The fall of the Berlin Wall has allowed the United Nations to intervene more aggressively in international affairs, including the imposition of mandatory economic sanctions nine times compared to just twice prior to 1990. The second edition of the Institute's influential study on economic sanctions in 1990 thoroughly updated the first one to address these new developments arising from the end of the Cold War and the increasing globalization of the world economy. Now, a new third edition of the study chronicles and examines 170 cases of economic sanctions imposed since World War I. Fifty of these cases were launched in the 1990s and are new to the third edition. Examples of the case studies may be found on the Institute's website (www.iie.com). Analyzing a range of economic and political factors that can influence the success of a sanctions episode, the authors distill a set of "commandments" to guide policymakers in the effective use of sanctions. The study will be published in two parts: Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy summarizing the analysis and outlining the policy recommendations; and Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: Case Histories, a supplemental CD-ROM containing the case studies. The CD-ROM is not sold separately.
Economic sanctions continue to play an important role in the response to terrorism, nuclear proliferation, military conflicts, and other foreign policy crises. But poor design and implementation of sanctions policies often mean that they fall short of their desired effects. This landmark study, first published in 1985, delves into the rich experience of sanctions in the 20th century to harvest lessons on how to use sanctions more effectively. This volume is the updated third edition of this widely cited study. It chronicles and examines 170 cases of economic sanctions imposed since World War I. Fifty of these cases were launched in the 1990s and are new to this edition. Special attention is paid to new developments arising from the end of the Cold War and increasing globalization of the world economy. Analyzing a range of economic and political factors that can influence the success of a sanctions episode, the authors distill a set of commandments to guide policymakers in the effective use of sanctions.
Negotiations on a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) began in 1998. This study examines the prospects for the FTAA in light of economic and political turmoil in Latin America and the continuing impasse of US "fast track" authority. It also evaluates progress in the trade talks, challenges of the Quebec Summit in April 2001, and proposals for accelerating the target date of January 2005 for concluding negotiations.
Examines negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Analyses issues involved and provides policy recommendations through study of the potential impact and critical factors concerning trade, investment, labour, the environment, and intellectual property. Also covers the impact upon and adjustments required in major industrial sectors - energy, steel, automobiles, textiles and apparel, agriculture, and the financial system.
NAFTA entered into force in 1994 after a bitter Congressional debate. But NAFTA in operation has proved no less controversial than NAFTA before ratification, for both supporters and opponents of trade liberalization have cited experience with the agreement to justify their positions. To provide a factual basis for this ongoing debate, the authors evaluate NAFTA's performance over the first seven years, comparing actual experience with both the objectives of the agreement's supporters and the charges of its critics. They then examine future challenges and opportunities in the trade and investment relationships among the three partner countries and the broader implications for new trade initiatives throughout the hemisphere.
This volume analyzes the economic effects of a prospective free trade agreement between the United States and Colombia. The study uses the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade and economic activity to analyze the expected trade and other economic impacts of the prospective FTA and to examine bilateral trade and investment flows, bilateral trade frictions, and implications of the prospective accords for the bilateral, regional, and global trade relations of the two countries.
The effort to establish economic, political, arid monetary integration in Europe is one of the great dramas of our time, and the implications of its success or failure are enormous for the rest of the world. In this volume distinguished economists and political scientists address the wide-ranging set of issues confronting the nations of Europe and explore the implications of the European experience for regional integration elsewhere. The distinguished contributors of this volume address an impressively broad range of issues, including the influence of Europe's troubled history since the 1930s, the performance of preferential trade arrangements and their impact on multilateral institutions such as the GATT, the particular impact of monetary integration, and the significance of all these developments for the political future of Europe. The Challenge of European Integration is a key document in the interpretation and understanding of current developments in Europe. It is required reading not just for economists and political scientists but for any student of contemporary Europe and of the emerging system of global trade and finance.
A joint conference was held in Washington in January, 1988, to assess the major features of the agreement. This volume includes the papers prepared for that conference, and the remarks of discussants on each paper. Includes a US and Canadian perspective, dispute resolution mechanisms, the auto sector, implications of the energy provisions, services and investment, implications for the Uruguay round, and the political perspectives from a Canadian government minister and a US administration representative.
This monograph helps to inform both governmental preparations for the Singapore ministerial and public debate on the important issues facing the trading system as it approaches the 21st century.
