This book tries to answer the question posed by Minsky at the beginning of The Society of Mind: "to explain the mind, we have to show how minds are built from mindless stuff, from parts that are much smaller and simpler than anything we'd considered smart." The author believes that cognition should not be rooted in innate rules and primitives, but rather grounded in human memory. More specifically, he suggests viewing linguistic comprehension as a time-constrained process -- a race for building an interpretation in short term memory. After reviewing existing psychological and computational approaches to text understanding and concluding that they generally rely on self-validating primitives, the author abandons this objectivist and normative approach to meaning and develops a set of requirements for a grounded cognitive architecture. He then goes on to explain how this architecture must avoid all epistemological commitments, be tractable both with respect to space and time, and, most importantly, account for the diachronic and non-deterministic nature of comprehension. In other words, a text may or may not lead to an interpretation for a specific reader, and may be associated with several interpretations over time by one reader. Throughout the remainder of the book, the author demonstrates that rules for all major facets of comprehension -- syntax, reference resolution, quantification, lexical and structural disambiguation, inference and subject matter -- can be expressed in terms of the simple mechanistic computing elements of a massively parallel network modeling memory. These elements, called knowledge units, work in a limited amount of time and have the ability not only to recognize but also to build the structures that make up an interpretation. Designed as a main text for graduate courses, this volume is essential to the fields of cognitive science, artificial intelligence, memory modeling, text understanding, computational linguistics and natural language understanding. Other areas of application are schema-matching, hermeneutics, local connectionism, and text linguistics. With its extensive bibliography, the book is also valuable as supplemental reading for introductory undergraduate courses in cognitive science and computational linguistics.
The first textbook of its kind dealing with composite tissue allograft and allograft transplantation, provides an excellent overview on the subject. It provides a clear description of the current status of the transplant of every composite tissue allograft already performed and others which are still at the basic experimental level.The editors of the book, who also contribute chapters in their expertise, are world renowned surgeons. This book opens with an introductory chapter on the history of this type of transplantation and then details the clinical experience in each graft such as hand, larynx, face, uterus and the related histopathology, immunosuppression and immunomodulation.A multidisciplinary and comprehensive presentation of the various aspects of this new area of transplantation will allow the reader to understand the complexity and the challenges of composite tissue transplantation. A number of important topics are analyzed and discussed in detail, such as the ethical, medicolegal, psychological and immunological implications. New rehabilitation techniques and strategies, together with innovative tools for the functional evaluation of the transplanted parts, are highlighted. A section on the experimental work underlines what lies ahead of us./a
For dermatology residents and trainees, as well as those in clinical practice, Dermatology is the leading reference for understanding, diagnosing, and treating the full spectrum of skin disease—and is the key resource that residents rely on throughout their training and certification. Widely recognized for its easy-in, easy-out approach, this revised 5th Edition turns complex information into user-friendly visual content through the use of clear, templated chapters, digestible artwork, and easy-to-follow algorithms and tables. This two-volume masterwork provides complete, authoritative coverage of basic science, clinical practice of both adult and pediatric dermatology, dermatopathology, and dermatologic surgery—more than any other source, making it the gold standard reference in the field today. Simplifies complex content in a highly accessible, highly visual manner, with 1,100+ tables; 2,600+ figures, including numerous disease classification algorithms as well as diagnostic and therapeutic pathways; and over 1,500 additional figures and tables online. Utilizes weighted differential diagnosis tables and a “ladder” approach to therapeutic interventions. Any additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date. Features an intuitive organization and color-coded sections that allow for easy and rapid access to the information you need. Retains an emphasis on clinicopathologic correlations, with photomicrographs demonstrating key histologic findings adjacent to clinical images of the same disorder. Contains updated treatment information throughout, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies for a wide range of conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, and skin cancers. Provides up-to-date information on genetic and molecular markers and next-generation sequencing as it applies to dermatologists. Features new videos, including cryosurgical and suturing techniques, treatment of rhinophyma via electrosection, and neuromodulator treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. Includes new WHO classifications of skin tumors, new FDA pregnancy drug labeling, and new ACR/EULAR criteria for vasculitis and lupus erythematosus. Includes new sections on confocal microscopy and artificial intelligence.
