During the Tang dynasty (618–907), changes in political policies, the religious landscape, and gender relations opened the possibility for Daoist women to play an unprecedented role in religious and public life. Women, from imperial princesses to the daughters of commoner families, could be ordained as Daoist priestesses and become religious leaders, teachers, and practitioners in their own right. Some achieved remarkable accomplishments: one wrote and transmitted texts on meditation and inner cultivation; another, a physician, authored a treatise on therapeutic methods, medical theory, and longevity techniques. Priestess-poets composed major works, and talented priestess-artists produced stunning calligraphy. In Gender, Power, and Talent, Jinhua Jia draws on a wealth of previously untapped sources to explain how Daoist priestesses distinguished themselves as a distinct gendered religious and social group. She describes the life journey of priestesses from palace women to abbesses and ordinary practitioners, touching on their varied reasons for entering the Daoist orders, the role of social and religious institutions, forms of spiritual experience, and the relationships between gendered identities and cultural representations. Jia takes the reader inside convents and cloisters, demonstrating how they functioned both as a female space for self-determination and as a public platform for both religious and social spheres. The first comprehensive study of the lives and roles of Daoist priestesses in Tang China, Gender, Power, and Talent restores women to the landscape of Chinese religion and literature and proposes new methodologies for the growing field of gender and religion.
Persistent Phosphors: From Fundamentals to Applications provides an introduction to the key synthesis methods, characterization methods, physical mechanisms, and applications of this important luminescent materials system. The book covers basic persistent phosphorescence, introducing concepts such as emission, luminescence, phosphorescence, persistent phosphorescence and the development of persistent phosphors. Then, synthesis methods are reviewed and the connections between synthesis methods and improved materials properties are discussed. Characterization methods to investigate the trapping and de-trapping mechanism are also presented. Other sections cover the theoretical framework and energy band engineering models and materials with a focus on activators, hosts, emission bands and excitation bands. Finally, the most relevant applications of persistent phosphors are included for use in displays, safety signs, bio-labels and energy. Persistent Phosphors is an invaluable reference for materials scientists and engineers in academia and R&D. It is a key resource for chemists and physicists. Presents characterization techniques to reveal the photophysical and photochemical properties of defects for this important category of luminescent materials Discusses the structural role of defects in polycrystals and the capture-storing-migration-release progress of excited carriers Demonstrates the synthesis routes and potential applications for persistent phosphor materials
This book focuses on the fundamentals, technologies and properties of ion irradiation of dielectric materials (e.g. glasses, crystals) with regard to various photonic applications. It introduces readers to diverse ion-beam techniques for the fabrication and modification of micron- or nanoscale photonic structures, including optical waveguides, photonic crystals, and nanoparticle (nano-spheres and nano-rods) systems, and presents state-of-the-art advances in this multi-disciplinary research field, demonstrating the unique capabilities of ion-beam technologies in optical dielectric materials processing. The book discusses in detail the properties of ion-beam processed waveguides, as well as the modification of dielectrics for photonic applications, such as electro-optic modulation, nonlinear frequency conversion, waveguide amplification and lasing. It also explores synthesis and the correlated optical effects of nanoparticles by ion beams, and features examples of successful micro- and nano-photonic devices. Given its breadth of coverage, the book will particularly appeal to readers interested in ion-beam technology, materials science, and integrated optics.
Integrating complementary treatment options with traditional veterinary practice is a growing trend in veterinary medicine. Veterinarians and clients alike have an interest in expanding treatment options to include alternative approaches such as Western and Chinese Herbal Medicine, Acupuncture, Nano-Pharmacology, Homotoxicology, and Therapeutic Nutrition along with conventional medicine. Integrating Complementary Medicine into Veterinary Practice introduces and familiarizes veterinarians with the terminology and procedures of these complementary treatment modalities in a traditional clinical format that facilitates the easy integration of these methods into established veterinary practices.
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive technique for imaging the microvasculature of the retina and the choroid. The advent of OCTA has allowed ophthalmologists to identify new pathologies, recognise new syndromes, and organise disorders with new classifications. This atlas provides clinicians with state-of-the-art principles of clinical OCTA imaging, helping them interpret and understand the features of the angiographic images. Following the success of the first edition (9789351528999) published in 2015, this second edition has been fully revised, with all chapters rewritten and new topics added to provide the very latest advances in the field. New knowledge about existing diseases and new disorders are described in depth, and operating principles, clinical applications, and future developments are explained thoroughly by the pioneers of the technology. The first part of the atlas covers the basic principles of OCT angiography, methods and technology, image interpretation, vascular anatomy of the retina, and clinical applications. Part two provides a general update on current research into OCT angiography in various retinal, choroid and anterior chamber disorders. The third and final part of the book describes future clinical applications and implications of next generation devices. This new edition is an invaluable guide for ophthalmologists and trainees for use in everyday practice.
