After decades of decline during the twentieth century, breastfeeding rates began to rise again in the 1970s, a rebound that has continued to the present. While it would be easy to see this reemergence as simply part of the naturalism movement of the ’70s, Jessica Martucci reveals here that the true story is more complicated. Despite the widespread acceptance and even advocacy of formula feeding by many in the medical establishment throughout the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s, a small but vocal minority of mothers, drawing upon emerging scientific and cultural ideas about maternal instinct, infant development, and connections between the body and mind, pushed back against both hospital policies and cultural norms by breastfeeding their children. As Martucci shows, their choices helped ideologically root a “back to the breast” movement within segments of the middle-class, college-educated population as early as the 1950s. That movement—in which the personal and political were inextricably linked—effectively challenged midcentury norms of sexuality, gender, and consumption, and articulated early environmental concerns about chemical and nuclear contamination of foods, bodies, and breast milk. In its groundbreaking chronicle of the breastfeeding movement, Back to the Breast provides a welcome and vital account of what it has meant, and what it means today, to breastfeed in modern America.
Nell'ambito dei problemi di scelta in condizioni di rischio introduciamo un nuovo modello comportamentale e implementiamo un'analisi empirica basata sul confronto con il classico approccio della Teoria del Prospetto. L'applicazione di questi modelli è validata nella selezione di portafoglio attraverso tre modelli di portafoglio tradizionali utilizzati come riferimento (portafoglio a varianza minima, portafoglio a deviazione mediana assoluta e portafoglio equamente ponderato). L'obiettivo di questo lavoro di ricerca è quello di incorporare la percezione del rischio degli investitori nelle scelte dei portafogli ottimali. Proponiamo un'analisi out-of-sample di quattro indici azionari per dimostrare la superiorità dei modelli comportamentali di selezione di portafoglio rispetto a quelli tradizionali. DOI: 10.13134/979-12-5977-249-7
By chronicling the "back to the breast" movement among American mothers, Jessica L. Martucci provides a welcome account of what it has meant to breastfeed in modern America. She reveals why breastfeeding practice made a comeback in the second half of the twentieth century, even amid overwhelming advice from medical and scientific experts advocating the sufficiency, if not the superiority, of bottle-feeding. While rates of breastfeeding fell throughout the 1950s and '60s, only to rebound in the '70s, the return to breastfeeding began several decades earlier. Its statistical reemergence was preceded, the author shows, by the development of an ecological and evolutionary view of motherhood, family, and nature that continues to shape ideas, policies, and expectations surrounding breastfeeding in America to this day.
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