Located on the Farmington River, Burlington is a place of natural beauty, with five mountains and valleys filled with brooks, forests, and stone walls. Most of the area's earliest settlers came from England to Hartford and then followed the river, with its fertile banks and meadowlands, into the West Woods or Great Forest, as Burlington was known at the time. The town was incorporated in 1745 and was named Burlington in 1806. Burlington shows the faces of earlier generations of the same families who live in these hills and valleys today. It depicts the homes, barns, orchards, fields, schoolhouses, and mills when they were thriving with life in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The book captures the tenor of everyday situations as well as the drama of the Blizzard of 1888 and the flood of 1955.
This textbook presents the concepts and tools necessary to understand, build, and implement algorithms for computing elementary functions (e.g., logarithms, exponentials, and the trigonometric functions). Both hardware- and software-oriented algorithms are included, along with issues related to accurate floating-point implementation. This third edition has been updated and expanded to incorporate the most recent advances in the field, new elementary function algorithms, and function software. After a preliminary chapter that briefly introduces some fundamental concepts of computer arithmetic, such as floating-point arithmetic and redundant number systems, the text is divided into three main parts. Part I considers the computation of elementary functions using algorithms based on polynomial or rational approximations and using table-based methods; the final chapter in this section deals with basic principles of multiple-precision arithmetic. Part II is devoted to a presentation of “shift-and-add” algorithms (hardware-oriented algorithms that use additions and shifts only). Issues related to accuracy, including range reduction, preservation of monotonicity, and correct rounding, as well as some examples of implementation are explored in Part III. Numerous examples of command lines and full programs are provided throughout for various software packages, including Maple, Sollya, and Gappa. New to this edition are an in-depth overview of the IEEE-754-2008 standard for floating-point arithmetic; a section on using double- and triple-word numbers; a presentation of new tools for designing accurate function software; and a section on the Toom-Cook family of multiplication algorithms. The techniques presented in this book will be of interest to implementers of elementary function libraries or circuits and programmers of numerical applications. Additionally, graduate and advanced undergraduate students, professionals, and researchers in scientific computing, numerical analysis, software engineering, and computer engineering will find this a useful reference and resource. PRAISE FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS “[T]his book seems like an essential reference for the experts (which I'm not). More importantly, this is an interesting book for the curious (which I am). In this case, you'll probably learn many interesting things from this book. If you teach numerical analysis or approximation theory, then this book will give you some good examples to discuss in class." — MAA Reviews (Review of Second Edition) "The rich content of ideas sketched or presented in some detail in this book is supplemented by a list of over three hundred references, most of them of 1980 or more recent. The book also contains some relevant typical programs." — Zentralblatt MATH (Review of Second Edition) “I think that the book will be very valuable to students both in numerical analysis and in computer science. I found [it to be] well written and containing much interesting material, most of the time disseminated in specialized papers published in specialized journals difficult to find." — Numerical Algorithms (Review of First Edition)
This book examines the benefits of multilingual education that puts children’s needs and interests above the individual languages involved. It advocates flexible multilingual education, which builds upon children’s actual home resources and provides access to both the local and global languages that students need for their educational and professional success. It argues that, as more and more children grow up multilingually in our globalised world, there is a need for more nuanced multilingual solutions in language-in-education policies. The case studies reveal that flexible multilingual education – rather than mother tongue education – is the most promising way of moving towards the elusive goal of educational equity in today’s world of globalisation, migration and superdiversity.