With the recent developments in the field of advanced materials, there exists a need for a systematic summary and detailed introduction of the modeling and simulation methods for these materials. This book provides a comprehensive description of the mechanical behavior of advanced materials using modeling and simulation. It includes materials such as high-entropy alloys, high-entropy amorphous alloys, nickel-based superalloys, light alloys, electrode materials, and nanostructured reinforced composites. Reviews the performance and application of a variety of advanced materials and provides the detailed theoretical modeling and simulation of mechanical properties Covers the topics of deformation, fracture, diffusion, and fatigue Features worked examples and exercises that help readers test their understanding This book is aimed at researchers and advanced students in solid mechanics, material science, engineering, material chemistry, and those studying the mechanics of materials.
This book describes visual perception and control methods for robotic systems that need to interact with the environment. Multiple view geometry is utilized to extract low-dimensional geometric information from abundant and high-dimensional image information, making it convenient to develop general solutions for robot perception and control tasks. In this book, multiple view geometry is used for geometric modeling and scaled pose estimation. Then Lyapunov methods are applied to design stabilizing control laws in the presence of model uncertainties and multiple constraints.
Low-dimensional Materials and Applications systematically introduces the preparation and performance of low-dimensional materials, such as carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphene etc, as well as their applications in environmental pollution control, electronics, coating industry and defense technologies. Written with a practical focus and containing abundant examples, it is well suited for both researchers and engineers.
This book investigates cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) conducted by Chinese enterprises seeking to evaluate the pivotal factors that influence the results of this dominant form of China’s outbound direct investment. In contrast to previous studies, the author places a particular focus on the provenance of the supply side as a determinant of overseas M&A, comparing acquisitions where target companies originate from developed and developing countries. Other major indices identified include cultural and industrial differences between targets and buyers, enterprise ownership, deal payment forms, types of consolidation and the market environment. Based on investment theories, quantitative analyses and several in-depth case studies, the book elucidates how these factors synergistically determine the success or failure of an acquisition attempt and the short- and long-term performance of Chinese companies’ M&A undertakings. This work will be a practical reference for M&A practitioners as well as academics interested in transnational corporations and mergers, capital market and international investment.
The development of the orbits theory lags behind the development of satellite technology. This book provides, for the first time in the history of human satellite development, the complete third order solution of the orbits under all possible disturbances. It describes the theory of satellite orbits, derives the complete solutions of the orbital disturbances, describes the algorithms of orbits determination based on the theory, describes the applications of the theory to the phenomenon of the satellite formation physically. The subjects include: Orbits Motion Equations, Disturbance theory, Solutions of the differential Equations, Algorithms of Orbits determinations, Applications of the theory to the satellite formation.
In the past four or so decades, a significant amount of research efforts has been made to examine the rapid and constant social changes in China. However, most of the literature has focused on either macro- or micro-level issues, and what has not been adequately analysed is how the majority of ordinary people has reacted to and influenced the changes. This inadequacy has affected our understanding of Chinese society, its dynamics and the changing trends. Drawing upon a new perspective of competitive social repositioning, and the evidence recorded in numerous recent publications and interview data, this book seeks to re-examine the ever-changing, but under-researched, societal dynamics driving social transformations in China from 1964, when the communist heir narrative was rebranded and utilised, to 2000, when Jiang Zemin formulated the Three-Represents theory to modify the ideological political thinking of China’s ruling elites. This analysis focuses on how a high proportion of aspirational citizens have kept repositioning themselves in China’s changing distributions of social resources and social structure, how their attitudes and behaviours have been shaped over time, what characteristics of their choices are at different stages, and how their preferences have resulted in the zig-zag patterns of China’s recent social change.
The global market for polymeric membranes used in water and wastewater treatment is experiencing robust growth, with polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) membranes dominating reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) processes. This monograph presents the latest trends in characterization techniques for PA TFC membranes and provides the most current and relevant information on these techniques tailored specifically for TFC NF and RO membranes. Features • Focuses solely on the characterization of PA TFC membranes used in water and wastewater treatment. • Provides the latest insights into employing advanced and emerging characterization tools to analyze the intrinsic properties of the PA selective layer and evaluate the overall performance of PA TFC membranes during filtration processes. • Extensively examines the strengths and limitations of each membrane characterization tool, offering in-depth analyses for readers. This book is an indispensable reference and practical guide for advanced students, researchers, and scientists involved in NF and RO membrane fabrication and characterization, including those in the fields of chemical, materials, and environmental engineering.
Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich Composite Walls covers key aspects of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite walls, including: an analysis and design and their loading carrying capacities when subjected to different loading scenarios, e.g., bending, shear, punching, compression, in-plane and out-of-plane shear, etc.; analyzes the basic resistance of the steel-concrete-steel walls; and covers the use of such structures under particular seismic conditions. Such structures combine the advantages of steel and reinforced concrete structures with wide advantages, e.g., it permits prefabrication, increases the construction efficiency, shortens construction period, saves formwork and manpower, and provides high resistance to blast and impact loads. Steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite walls, as a representative structural element of steel-concrete-steel sandwich structures, have been used as the nuclear shielding walls in the new generation nuclear power plant, shield tunnels in Japan, immersed tunnels, ice-resisting walls for Arctic offshore platforms, shear walls in high-rise buildings. Provides strong first-hand experimental information on steel-concrete-steel walls under different loading conditions Covers design and prediction equations on the resistance of steel-concrete-steel sandwich walls under different loadings Includes finite element models in order to simulate the structural behaviors of steel-concrete-steel sandwich walls under different loading
This book covers several essential aspects of pervasive ambient backscatter communication, one of the most cutting-edge technologies for Internet-of-Things. It begins with introductory Part I, which presents visions, basic concepts, principles, and paradigms of ambient backscatter. Also, a taxonomy of state-of-the-art ambient backscatter systems is provided from the perspective of the OSI model. Part II and III study how ambient backscatter systems work on the communication and networking levels. Specifically, Part II discusses in detail how to make use of ambient WiFi signals to provide high-throughput backscatter communications with WiFi 1 (chapter 5), WiFi 2-3 (chapter 4), WiFi 4 (chapter 3), WiFi 5-6 (chapter 6) standards. Further, Part III includes several of the most advanced ambient backscatter network solutions, which are made possible by the first multi-hop backscatter (chapter 7), first backscatter mesh (chapter 8), and multiprotocol backscatter (chapter 9). On top of reliable communication and networks, we propose two novel applications that are thought impossible before, lightweight spatial sound recording over the air (chapter 10) and self-powered wireless wearables for healthcare (chapter 11). To conclude the monograph, we point out critical challenges for realizing the vision of pervasive backscatter IoTs and potential directions of ambient backscatter applications. The book provides an in-depth understanding of ambient backscatter technologies. In particular, we mainly take ubiquitous WiF signals as the communication sources and adopt a top-down approach to introduce three crucial subjects: WiFi backscatter communication, ambient backscatter network, and self-powered application systems. For each subject, we carefully divide it into several relatively independent topics, which come with the latest advances in pervasive backscatter and include extensive discussions of closely related state-of-the-art methodologies.
The book investigates how Chinese professional learning communities (PLCs) shape the professional practice of teachers and their psychological well-being. Adopting a mixed research approach, the author explores the influence of PLCs on teachers’ self-efficacy, commitment and job satisfaction in a number of schools in Shanghai, China. The study contributes to our understanding of PLC outcomes from the Chinese perspective, enriches our knowledge of how PLCs promote teachers’ psychological well-being, and also sheds light on how the practices of PLCs can be influenced by various institutional and socio-cultural forces. The book will be of interest to academics and students studying professional learning communities, teacher professional learning and professional development, school effectiveness and school improvement, and Chinese schooling.
This book gives a systematic introduction to the basic theory of financial mathematics, with an emphasis on applications of martingale methods in pricing and hedging of contingent claims, interest rate term structure models, and expected utility maximization problems. The general theory of static risk measures, basic concepts and results on markets of semimartingale model, and a numeraire-free and original probability based framework for financial markets are also included. The basic theory of probability and Ito's theory of stochastic analysis, as preliminary knowledge, are presented.