In the wake of the Great Recession of 2008–09, economists feared that protectionist policies might sweep the world economy, echoing the wave of tariff escalations during the Great Depression of the 1930s. To some surprise, officials were more restrained and largely avoided traditional forms of protection (tariffs and quotas). As a result, economists underestimated the incidence of new protectionism because policymakers increasingly turned to more opaque behind-the-border nontariff barriers (NTBs). Using a combination of statistical analysis and case studies, the authors show that local content requirements (LCRs), a form of NTB, have become increasingly popular. How much was global trade actually reduced on account of LCRs? A conservative estimate might be $93 billion. Case studies featured cover the healthcare sector in Brazil, wind turbines in Canada, the automobile industry in China, solar cells and modules in India, oil and gas in Nigeria, and "Buy American" restrictions on government procurement.
The first and definitive book of its kind, Joan Spero's The Politics of International Economic Relations has been fully updated to reflect the sweeping changes in the international arena. With the expertise of co-author Jeffrey Hart, the fifth edition strengthens the coverage of political and economic relations since the end of the Cold War, economic polarization in developing nations and the roots of economic decline in centrally planned economies. A new chapter on industrial policy and competitiveness debates further illustrates the changing dynamics of International Political Economy. Ideal as a supplement to the International Relations course or as the core text in International Political Economy, Spero and Hart's The Politics of International Economic Relations continues to give students the breadth and depth of scholarship needed to understand the politics of world economy.
This study examines the economic and political benefits of the U.S. pursuing Free Trade Agreement negotiations with Korea, which is pursuing FTA accords as part of a strategy to restructure its economy and sustain the recovery from its 1997-98 economic crisis. The authors examine the impact of a prospective pact on other trading partners, on the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and on the multilateral trading system.
NAFTA remains a centerpiece of US trade-policy debate, but its provisions have sacrificed environmental concerns for the sake of trade liberalization. This timely volume analyzes the national policies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The authors explain how the competing priorities of province, state, or government agendas can slow coordination measures to curtail emissions throughout North America. But, North American cooperation could serve as a model for how developed and developing countries can mutually benefit from an international climate change agreement. Emission reduction is now inextricably linked with trade and finance measures in this post-Kyoto era. The authors argue that the three NAFTA partners can work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while mitigating concerns about trade competitiveness. NAFTA and Climate Change provides a critical assessment of how NAFTA initiatives will contribute to the achievement of important climate-change goals at both regional and global levels. This thorough investigation advances potential solutions, and ideas to develop practical channels for transferring technical and financial assistance from developed to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and further economic development.
Thorough analysis of processes and consequences of proposals for extending NAFTA throughout the Western Hemisphere ; seeks to assess both economic and political consequences of several avenues that might be followed, including impact on the global trading system"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57. http://www.loc.gov/hlas.
The global economic and financial crisis has awakened protectionist sentiments around the world, and policymakers have failed to actively seek trade liberalization. In light of this, some have proposed abandoning the Doha Round and starting over with a new agenda. Figuring Out the Doha Round argues that this is far from the time to drop the Doha Round and that it is now more important than ever to sustain political support for the rules-based multilateral trade system. This important new study recommends modest increments in market access commitments by G-20 countries beyond tariff and subsidy cuts in agriculture and nonagricultural market access (NAMA), and policy reforms in customs procedures and related areas that slash red tape and cut transactions costs for exporting and importing goods and services. With additional effort by the G-20 countries, WTO countries can put together a Doha package that is both ambitious and balanced between the interests of developed and developing countries. The study finds that following these recommendations can lead to a world GDP gain of almost $300 billion a year.
Examines negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Analyses issues involved and provides policy recommendations through study of the potential impact and critical factors concerning trade, investment, labour, the environment, and intellectual property. Also covers the impact upon and adjustments required in major industrial sectors - energy, steel, automobiles, textiles and apparel, agriculture, and the financial system.
The 12th Ministerial Conference (MC12) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) (from 11-30 to 12-3-2021 in Geneva), provides a major opportunity to articulate a US vision for the multilateral trading system, setting priorities for updating the WTO rulebook, and refocusing the WTO dispute settlement on judging compliance with existing WTO obligations. This collection of essays by leading PIIE scholars offers recommendations on how the United States can help advance world trade reforms at MC12.