The third edition of Theory of Simple Liquids is an updated, advanced, but self-contained introduction to the principles of liquid-state theory. It presents the modern, molecular theory of the structural, thermodynamic interfacial and dynamical properties of the liquid phase of materials constituted of atoms, small molecules or ions. This book leans on concepts and methods form classical Statistical Mechanics in which theoretical predictions are systematically compared with experimental data and results from numerical simulations. The overall layout of the book is similar to that of the previous two editions however, there are considerable changes in emphasis and several key additions including: •up-to-date presentation of modern theories of liquid-vapour coexistence and criticality •areas of considerable present and future interest such as super-cooled liquids and the glass transition •the area of liquid metals, which has grown into a mature subject area, now presented as part of the chapter ionic liquids •Provides cutting-edge research in the principles of liquid-state theory •Includes frequent comparisons of theoretical predictions with experimental and simulation data •Suitable for researchers and post-graduates in the field of condensed matter science (Physics, Chemistry, Material Science), biophysics as well as those in the oil industry
The book provides basic and recent research insights concerning the small scale modeling and simulation of turbulent multi-phase flows. By small scale, it has to be understood that the grid size for the simulation is smaller than most of the physical time and space scales of the problem. Small scale modeling of multi-phase flows is a very popular topic since the capabilities of massively parallel computers allows to go deeper into the comprehension and characterization of realistic flow configurations and at the same time, many environmental and industrial applications are concerned such as nuclear industry, material processing, chemical reactors, engine design, ocean dynamics, pollution and erosion in rivers or on beaches. The work proposes a complete and exhaustive presentation of models and numerical methods devoted to small scale simulation of incompressible turbulent multi-phase flows from specialists of the research community. Attention has also been paid to promote illustrations and applications, multi-phase flows and collaborations with industry. The idea is also to bring together developers and users of different numerical approaches and codes to share their experience in the development and validation of the algorithms and discuss the difficulties and limitations of the different methods and their pros and cons. The focus will be mainly on fixed-grid methods, however adaptive grids will be also partly broached, with the aim to compare and validate the different approaches and models.
This book presents an analysis of global legal history in Modern times, questioning the effect of political revolutions since the 17th century on the legal field. Readers will discover a non-linear approach to legal history as this work investigates the ways in which law is created. These chapters look at factors in legal revolution such as the role of agents, the policy of applying and publicising legal norms, codification and the orientations of legal writing, and there is a focus on the publicization of law. The author uses Herbert Hart’s schemes to conceive law as a human artefact or convention, being the union between primary rules of obligations and secondary rules conferring powers. Here we learn about those secondary rules and the legal construction of the Modern state and we question the extent to which codification and law reporting were likely to revolutionize the legal field. These chapters examine the hypothesis of a legal revolution that could have concerned many countries in modern times. To begin with, the book considers the legal aspect of the construction of Modern States in the 17th and 18th centuries. It goes on to examine the consequences of the codification movement as a legal revolution before looking at the so-called “constitutional” revolution, linked with the extension of judicial review in many countries after World War II. Finally, the book enquires into the construction of an EU legal order and international law. In each of these chapters, the author measures the scope of the change, how the secondary rules are concerned, the role of the professional lawyers and what are the characters of the new configuration of the legal field. This book provokes new debates in legal philosophy about the rule of change and will be of particular interest to researchers in the fields of law, theories of law, legal history, philosophy of law and historians more broadly.
Sinceits founding by Jacques Waardenburg in 1971, Religion and Reason has been a leading forum for contributions on theories, theoretical issues and agendas related to the phenomenon and the study of religion. Topics include (among others) category formation, comparison, ethnophilosophy, hermeneutics, methodology, myth, phenomenology, philosophy of science, scientific atheism, structuralism, and theories of religion. From time to time the series publishes volumes that map the state of the art and the history of the discipline.
Commodities provide a lens through which local and global histories can be understood and written. The study of commodities history follows these goods as they make their way from land and water through processing and trade to eventual consumption. It is a fast-developing field with collaborative, comparative, and interdisciplinary research, with new information technologies becoming increasingly important. Although many individual researchers continue to focus on particular commodities and regions, they often do so in partnership with others working on different areas and employing a range of theoretical and methodological approaches, placing commodities history at the forefront of local and global historical analysis. This Oxford Handbook features contributions from scholars involved in these developments across a range of countries and linguistic regions. They discuss the state of the art in their fields, draw on their own work, and signal lacunae for future research. Each of its 31 chapters focuses on an important thematic area within commodities history: key approaches, global histories, modes of production, people and land, environmental impact, consumption, and new methodologies. Taken together, the Oxford Handbook of Commodities History offers insight into the directions in which commodities history is heading, and the multiple ways in which it can contribute to a better understanding of the world"--
The Yearbook compiles the most recent, widespread developments of experimental and clinical research and practice in one comprehensive reference book. The chapters are written by well recognized experts in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine. It is addressed to everyone involved in internal medicine, anesthesia, surgery, pediatrics, intensive care and emergency medicine.
The Yearbook compiles the most recent, widespread developments of experimental and clinical research and practice in one comprehensive reference book. The chapters are written by well recognized experts in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine. It is addressed to everyone involved in internal medicine, anesthesia, surgery, pediatrics, intensive care and emergeny medicine.