The tobacco area of the west Henan Province is located at the border of Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces, which is a transition zone of subtropical and warm temperate zone with mild climate and sufficient light. This area is suitable for the growth of high-quality tobacco leaves. However, in recent years, drought in the fast- growing period occurs often in tobacco leaf production, leading to late growth, late maturity, and declining quality of tobacco leaves. This study has found that the rainfall was low before July and had a high inter-annual variability by the analysis of the rainfall from April to September 1986-2022 in Sanmenxia [Sanmenxia, a city in Henan, China] tobacco-growing area and from May to October 1986-2022 in Luoyang [Luoyang, a city in Henan, China] tobacco-growing area. It subsequently carries out a randomized block design in three key stages of tobacco growth, including the root extending stage, the fast-growing stage, and the mature stage, in Liangjiazhuang, Zhuyang Town, Sanmenxia. The randomized block design studies the effects of four drought-resistance technologies on Yunyan87’s agronomic character, root activity, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key enzyme activity in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, relative expression of key genes in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, field growth phase, conventional chemical component of top-three leaves and. The four drought-resistance technologies include water-holding agents and antitranspirant (no water-holding agents, using water-holding agents alone, using antitranspirant alone, and using water-holding agents and antitranspirant at the same time), different amount of water for irrigation (no irrigation when it is raining, and respectively irrigating to 40%, 60%, 80% of soil water content in the fast growing stage), different nitrogen application rates and basal-topdressing nitrogen ratios (total local conventional nitrogen fertilization of 3.5kg per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, and total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre), and different substances of chemical manipulation (no chemical manipulation, spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid, and spraying ethephon). This study is conducive to exploring the appropriate dry-land cultivation techniques for different places. It also subsequently carries out a randomized block design in Wangcun, Xiaojie Town, Luoyang. The randomized block design studies the effects of four drought-resistance technologies on LY1306’s agronomic traits, root activity, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key enzyme activity in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, relative expression of key genes in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, the field growing period, conventional chemical components of top-three leaves. The four drought-resistance technologies include ridge tillage to preserve soil moisture (ridging in spring, ridging in winter, autumn ploughing and winter ridging), appropriate transplanting methods (conventional strong seedling transplanting, small seedling transplanting under film, and well-cellar seedling transplanting), different nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing nitrogen ratios (total local conventional nitrogen fertilization of 3.5kg per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, and total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre), and different chemical regulators (no chemical regulators, spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid, and spraying ethephon). This study is conducive to exploring the appropriate dry-land cultivation techniques for different places. Major research results are as follows: (1) The variation of rainfall in the Sanmenxia tobacco-growing area from April to September from 1986 to 2022 shows a slow upward trend, and the rainfall of half of the years concerned of rainfall is lower than the average one. The variation coefficient of rainfall in September is the largest, followed by that in May, and the smallest is in July. According to the analysis of rainfall in each growing period of a flue-cured tobacco field, the variation of rainfall in the root stretching period, the fast growing period and the maturity period shows a slow downward trend respectively in general, and the relation is the root stretching period(262.23 mm)>the fast growing period(85.80mm)>the maturity period(81.84mm), which are inconsistent with the appropriate rainfall of tobacco-growing area field. The years of rainfall less than their own average rainfall accounts for 57%, 51% and 54% of all years, respectively. (2) In the study on the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant, the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time has the best effect on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, achieving the fastest fading of flue-cured tobacco and the most coordinated chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves. There is little difference between the application of a water-holding agent and the application of an antitranspirant, whose effect is just followed by the application of a water-holding agent and the antitranspirant at the same time. The agronomic traits of the group under treatment are better than those of the control group, and the agronomic traits of the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are the best. 60 and 90 days after transplanting, the soil moisture content and root activity of groups under treatments are significantly higher than those of the control group and the highest soil moisture content and root activity are obtained when water-holding agent and antitranspirant are applied at the same time, followed by the application of water-holding agent alone. 120 days after transplanting, the root activity decreases significantly in groups under treatments, and the root activity of the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is the lowest and its root aging is the deepest. The contents of O2- and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and the hydroxyl radical clearance in groups under treatments is significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the accumulated active oxygen species in the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is the highest. The nitrate reductase (NR) enzyme activity and glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the expressions of NtNR and NtGS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the expressions of NtNR and NtGS genes in the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are 0.23 and 0.22 times of those in the control group. The sucrose phosphate synthetase (SS) enzyme activity of groups under treatments is significantly lower than that in the control group, and the gene expression of NtSPS and NtSS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than that in the control group. The gene expression of NtSPS and NtSS treated with water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are 0.21 and 0.20 times that of the control group. The enzyme activity and gene expression related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism are the lowest when water-holding agent and antitranspirant are applied at the same time. The growing period of the field treated with water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is 126 days, which is 6 days, 6 days, and 19 days shorter than that of the application of water-holding agent, that of the application of antitranspirant alone and the control group. Compared with the control group, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium increased, while the contents of total nitrogen, nicotine, and chlorine decreased. At the same time, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and the nitrogen-nicotine ratio in groups under treatments are the highest, and the chemical components of tobacco leaves are the most coordinated under the above treatment. (3) On the study of different irrigation, flue-cured tobacco first enters the maturity period and has the shortest growing period under the condition of irrigation to 80% soil moisture content. Compared with the control group, 60 and 90 days after transplanting, the agronomic traits of groups under treatment are better, among which that of the irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the best, followed by 60%. The root soil moisture content and root activity in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and that of group with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is the largest. 