China's efforts to transition from an economy driven by investment and exports to one based on private consumption and services are roiling global markets. Its problems are compounded by an economic slowdown, rising debt levels, languishing real estate market, and lagging productivity growth. In these essays, scholars from the Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) recommend a number of reforms for Chinese leaders to consider, including steps to further open up its capital account and develop its financial markets. This collection of papers is part of a series of interactions and discussions between PIIE and the China Finance 40 (CF40) Forum, which began in 2012. The papers are intended to illuminate the challenges facing China as it engages increasingly with the global economy and builds on its phenomenal economic success of the past three decades.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a big deal in the making. With the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations at an impasse, the TPP negotiations have taken center stage as the most significant trade initiative of the 21st century. As of December 2012, negotiators have made extensive progress in 15 negotiating rounds since the talks began in March 2010, though hard work remains to finish the deal in the coming year or so. Despite this effort, however, the TPP is not well understood. In part, the reason lies in the dynamism of the TPP initiative. Unlike other free trade pacts, the growing membership as the talks have proceeded and the broad range, complexity, and novelty of the issues on the agenda have made it difficult to track the substantive detail and progress of the talks. This Policy Analysis aims to remedy this problem by providing a reader's guide to the TPP initiative. It first assesses how much the TPP countries are alike and like-minded in their pursuit of a comprehensive trade deal. It then examines the current status of the talks, the major substantive sticking points, and the implications of Canada and Mexico joining the talks as well as prospective membership of other countries. The Policy Analysis then looks ahead to how the TPP could advance economic integration in the Asia-Pacific region and the implications for trade relations with China.
This Atlas depicts in a clear manner the use of regional skin, muscle and musculocutaneous flaps as well as donor sites from distant regions of the body where vascularized skin, muscle, bone, and nerves can be harvested and transferred to the head and neck. Otolaryngologists, plastic surgeons and general surgeons use both regional and free flaps to reconstruct damage to the head and neck caused by cancer and trauma. This Atlas provides the surgeon with techniques for mastering different donor sites needed to find solutions to virtually every reconstruction problem. It provides detailed descriptions of the anatomy and harvesting techniques of the major regional and free-flap donor sites currently employed in head and neck reconstruction.
The first in a series exploring the elements of a national strategy for U.S. foreign policy, this book examines the most critical decisions likely to face the next president. The book covers global and regional issues and spotlights the long-term policy issues and organizational, financial, and diplomatic challenges that will confront senior U.S. officials in 2017 and beyond.
Economic sanctions continue to play an important role in the response to terrorism, nuclear proliferation, military conflicts, and other foreign policy crises. But poor design and implementation of sanctions policies often mean that they fall short of their desired effects. This landmark study, first published in 1985, delves into the rich experience of sanctions in the 20th century to harvest lessons on how to use sanctions more effectively. This volume is the updated third edition of this widely cited study. It chronicles and examines 170 cases of economic sanctions imposed since World War I. Fifty of these cases were launched in the 1990s and are new to this edition. Special attention is paid to new developments arising from the end of the Cold War and increasing globalization of the world economy. Analyzing a range of economic and political factors that can influence the success of a sanctions episode, the authors distill a set of commandments to guide policymakers in the effective use of sanctions.
This book represents one of the first comparative studies of international treaty ratification processes in multiple issue areas. It employs the comparative case study method, drawing on original research, elite interviews, and discursive analyses of government documents in Europe, Australia, and North America.
Can North America survive as a region in light of the political turbulence provoked by the global economic crisis? Or have regional integration and collaboration reached a plateau beyond which disintegration is likely? In North America in Question, leading analysts from Canada, the United States, and Mexico provide theoretically innovative and rich empirical reflections on current challenges sweeping the continent and on the faltering political support for North American regionalism. This collection begins by reviewing the recent trajectories and events that have undermined North America's trilateral relationship, then addresses concerns that go beyond NAFTA and economic issues, including labour, immigration, energy, the environment, quality of citizenship, borders, women's and civil society struggles, and democratic deficits. Although demonstrating that many informal dimensions of North American integration continue to flourish, the contributors assess whether the future will hold greater economic instability, security crises, and emerging bilateral relationships.
Is economic freedom a necessary condition for political freedom? What can the government do about unemployment? Why would governments limit international trade? Students use questions such as these to help them make essential connections between economics and civics/government.
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