Covers design and prediction equations on the resistance of steel-concrete-steel sandwich walls under different loadings - Includes finite element models in order to simulate the structural behaviors of steel-concrete-steel sandwich walls under different loading
His parents had died long ago, leaving his two younger brothers behind. Once she transmigrated and became the eldest sister, it meant that pressure was power. Song Xintong met with a car accident on his way out of the city. The original owner was also called Song Xintong. He was fourteen this year and would be fifteen in three months. He was the eldest sister at home and had taken responsibility for the care of the twins ever since his father died of illness a year ago. It was difficult to live like a wooden house with firewood.
Characteristics of Chinese Petroleum Geology: Geological Features and Exploration Cases of Stratigraphic, Foreland and Deep Formation Traps" systematically presents the progress made in petroleum geology in China and highlights the latest advances and achievements in oil/gas exploration and research, especially in stratigraphic, foreland and deep formation traps. The book is intended for researchers, practitioners and students working in petroleum geology, and is also an authoritative reference work for foreign petroleum exploration experts who want to learn more about this field in China. As President of the Chinese Petroleum Society, former Vice-President of PetroChina Company Limited, and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dr. Chengzao Jia has been engaged in geological research for 30 years and in oil/gas exploration for more than 20 years.
This book is a must-read for those interested in the aging phenomenon of materials used in new energy systems, such as photovoltaic and electric vehicles. It provides a fundamental framework for this topic and important basic data and references for insulation materials used in these systems. It covers the aging of photovoltaic systems installed in different environments, including space, as well as the aging of the discharge present in the drive motors of electric vehicles. This book is suitable for researchers and students interested in green energy systems and can be used for teaching, research, and science popularization.
I'm not a dessert." "I don't like it ..." The two people in the bridal room faced each other with 'honesty'. The tender Water Doll timidly stared at the bewitching and enchanting Emperor in front of her, and with great difficulty, retreated into the bed."Child, don't be afraid. I will let you enjoy it a lot ..." The handsome emperor was very dark, and he walked forward step by step.Her young and tender voice began to soften and tremble, "Don't, if you continue like this, there will be a child called Xiaoxiao ..."Why did all these older brothers suddenly become so scary? Big brother great devil king wanted to hug her and brother Jun wanted to kiss. Now, Big brother Emperor was going to eat her!Oh wow, she didn't want to ... She still wants to be a free water doll!
This book provides a wide-ranging examination of the Hongzhou school of Chan Buddhism—the precursor to Zen Buddhism—under Mazu Daoyi (709–788) and his successors in eighth- through tenth-century China, which was credited with creating a Golden Age or classical tradition. Jinhua Jia uses stele inscriptions and other previously ignored texts to explore the school's teachings and history. Defending the school as a full-fledged, significant lineage, Jia reconstructs Mazu's biography and resolves controversies about his disciples. In contrast to the many scholars who either accept or reject the traditional Chan histories and discourse records, she thoroughly examines the Hongzhou literature to differentiate the original, authentic portions from later layers of modification and recreation. The book describes the emergence and maturity of encounter dialogue and analyzes the new doctrines and practices of the school to revise the traditional notion of Mazu and his followers as iconoclasts. It also depicts the strivings of Mazu's disciples for orthodoxy and how the criticisms of and reflections on Hongzhou doctrine led to the schism of this line and the rise of the Shitou line and various houses during the late Tang and Five Dynasties periods. Jia refutes the traditional Chan genealogy of two lines and five houses and calls for new frameworks in the study of Chan history. An annotated translation of datable discourses of Mazu is also included.
An activity that originated in Western societies, backpacking has gained increasing popularity among Chinese millennials. In a spirit of the ‘search for self’, young Chinese backpackers have sought to display their pursuit of freedom, independence and responsibility within an increasingly individualised society through backpacking. This volume investigates contemporary young Chinese persons’ views on backpacking culture and backpackers. A group of Chinese backpackers are studied using interview and participant observation, and focus groups are conducted to study young professionals’ and university students’ attitudes towards backpacking. The results indicate a profound cultural change along with a degree of division. On the one hand, the backpackers often begin their journey due to a desire to pursue freedom, and use the pursuit as a process of reflexive awareness; on the other hand, the risks of pursuing a freewheeling lifestyle within an individualised society drive the majority of them to return home. The author concludes that this phenomenon is a kind of ‘staged individualism’, describing how Chinese millennials strike a balance between individual interests and wider social obligations. Students and scholars of sociology tourism, and youth culture will be interested in this volume.