120 days after transplanting, the root activity of flue-cured tobacco is the lowest when irrigating to 80% of soil moisture content. The contents of O2•− and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and that of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the highest, followed by 60%. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate in groups under treatments is significantly lower than that in the control group, and that of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The NR enzyme activity, GS enzyme activity, SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity are significantly lower than those in the control group, and those of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The gene expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and those of treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The field growing period of treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is 126 days, which is shortened by 6 days, 6 days and 19 days compared with treatment with irrigation to 60% soil moisture content, irrigation to 40% soil moisture content and the control group. Compared with the control, the reducing sugar and total sugar of cured tobacco increase with the increase of irrigation amount, while the content of nicotine, chlorine and total nitrogen decrease with that. In the treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and nitrogen-nicotine ratio of flue-cured tobacco is the highest, and the chemical components of them are most coordinated, followed by 60%. (4) In the study of appropriate nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing ratio of flue-cured tobacco, 30 days and 60 days after transplanting, the agronomic traits of groups under treatments are significantly better than those of the control group, among which those of (T2) 3 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio is the best, followed by (T4) 4 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio, indicating that with the progress of field growing period, the total biomass of T2 is the largest, and the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco are the fastest. 90 days after transplanting, T2 still performs best in agronomic traits. 120 days after transplanting, the enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the relative expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those of the control group. the enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and the relative expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in T2 are lowest, followed by T4. The contents of O2•− and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of T2 is the lowest, and the content of reactive oxygen species of T2 is the highest. This experiment shows that with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio, the capacity of carbon sequestration, transformation and metabolism in flue-cured tobacco decrease, the nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency decrease, the content of reactive oxygen species increases, and the maturity and senescence of flue-cured tobacco are deepened. With the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio, the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar in flue-cured tobacco increase, while the contents of nicotine and total nitrogen decrease. Among them, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio of T2 are the best, where the chemical components of flue-cured tobacco are most coordinated. It is followed by T4. (5) In the study on spraying chemical regulators, spraying ethephon has the best effect of yellowing, and under this treatment, the growing period of the field is the shortest. It is followed by spraying jasmonic acid. 120 days after transplanting, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. As spraying abscisic acid, the content of total chlorophyll is significantly higher than that of spraying jasmonic acid, which is significantly higher than that of spraying ethephon. Compared to the control group, the content of O2- content in groups under treatment are significantly higher, which are 1.31, 1.29 and 1.58 times of that in the control group, respectively. Compared to the control group, the content of H2O2 content in groups under treatments is significantly higher, which are 1.12, 1.19 and 1.47 times of that in the control group, respectively. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of groups under treatments is significantly lower than that of the control group, and that of the group with spraying ethephon is the lowest. The NR enzyme activity, GS enzyme activity, SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity in groups under treatment are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the key enzyme activity of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the group with spraying ethephon is the lowest. Compared to the control group, the expressions of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in groups under treatments are significantly lower, which are, in treatment of spraying ethephon, 0.23, 0.21, 0.15 and 0.14 times of those in the control group. In the treatment of spraying ethephon, the growing period is the shortest (126 days), which is 6 days, 6 days and 19 days shorter than that of spraying abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and the control group. The content of total sugar in group of spraying ethephon is the highest (33.73%), an increase of 1.23% and 1.96% compared with that in the group of spraying jasmonic acid and abscisic acid respectively. The ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in the group of spraying ethephon are the best, which can better coordinate the chemical components of flue-cured tobacco. (6) The average rainfall in the Luoyang tobacco-growing area from May to October from 1986 to 2022 is 446.84 mm, showing a slow upward trend. Among all the years, the rainfall of 1997 is the lowest, and the rainfall of half of the years concerned of rainfall are lower than the average one. According to the analysis of rainfall in each growing period of a flue-cured tobacco field, the variation of rainfall in the root stretching period, the fast growing period and the maturity period shows a slow downward trend respectively in general, and the relation is the root stretching period(218.52mm)>the fast growing period(105.72mm)>the maturity period(89.49mm), which are inconsistent with the appropriate rainfall of tobacco-growing area field. The years of rainfall less than their own average rainfall accounts for 57%, 62% and 65% of all