The preliminary findings outlined in this paper seem to indicate that there has been a decline in firearm related death rates (essentially in firearm related suicides) in most jurisdictions in Australia. There is also preliminary evidence that firearms may be being displaced by other methods or weapons. Despite this, however, Mouzos concludes it is too soon to determine definitively whether Australia's uniform firearms laws have achieved their aim in reducing firearm related violence and misuse.
In recent years, legislative reforms have been introduced that seek to restrict the number of weapons in the community. These reforms have centred on knives carried in public places and on firearm ownership and possession. The focus on knives is of particular importance, as according to statistics for both homicides and armed robberies they are commonly the weapon of choice. Using data collected as part of the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program, this paper explores the link between weapons, drugs and crime, with a specific focus on weapon ownership and possession.
Despite public fascination with, and interest in, the serial murder phenomenon, little research on this topic has been undertaken in Australia. High profile cases such as the backpacker murders in New South Wales and Snowtown murders in South Australia serve to heighten the public's awareness, and perhaps overstate the threat, of serial murder in Australia. Building on earlier research undertaken at the Australian Institute of Criminology, this study aims to examine the circumstances and characteristics of serial murders that have occurred in Australia since the inception of the National Homicide Monitoring Program in July 1989. Results show that between July 1989 and June 2006, there were 11 groupings of serial murders identified in the NHMP, committed by 13 known serial murder offenders, with a total of 52 known victims. This represents one percent of the total number of homicides in Australia over a 17 year period. The paper reports on the characteristics of offenders and victims, including the offenders' modus operandi. The analysis found that the profile of serial murder in Australia is similar to that found in international research. In at least two of the groups of serial murders the victims had been reported as missing to police. It is important to note that the paper reports on known homicides. The paper suggests that further research on the profile of long term missing persons and serial murder victims should be undertaken as well as exploring offenders who commit multiple murders on separate occasions, to identify what prevented them (apart from law enforcement intervention) from committing additional murders.
The use of fire in homicide can involve a fire as a direct weapon to commit homicide, or to conceal homicide. It can involve the additional crime of arson, the act of deliberately setting fire to property. Analysis shows that, while homicide trends over this period have declined, the proportion of fire-associated homicides has increased significantly; a trend which has also been observed overseas. This paper examines the involvement of fire, either directly or indirectly, in the commission of homicide in Australia. The term fire-associated homicide refers to victims of homicide where the primary cause of death is fire-related (e.g. burns, smoke inhalation, toxic gases), as well as homicide victims with some other cause of death, where the incident involved arson or post-mortem burning of the victim. This report identifies key differences in the characteristics of offenders and victims between these two forms of homicide. The increasing proportion of fire-associated homicide justifies continued monitoring of this phenomenon over time.
Using data from the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program, this paper explores involvement in intimate partner violence, and provides first-time results from face-to-face interviews with a group of 1,597 police detainees. The study found that the levels of intimate partner violence are much higher among this group (49%) than is found from general population surveys. More than two-thirds of the detainees who were involved in partner violence reported being both a victim and a perpetrator in the past 12 months. This is consistent with other criminological research that finds that a large proportion of offenders often report having been victims of crime. Factors found to be significant risk markers for detainees' involvement in partner violence included prior arrest, drug and alcohol dependency, having dependent children, and experiencing physical abuse as a child. Although a greater percentage of female than male detainees reported being involved in partner violence, once these other risk factors were controlled for, gender was not found to be a significant risk marker among this sample. The paper discusses the policy implications of the findings, particularly the need for early intervention with at-risk families and where drug and alcohol dependency issues are emerging.
Crime can be devastating to farmers, the community and the farming industry as a whole. Repeat victimisation is high amongst farmers, but little is known about attitudes towards crime prevention, and strategies employed by farmers to prevent crime at a national level in Australia. Where strategies have been implemented there has been no systematic review of their effectiveness. This highlights the pressing need for crime prevention programs to be evaluated.
In order to regulate the traffic of firearms at an international level, it is necessary to begin by regulating it at both a regional and national level. This paper highlights international strategies aimed at curbing the proliferation of firearms into Australia. It also examines Australian government initiatives introduced to reduce the number of, and access to, illegal firearms in the community, and consequently to reduce firearm related violence.
During the past few years, the reporting of the murder of three overseas visitors in South Australia, Queensland and the Northern Territory has generated immense public interest in Australia and overseas. The main focus of the media has been issues of the personal safety or security of intending visitors, and whether Australia is a safe place to visit. Despite the headlines, this paper provides factual information indicating that the risk of homicide victimisation faced by tourists who visit Australia is extremely low.
Drug and alcohol use have been found to be important correlates of criminal offending. The Drug Use Careers of Offenders (DUCO) studies found high levels of drug and alcohol dependency among women, men and juveniles incarcerated in Australian prisons. Offenders also reported a range of negative life experiences related to their drug and alcohol abuse. The DUCO female study offers an opportunity to explore the interconnections between drug and alcohol problems experienced by family members, other life experiences of the women offenders, and drug and alcohol dependency at the time of arrest. Results show correlations between family drug and alcohol problems and the perpetration of child abuse. A range of other negative life experiences were associated with growing up in families with drug and alcohol problems, including early onset of criminal offending, drug and alcohol dependency, and low socioeconomic status at the time of arrest. These results suggest that early intervention with families of drug users is needed in order to break the intergenerational cycle of problem drug and alcohol use including alcohol dependency which is a more prevalent problem among Indigenous women prisoners. Prison programming and aftercare for women offenders with drug or alcohol dependencies should be designed to consider the needs of their children.