In the past four or so decades, a significant amount of research efforts has been made to examine the rapid and constant social changes in China. However, most of the literature has focused on either macro- or micro-level issues, and what has not been adequately analysed is how the majority of ordinary people has reacted to and influenced the changes. This inadequacy has affected our understanding of Chinese society, its dynamics and the changing trends. Drawing upon a new perspective of competitive social repositioning, and the evidence recorded in numerous recent publications and interview data, this book seeks to re-examine the ever-changing, but under-researched, societal dynamics driving social transformations in China from 1964, when the communist heir narrative was rebranded and utilised, to 2000, when Jiang Zemin formulated the Three-Represents theory to modify the ideological political thinking of China’s ruling elites. This analysis focuses on how a high proportion of aspirational citizens have kept repositioning themselves in China’s changing distributions of social resources and social structure, how their attitudes and behaviours have been shaped over time, what characteristics of their choices are at different stages, and how their preferences have resulted in the zig-zag patterns of China’s recent social change.
In Chinese Activism of a Different Kind, Jia Gao examines the social behavior and patterns of actions of 45,000 or so Chinese students as they fought to obtain the right to stay permanently in Australia after the June 4 'Tiananmen Square' incident of 1989. In a time of relative Internet infancy their response to the shifting stances of the Australian government saw them build networks, make use of media and develop a range of strategies. In achieving success this diverse group of students became the largest intake of onshore asylum seekers in the history of Australian immigration. Through their testimonies Jia Gao provides a fascinating addition to our knowledge of Chinese activism and to the history of Chinese migration.
This book investigates cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) conducted by Chinese enterprises seeking to evaluate the pivotal factors that influence the results of this dominant form of China’s outbound direct investment. In contrast to previous studies, the author places a particular focus on the provenance of the supply side as a determinant of overseas M&A, comparing acquisitions where target companies originate from developed and developing countries. Other major indices identified include cultural and industrial differences between targets and buyers, enterprise ownership, deal payment forms, types of consolidation and the market environment. Based on investment theories, quantitative analyses and several in-depth case studies, the book elucidates how these factors synergistically determine the success or failure of an acquisition attempt and the short- and long-term performance of Chinese companies’ M&A undertakings. This work will be a practical reference for M&A practitioners as well as academics interested in transnational corporations and mergers, capital market and international investment.
The authors begin this book with a systematic overview of superconductivity, superconducting materials, magnetic levitation, and superconducting magnetic levitation - the prerequisites to understand the latter part of the book - that forms a solid foundation for further study in High Temperature Superconducting Magnetic Levitation (HTS Maglev). This book presents our research progress on HTS Maglev at Applied Superconductivity Laboratory (ASCLab) of Southwest Jiaotong University (SWJTU), China, with an emphasis on the findings that led to the world‘s first manned HTS Maglev test vehicle "Century". The book provides a detailed description on our previous work at ASCLab including the designing of the HTS Maglev test and measurement method as well as the apparatus, building "Century", developing the HTS Maglev numerical simulation system, and making new progress on HTS Maglev. The final parts of this book discuss research and prototyping efforts at ASCLab in several adjacent fi elds including HTS Maglev bearing, Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) and HTS maglev launch technology. We hope this book becomes a valuable source for researchers and engineers working in the fascinating field of HTS Maglev science and engineering. Contents Fundamentals of superconductivity Superconducting materials Magnetic levitation Superconducting magnetic levitation HTS Maglev experimental methods and set-up First manned HTS Maglev vehicle in the world Numerical simulations of HTS Maglev New progress of HTS Maglev vehicle HTS Maglev bearing and flywheel energy storage system HTS Maglev launch technology