years, respectively. (7) In the study of ridge tillage to preserve soil moisture, ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging can significantly increase the soil moisture in the early growing period, improve the root activity of flue-cured tobacco during flue-cured tobacco’s growth and development, and reduce it in the maturity and aging period. With the maturity and aging of flue-cured tobacco, the capacity of nitrogen metabolism gradually decreases, and the capacity for carbon sequestration and transformation decreases. This study finds that in the late growing period of flue-cured tobacco, the key enzyme activity in carbon and nitrogen metabolism and the expression of related genes are significantly reduced by ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging. In addition, under these two treatments, the contents of nicotine, total nitrogen and chlorine are reduced, the contents of reducing sugar, total sugar and potassium are increased, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio are more coordinated, and the quality of flue-cured tobacco is higher. The picking time of the upper leaves in the treatment of ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging is advanced by 11 days and 16 days respectively. (8) In the study of appropriate transplanting methods, small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting significantly reduce the root activity in the maturity period, which are 81.06% and 75.06% of CK, the name of the control group, respectively. As for well-cellar seedling transplanting, the key enzyme activity and the relative expression of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in flue-cured tobacco in the maturity period are significantly decreased, and the relationship is CK>T1>T2. The peroxidase activity in small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting are significantly lower than that in CK, 67.90% and 62.50% of that of CK respectively. The conventional chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves are more coordinated in well-cellar seedling transplanting, and the quality of tobacco leaves is better. At the same time, small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting can advance the picking time and shorten the growing period of flue-cured tobacco. (9) In the study of appropriate nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing ratio of flue-cured tobacco, (T4) 4 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio shows higher photosynthetic rate and excellent agronomic traits in the early periods, and can be picked earlier in the maturity period. In general, before and during the fast growing period, when the nitrogen fertilization is the same, the content of plastid pigment, the capacity for material accumulation, root activity and antioxidant activity of tobacco plants increase with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio. However, when the basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio is the same, the content of plastids pigment increases with the increase of nitrogen fertilization. The trend is opposite to that in the fast growing period. The carbonitase activity and the relative expression of carbazitase genes in tobacco plants decrease with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio. Compared with the control group, all treatments promote the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in chemical components of flue-cured tobacco. T4 is the best, which is followed by T2. In T4, the growing period is the shortest, which is 140 days, 8 days, 3 days, 5 days, and 18 days shorter than that of T1, T2, T3 and the control group. (10) In the study on spraying chemical regulators, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. 120 days after transplanting, the NR enzyme activity and GS enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the effect of (T3) spraying ethephon is the most obvious. 120 days after transplanting, the SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the effect of T3 is the best. 120 days after transplanting, the POD enzyme activity, SOD enzyme activity and CAT enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. 120 days after transplanting, the relative expression of NtNCET1, NtPR1b, and NtEFE26 are promoted significantly. In general, the effect of T3 is the best. From the whole growing period of flue-cured tobacco fields, the growing period of T3 is the shortest, lasting 138 days, which is 3 days, 6 days and 21 days shorter than the growing period of spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid and the control group. Compared with the control group, different treatments can promote the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in chemical components of flue-cured tobacco, among which T3 is the best in all dictators. We are confident that people in the field of tobacco cultivation will derive valuable knowledge from reading this monograph.
This book introduces readers to adaptive interference mitigation techniques based on multiple antennas for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in the time, domain, spatial and spatial-temporal domains. As the performance of GNSS can easily be impacted by various intentional and unintentional interferences, the book explores in detail various types of interference, including jamming , high dynamic jamming, spoofing, multipath and pulsed interference. It offers a valuable reference work for graduate students and engineers in the field of satellite navigation and signal processing.
One day, she accidentally kissed a prodigy who had been a good-for-nothing of a small family.""Woman, who gave you the right to kiss me? Did I ask you to save me?""If you don't want to, I'll kick you back!"If you have an army, then I have the Imperial Clairvoyant."In the nine days and nine nights, he made a contract with the devil."A dragon soars and a phoenix dances. No one wishes to bow down before a woman."She was reborn from the fire, and her petite figure covered the entire world with one hand.
Interim remedies and provisional measures are a critical component of civil/commercial litigation and arbitration. The objective of this book is to set out not just the law and practice in relation to the primary interim remedies and preservation measures available in England & Wales and China, but also to provide the comparative analysis between the two jurisdictions concerning these interim measures. The system for interim remedies in England & Wales is well-established, but preservation measures in China are a work in progress and many differences exist between the two legal systems, both in terms of theory and practice. For example, China does not recognise the general concept of interim measures, if looked at from the English law point of view, though it does have similar concepts of Property preservation, evidence preservation and behaviour preservation. China has recently adopted Chinese Civil Code 2020 and in writing this book the authors have incorporated all the relevant elements from the new Code. There is no equivalent of Practice Directions in China, and this book provides provide much needed clarity on this area, drawing together the law and guidance which is presently scattered across numerous local courts in the different provinces. This is an important book that is likely to have a significant impact on existing scholarship regarding interim remedies in England, Wales and China, and be of interest of all parties involved in cross-border litigation. Its readership will include industry professionals, academics, policy-makers and government officials.