In recent years there has been a significant drop in firearm-related deaths, and this paper now demonstrates a decline in hospital separations as a result of firearm-related injuries. Using hospital separation data in the five years to 1999, firearm-related injuries in Australia fell from 616 to 473 - a reduction of 30 per cent. The rate of firearm-related hospital separations per 100,000 population fell from 3.44 to 2.51. There is limited published information available on the number and types of firearms injuries recorded in Australia. The need for such information has become increasingly important, especially since the introduction of firearms regulations limiting access to firearms. This report provides a statistical overview of trends and patterns in firearm-related hospital separations in Australia and each of its eight States and Territories for the period 1994-95 to 1998-99.
This report presents tabulated information on the circumstances and characteristics of homicide in Australia for the fiscal year 2004/05. In addition, the report contains jurisdictional breakdowns for comparative purposes and some long-term trend data across the 16 year NHMP data collection period."--Book jacket.
The term 'firearm offence' captures a broad spectrum of offending behaviour, from insecure storage of firearms to use in the commission of a violent crime, and hence a similarly broad spectrum of criminal conduct. The primary legislative framework for sentencing of firearm offences is based on enacted legislation in each jurisdiction that defines specific firearm-related offences, alongside minimum and maximum penalties. While offences largely relate to use, possession, ownership, registration, purchase, sale and storage of firearms, jurisdictional variation occurs in the range and classification of these offences, and the associated statutory penalty. Judicial discretion and the relative restriction of sentencing procedures operating in different jurisdictions can further act to influence a varying regime in the type and severity of sentences handed down. This research was undertaken in response to concerns about how effective firearm penalties are in preventing firearm-related offences. While not an evaluation of the effectiveness of penalties per se, the report examines data from New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and the Australian Customs Service, to provide an overview of the type of firearm offences commonly brought before the courts, the outcomes from these proceedings, and the severity of sentences handed down.
Monitoring trends and patterns in homicide in Australia has been made possible through the National Homicide Monitoring Program and its annual collection of data relating to police recorded homicides. This paper analyses the data for the year 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000, and provides a statistical snapshot of homicide in Australia. It includes details on the status of homicide investigations, weapons and methods of homicide, trends in victim offender relationships, victim and offender demographics, and homicide causes.
This report discusses the technical details of the design, conduct and estimation methods of the Australian component of the 2000 International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS). The report also discusses the results from an analysis that compares the Australian ICVS estimates with those from the latest published national Crime and Safety Survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1998.
Stolen firearms represent a very real source of weapons for diversion into the illegitimate firearms market and hence, potential use in criminal activities. Over the past ten years, the Australian Government has introduced legislation regarding the prohibition of certain categories of firearms, trafficking of firearms, and the licensing, registration and storage of new firearms. Furthermore, the Australasian Police Ministers' Council identified the need for long-term monitoring of firearms theft in Australia. The National Firearms Theft Monitoring Program (NFTMP) was subsequently established at the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), funded by the Australian Government under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 for a period of four years, starting 1 July 2006. The purpose of the NFTMP is to provide relevant and timely information on the nature and characteristics of firearms theft occurring in Australia. This report represents the first in the NFTMP series, and builds on earlier AIC research on firearms theft. It provides information on all incidents of firearms theft reported to police in Australian states and territories for the period 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006. The report examines the characteristics of stolen firearms, circumstances of the theft incident, modus operandi of offenders, storage arrangements and compliance with firearms laws and regulations, recovery of firearms, prosecution of offenders, and use of stolen forearms in subsequent illegal activities.
Supported by the Australasian Police Ministers' Council Firearms Policy Working Group, the Attorney-General's Department provided funding to the Australian Institute of Criminology to conduct a detailed examination of firearms theft in Australia. This report is the inaugural output of the newly established National Firearms Theft Monitoring Program. Firearms theft is important because firearms stolen from legitimate owners may re-emerge in the illegitimate market. The report summarises the findings of analyses of all incidents of firearm theft reported to Australian police forces during the one-year period 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005. The report aims to: identify the characteristics of firearms that are commonly stolen; identify the characteristics and modus operandi of firearms thefts; and, assess the rate of compliance with safe storage requirements, and the prosecution of non-compliance. After a brief discussion of issues related to data collection and analytical methods, the main body of the report is organised into three parts: a discussion of the firearms stolen; an overview of the incidents in which those firearms were stolen; and a discussion in relation to compliance, repeat victimisation, stolen firearm recovery, and the use of stolen firearms in crime. These findings add to the knowledge base of the circumstances surrounding firearms theft, which will in turn assist the FPWG to develop evidence based policy, especially in: developing initiatives to reduce the incidence of firearms theft; and developing a minimum standard for firearms storage across all sectors of the firearms community.
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