This book analyses and compares the origins, evolutionary patterns and consequences of different science and technology controversies in China, including hydropower resistance, disputes surrounding genetically modified organisms and the nuclear power debate. The examination combines social movement theories, communication studies, and science and technology studies. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the book provides an insight into the interwoven relationship between social and political controls and knowledge monopoly, and looks into a central issue neglected by previous science communication studies: why have different controversies shown divergent patterns despite similar social and political contexts? It is revealed that the media environment, political opportunity structures, knowledge-control regimes and activists’ strategies have jointly triggered, nurtured and sustained these controversies and led to the development of different patterns. Based on these observations, the author also discusses the significance of science communication studies in promoting China’s social transformation and further explores the feasible approach to a more generic framework to understand science controversies across the world. The book will be of value to the academics of science communication, science and technology studies, political science studies and sociology, as well as general readers interested in China’s science controversies and social movements. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003160212, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
The role of media is becoming increasingly important as globalization has developed. Given fast social transformation and technological development in China, the consequent environmental and health risks demand citizens integrate the communication and prevention of such risks as a significant part of their daily life. This book systematically discusses the communication process of typical environmental risk issues, and the complex interaction among multiple actors, including the public, media, experts, non-governmental organizations, and government in contemporary China. From a media-centered perspective, it applies major theories in the field of environmental and risk communication, and uses a variety of empirical research methods to unravel the complicated and unique experience of communication and governance. Combining theoretical reflections with real-life examples of Chinese scenarios, the authors not only encourage a dialogue between Western and Chinese academia but also inspire students and practitioners to apply risk communication theories to solving real-life problems. The book will appeal to students, scholars, and practitioners of risk and environmental communication studies.
The multiple signal demixing and parameter estimation problems that result from the impacts of background noise and interference are issues that are frequently encountered in the fields of radar, sonar, communications, and navigation. Research in the signal processing and control fields has always focused on improving the estimation performance of parameter estimation methods at low SNR and maintaining the robustness of estimations in the presence of model errors. This book presents a universal and robust relaxation estimation method (RELAX), and introduces its basic principles and applications in the fields of classical line spectrum estimation, time of delay estimation, DOA estimation, and radar target imaging. This information is explained comprehensively and in great detail, and uses metaphors pertaining to romantic relationships to visualize the basic problems of parameter estimation, the basic principles of the five types of classical parameter estimation methods, and the relationships between these principles. The book serves as a reference for scientists and technologists in the fields of signal processing and control, while also providing relevant information for graduate students in the related fields.
At the intersection of Soonish and Netflix's Black Mirror, award-winning science fiction authors from around the world offer original tales of relationships in a future world of evolving technology. In a future world dominated by the technological, people will still be entangled in relationships--in romances, friendships, and families. This volume in the Twelve Tomorrows series considers the effects that scientific and technological discoveries will have on the emotional bonds that hold us together. The strange new worlds in these stories feature AI family therapy, floating fungitecture, and a futuristic love potion. Contributions include Xia Jia's novelette set in a Buddhist monastery, translated by the Hugo Award-winning writer Ken Liu; and a story by Nancy Kress, winner of six Hugos and two Nebulas.
Based on an extended period of ethnographic research and observation of migrant workers' educational programmes, this book presents a theoretical exploration of social and educational issues in an industrialised area in south China. It highlights the tensions existing between the traditional ideology stressing collectivism, selfless devotion and teacher-centred teaching, and the new social practices promoting commercialization, personal development and interactive teaching. The author provides first-hand descriptions and analyses of rural-urban migrant workers' lives, work and education. He develops the ethnographic approach by analysing the tensions and contradictions in the implementation processes of educational policies in the region. The book argues that the educational programmes, which focused on elite workers to support the development of industrialization and urbanization projects, assisted migrant workers as students in promoting their aspirations. However, this also stratified migrant workers, thus increasing gaps in socioeconomic status and professional development. Education policy design and implementation are observed as a dynamic process, thus contributing to a nuanced understanding of adult education and migration at a micro level.
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