Investigating Human Diseases with the Microbiome: Metagenomics Bench to Bedside is a summary of underlying principles for human health and disease studies from a microbiome point-of-view. From birth to old age, microbiomes in fecal, oral/nasal, vaginal, and skin samples contain important information that can predict disease risks in the future. Tissue samples also contain microbes that are relevant for diseases. The microbiome connects genetic and environmental factors and is poised to greatly facilitate precision medicine, including prevention, diagnosis and effective treatment of many complex diseases. Based in traditional microbiology and adding a more wholistic view of the advent of high-throughput sequencing, this reference poses the key questions of the total number of microbial cells and their distribution in the human body while also considering concepts from macroecology and from causal reasoning. An entire chapter is dedicated to methods, providing hands-on information for important considerations when collecting samples for metagenomic studies. Provides a consistent framework for the study of the microbiome at various body sites based on over 10 years of human microbiome studies Consolidates relevant information for readers looking to get an idea of microbes for human health, elucidating why one might want to include the study of the microbiome in current or future research efforts Provides technical considerations for designing and carrying out microbiome research and applications
This book presents comprehensive and rigorous research on the acquisition of Chinese negation by L1-English and L1-Korean learners within the theoretical framework of the Interface Hypothesis and the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis. The results from grammaticality judgment data (N=182) and learner corpus data (overall scale: 15.19 million characters) reveal multiple factors contributing to the variability in L2 acquisition at the interfaces involved with Chinese negative structures, including L1 influence, the quantity (input frequency) and the quality of the target input (input consistency and regularity), as well as L2 proficiency. These factors also underlie the detectability and reassembly of the [±realis] features encoded with bu and mei, the two primary negation markers in Mandarin Chinese, in different licensing contexts. Task modality (written vs. aural) seems to play a role in L2 learners’ access to explicit and implicit knowledge about Chinese negation, but the effect of task modality is constrained by other factors such as structural/feature complexity, L2 proficiency, and L1-L2 similarity. The approach of employing both elicited experimental data and authentic learner corpus data furnishes new evidence for the acquisition Chinese negation by L2 learners. The findings of this study are of significance to the examination of the Interface Hypothesis and the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis in generative-oriented SLA research.
This book explores the shifting nature of physician–patient relationship in China. Specifically, it takes the physician–patient relationship during the barefoot doctor program in 1968–1978, the marketization of healthcare in 1978–2002, and the healthcare reform in 2003–2020 as three historical periods, illustrating how the nature of the physician–patient relationship has changed over time. Analyzing the ways in which law and social policies—involving the doctrine of informed consent, public hospital reform, and systemic healthcare reform—have in different ways shaped and changed the practices of physicians and patients, which illustrates how the bond between them threatens to collapse. With a uniquely vivid depiction of Chinese healthcare issues, this book will interest sociologists, China scholars and more.
China has forty major transboundary watercourses with neighbouring countries, and has frequently been accused of harming its downstream neighbours through its domestic water management policies, such as the construction of dams for hydropower. This book provides an understanding of water security in Asia by investigating how shared water resources affect China’s relationships with neighbouring countries in South, East, Southeast and Central Asia. Since China is an upstream state on most of its shared transboundary rivers, the country’s international water policy is at the core of Asia’s water security. These water disputes have had strong implications for China’s interstate relations, and also influenced its international water policy alongside domestic concerns over water resource management. This book investigates China’s policy responses to domestic water crises and examines China’s international water policy as well as its strategy in dealing with international cooperation. The authors describe the key elements of water diplomacy in Asia which demonstrate varying degrees of effectiveness of environmental agreements. It shows how China has established various institutional arrangements with neighbouring countries, primarily in the form of bilateral agreements over hydrological data exchange. Detailed case studies are included of the Mekong, Brahmaputra, Ili and Amur rivers.
This book reviews the basic process of China’s fourteen five-year plans with systematic theoretical overview and rich historical data and moves on to discuss the theoretical logic of plan-based state governance. The authors hold that the five-year planning system with Chinese characteristics is a flexible planning system; through adaptive macro-planning and incentive target governance, it mobilizes government, market and social forces to work together to fulfill national objectives and is a representative mechanism of the state governance system and a symbol of modernized state governance capacity. From an academic point of view, it theoretically answers questions about what, why and how concerning the five-year plans. From an interdisciplinary perspective, it explores the theoretical logic and experience of plan-based governance by combining Marxism, western theories, and the science of history. Also, it tries to represent historical facts based on a vast literature about the history of CPC and PRC, reviews historical details of the previous thirteen five-year plans, and describes the great journey of the plan preparation and implementation under the CPC leadership. This book has been published in Simplified Chinese (Peking University Press) and Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong Open Page Press). It has won the 2021 Annual Books of China Economics Education and Research Network, the first prize of excellent Works of the First Young Marxism Prize, 100 "Red Classic Reading" recommended reading books of Jiangsu National Reading Activity Leading Group celebrating the Centennial of the Founding of the Party, and Jintai Good Books of People's Daily Library.
