This book presents a broad selection of articles mainly published during the last two decades on a variety of topics within the history of mathematics, mostly focusing on particular aspects of mathematical practice. This book is of interest to, and provides methodological inspiration for, historians of science or mathematics and students of these disciplines.
Jens Hoyrup, recognized as the leading authority in social studies of pre-modern mathematics, here provides a social study of the changing mode of mathematical thought through history. His "anthropology" of mathematics is a unique approach to its history, in which he examines its pursuit and development as conditioned by the wider social and cultural context. Hoyrup moves from comparing features of Sumero-Babylonian, Mesopotamian, Ancient Greek, and Latin Medieval mathematics, to examining the character of Islamic practitioners of mathematics. He also looks at the impact of ideologies and philosophy on mathematics from Latin High Middle ages through the late Renaissance. Finally, he examines modern and contemporary mathematics, drawing out recurring themes in mathematical knowledge.
In this examination of the Babylonian cuneiform "algebra" texts, based on a detailed investigation of the terminology and discursive organization of the texts, Jens Høyrup proposes that the traditional interpretation must be rejected. The texts turn out to speak not of pure numbers, but of the dimensions and areas of rectangles and other measurable geometrical magnitudes, often serving as representatives of other magnitudes (prices, workdays, etc...), much as pure numbers represent concrete magnitudes in modern applied algebra. Moreover, the geometrical procedures are seen to be reasoned to the same extent as the solutions of modern equation algebra, though not built on any explicit deductive structure.
This book provides a unique perspective on the history of European algebra up to the advent of Viète and Descartes. The standard version of this history is written on the basis of a narrow and misleading source basis: the Latin translations of al-Khwārizmī, Fibonacci's Liber abbaci, Luca Pacioli's Summa, Cardano's Ars magna -- with neither Fibonacci nor Pacioli being read in detail. The existence of the Italian abacus and German cossic algebra is at most taken note of but they are not read, leading to the idea that Viète's and Descartes' use of genuine symbolism (not only abbreviations), many unknowns, and abstract coefficients seem to be miraculous leaps. This book traces the meandering development of all these techniques along with the mostly ignored but very important parenthesis function, by means of detailed readings of all pertinent sources, including the abacus and cossic algebra and French algebra from Chuquet to Gosselin. It argues for a necessary distinction between abbreviating glyphs and genuine symbols serving within a symbolic syntax, which allows it to trace the emergence of symbolic calculation. Characterization of the mathematical practice of the environment within which Viète and Descartes moved allows for an explanation of how these two figures did not even need to invent abstract coefficients but rather received them as a gift.
This book deals with one of the earliest surviving "abbacus" treatises, one that is by far more orderly than any of the extant predecessors and is also the first to contain a presentation of algebra. The book contains an edition and an English translation of a manuscript from c. 1450. In addition, it features an extensive discussion of the contents of the treatise and its location within early abbacus culture.
This book is the first of a three-volume set introducing the history of scientific thought (including social and human science). The area covered in this volume is ancient Mesopotamia, classical Antiquity and the Islamic Middle Ages. Combining general descriptions with extensive excerpts from original sources in English translation, it concentrates on ways of thinking and actual argumentation and not just on results and mistakes; questions of validity are primarily dealt with in the perspective of the time of the writing, not on that of the 21st century. The work is of great interest to historians of science and culture, students as well as seasoned workers – but also for amateurs willing to invest the necessary serious efforts.
This book is the second of a three-volume set introducing the history of scientific thought (including social and human science) and covers the Latin Middle Ages, the Renaissance period, and the 17th century. Combining general descriptions with extensive excerpts from original sources in English translation, it concentrates on ways of thinking and actual argumentation and not just on results and mistakes; questions of validity are primarily dealt with in the perspective of the time of the writing, not on that of the 21st century. The work is of great interest to historians of science and culture, students as well as seasoned workers – but also for amateurs willing to invest the necessary serious efforts.
This book is the third of a three-volume set introducing the history of scientific thought (including social and human science). The area covered in this volume is Western Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Combining general descriptions with extensive excerpts from original sources in English translation, it concentrates on ways of thinking and actual argumentation and not just on results and mistakes; questions of validity are primarily dealt with in the perspective of the time of the writing, not on that of the 21st century. The work is of great interest to historians of science and culture, students as well as seasoned workers – but also for amateurs willing to invest the necessary serious efforts.
Jens Hoyrup, recognized as the leading authority in social studies of pre-modern mathematics, here provides a social study of the changing mode of mathematical thought through history. His "anthropology" of mathematics is a unique approach to its history, in which he examines its pursuit and development as conditioned by the wider social and cultural context. Hoyrup moves from comparing features of Sumero-Babylonian, Mesopotamian, Ancient Greek, and Latin Medieval mathematics, to examining the character of Islamic practitioners of mathematics. He also looks at the impact of ideologies and philosophy on mathematics from Latin High Middle ages through the late Renaissance. Finally, he examines modern and contemporary mathematics, drawing out recurring themes in mathematical knowledge.
This book presents a broad selection of articles mainly published during the last two decades on a variety of topics within the history of mathematics, mostly focusing on particular aspects of mathematical practice. This book is of interest to, and provides methodological inspiration for, historians of science or mathematics and students of these disciplines.
In this examination of the Babylonian cuneiform "algebra" texts, based on a detailed investigation of the terminology and discursive organization of the texts, Jens Høyrup proposes that the traditional interpretation must be rejected. The texts turn out to speak not of pure numbers, but of the dimensions and areas of rectangles and other measurable geometrical magnitudes, often serving as representatives of other magnitudes (prices, workdays, etc...), much as pure numbers represent concrete magnitudes in modern applied algebra. Moreover, the geometrical procedures are seen to be reasoned to the same extent as the solutions of modern equation algebra, though not built on any explicit deductive structure.
This book is the third of a three-volume set introducing the history of scientific thought (including social and human science). The area covered in this volume is Western Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Combining general descriptions with extensive excerpts from original sources in English translation, it concentrates on ways of thinking and actual argumentation and not just on results and mistakes; questions of validity are primarily dealt with in the perspective of the time of the writing, not on that of the 21st century. The work is of great interest to historians of science and culture, students as well as seasoned workers – but also for amateurs willing to invest the necessary serious efforts.
This book is the second of a three-volume set introducing the history of scientific thought (including social and human science) and covers the Latin Middle Ages, the Renaissance period, and the 17th century. Combining general descriptions with extensive excerpts from original sources in English translation, it concentrates on ways of thinking and actual argumentation and not just on results and mistakes; questions of validity are primarily dealt with in the perspective of the time of the writing, not on that of the 21st century. The work is of great interest to historians of science and culture, students as well as seasoned workers – but also for amateurs willing to invest the necessary serious efforts.
This book is the first of a three-volume set introducing the history of scientific thought (including social and human science). The area covered in this volume is ancient Mesopotamia, classical Antiquity and the Islamic Middle Ages. Combining general descriptions with extensive excerpts from original sources in English translation, it concentrates on ways of thinking and actual argumentation and not just on results and mistakes; questions of validity are primarily dealt with in the perspective of the time of the writing, not on that of the 21st century. The work is of great interest to historians of science and culture, students as well as seasoned workers – but also for amateurs willing to invest the necessary serious efforts.
This book deals with one of the earliest surviving "abbacus" treatises, one that is by far more orderly than any of the extant predecessors and is also the first to contain a presentation of algebra. The book contains an edition and an English translation of a manuscript from c. 1450. In addition, it features an extensive discussion of the contents of the treatise and its location within early abbacus culture.
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