This book focuses on the business operation of virtual power plants. Both of the business models and reliable operation of virtual power plants have been addressed with engineering practices. This is achieved by providing an in-depth study on several major topics such as load forecasting for distributed energy resources, business model and practice of virtual power plants, the business operation of virtual power plants participating in demand response, and auxiliary service market. The dynamic pricing strategy of virtual power plants and reliable operation of power systems with virtual power plants are provided as well. The comprehensive and systematic treatment in business operation of virtual power plants is one of the major features of the book, which is particularly suited for readers who are interested to learn operation mechanisms of virtual power plants. The book benefits researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of energy internet, electrical engineering, and business administration, etc.
A smart civil structure integrates smart materials, sensors, actuators, signal processors, communication networks, power sources, diagonal strategies, control strategies, repair strategies, and life-cycle management strategies. It should function optimally and safely in its environment and maintain structural integrity during strong winds, severe earthquakes, and other extreme events. This book extends from the fundamentals to the state-of-the-art. It covers the elements of smart civil structures, their integration, and their functions. The elements consist of smart materials, sensors, control devices, signal processors, and communication networks. Integration refers to multi-scale modelling and model updating, multi-type sensor placement, control theory, and collective placement of control devices and sensors. And the functions include structural health monitoring, structural vibration control, structural self-repairing, and structural energy harvesting, with emphasis on their synthesis to form truly smart civil structures. It suits civil engineering students, professionals, and researchers with its blend of principles and practice.
Provides a comprehensive overview of the field of free electron lasers. Each chapter is based on a graduate-level lecture given by an internationally-known expert in the field, and is self-contained, beginning with introductory background material and culminating in an in-depth discussion of the author's current research. Written with both the student physicist and the active researcher in mind, this book is sure to be an invaluable reference for graduate students and professionals alike.
This report was developed to inform the WHO Technical Product, purchasing instruments to strengthen quality health services for chronic illnesses (WHO-OECD joint publication). The Government of the People’s Republic of China established and funded the National Basic Public Health Services Programme in 2009 to ensure equal access to basic public health services. The scope of the package increased from 9 categories in 2009 to 14 categories in 2017, and includes hypertension, type 2 diabetes, severe mental disorders and tuberculosis. This study aims to explore the impact of purchasing arrangements for the National Basic Public Health Services Programme on the quality of care for chronic illnesses and analyse the factors that facilitate or inhibit its impact.
This book critically evaluates the current copyright law system in a digital environment from a comparative perspective. Since many developing countries modelled their copyright laws on more advanced jurisdictions, they have not benefitted from such a law as much as intended due to their inherently embedded social economic conditions. Moreover, the copyright law system has been under constant challenges from rapidly developing digital technology and the Internet. All in all, there is a pressing need for developing countries to reevaluate their copyright law in light of their national needs, the developmental stage of their economy, their culture and tradition, and their legal system. The book poses the question of whether copyright law should be reformed to fulfill its fundamental purpose of serving education and research that are in the public interest in the digital era? It examines whether the legal frameworks adequately address developing countries’ educational and research requirements in view of the opportunities and restrictions posed by electronic communication media. Further, it provides a comprehensive study that addresses the various critical issues relevant to the reform of the copyright law system and offers recommendations for developing countries to revamp their copyright law system to better serve their education and research sector.
The authors begin this book with a systematic overview of superconductivity, superconducting materials, magnetic levitation, and superconducting magnetic levitation - the prerequisites to understand the latter part of the book - that forms a solid foundation for further study in High Temperature Superconducting Magnetic Levitation (HTS Maglev). This book presents our research progress on HTS Maglev at Applied Superconductivity Laboratory (ASCLab) of Southwest Jiaotong University (SWJTU), China, with an emphasis on the findings that led to the world‘s first manned HTS Maglev test vehicle "Century". The book provides a detailed description on our previous work at ASCLab including the designing of the HTS Maglev test and measurement method as well as the apparatus, building "Century", developing the HTS Maglev numerical simulation system, and making new progress on HTS Maglev. The final parts of this book discuss research and prototyping efforts at ASCLab in several adjacent fi elds including HTS Maglev bearing, Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) and HTS maglev launch technology. We hope this book becomes a valuable source for researchers and engineers working in the fascinating field of HTS Maglev science and engineering. Contents Fundamentals of superconductivity Superconducting materials Magnetic levitation Superconducting magnetic levitation HTS Maglev experimental methods and set-up First manned HTS Maglev vehicle in the world Numerical simulations of HTS Maglev New progress of HTS Maglev vehicle HTS Maglev bearing and flywheel energy storage system HTS Maglev launch technology
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