Covering definitions, concepts, and applications, Countercurrent Chromatography recounts the developments in two types of liquid-liquid chromatography termed countercurrent-high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC)-as well as the HSCCC-derived cross-axis CCC, a versatile technique for purificati
The Update compiles the most recent, widespread developments of experimental and clinical research and practice in one comprehensive reference book. The chapters are written by well recognized experts in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine. It is addressed to every on involved in internal medicine, anesthesia, surgery, pediatrics, intensive care and emergency medicine.
Viability theory designs and develops mathematical and algorithmic methods for investigating the adaptation to viability constraints of evolutions governed by complex systems under uncertainty that are found in many domains involving living beings, from biological evolution to economics, from environmental sciences to financial markets, from control theory and robotics to cognitive sciences. It involves interdisciplinary investigations spanning fields that have traditionally developed in isolation. The purpose of this book is to present an initiation to applications of viability theory, explaining and motivating the main concepts and illustrating them with numerous numerical examples taken from various fields.
As the tide of the French revolution swept away the noble privileges many of high birth fled the country, some officers stayed despite the danger of the revolutionaries, including both Napoleon and Anne-Jean-Marie-René Savary, loyal to the state and sniffing advancement. Savary enlisted as a volunteer and was posted to the Armies of the Sambre and Meuse rivers and then the Rhine, his distinguished services led him to selected as an aide-de-camp of General Desaix who was known as a shrewd judge of characters both of men and of soldiers. It was in the sands of the desert during the Egyptian Campaign in 1798 that Savary met Napoleon he would serve faithfully for the next 17 years in the almost unbroken conflict that scarred Europe. He served admirably with his old commander Desaix during the Italian Campaign in 1800, after Desaix fell at the battle of Marengo Napoleon decided to take Savary into his confidence and appointed him head of his bodyguard. Promoted to Général de Division in 1805 shortly before the Austerlitz campaign. Once again he displayed great gallantry and courage during the fighting, but Napoleon saw that his abilities were also of use away from the field, and started to use him as a diplomat upon who he could always rely. After further missions, particularly in intrigues in Spain, Savary was appointed Minister of Police in 1810, he discharged his duties with a zeal that would not have been out of place in the Spanish Inquisition but was at fault during the attempted coup d’état of General Malet in 1812 whilst the Grande Armée was struggling through the snows of Russia. He served on as a faithful servant of Napoleon until the bitter end after Waterloo in 1815, and was considered dangerous enough to be refused permission to go the Elba with his former master.The Third Volume continues with his service in the Ministry of Police, the continuing Peninsular War, the coup d’état of General Malet and the retreat of the French Army in 1813-1814.
This book introduces the reader to the field of compressible turbulence and compressible turbulent flows across a broad speed range through a unique complimentary treatment of both the theoretical foundations and the measurement and analysis tools currently used. For the computation of turbulent compressible flows, current methods of averaging and filtering are presented so that the reader is exposed to a consistent development of applicable equation sets for both the mean or resolved fields as well as the transport equations for the turbulent stress field. For the measurement of turbulent compressible flows, current techniques ranging from hot-wire anemometry to PIV are evaluated and limitations assessed. Characterizing dynamic features of free shear flows, including jets, mixing layers and wakes, and wall-bounded flows, including shock-turbulence and shock boundary-layer interactions, obtained from computations, experiments and simulations are discussed. Describes prediction methodologies including the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) method, scale filtered methods and direct numerical simulation (DNS) Presents current measurement and data analysis techniques Discusses the linkage between experimental and computational results necessary for validation of numerical predictions Meshes the varied results of computational and experimental studies in both free and wall-bounded flows to provide an overall current view of the field
Communication is an essential skill for nurses, midwives and allied health professionals when delivering care to patients and their families. With its unique and practical approach, this new textbook will support students throughout the three years of their degree programme and on into practice, focussing on how to develop person-centredness and compassionate and collaborative care. Key features include: * students′ experiences and stories from service users and patients to help readers relate theory to practice * reflective exercises to help students think critically about their communication skills * learning objectives and chapter summaries for revision * interactive activities directly linked to the Values Exchange Community website
Shenandoah County was created in 1772 from Frederick County and, at that time, was named for the English governor Lord Dunmore. In 1778, the name was officially changed to Shenandoah, possibly after the river that runs through the valley between the Blue Ridge and Appalachian Mountains. Religion brought some of the earliest pioneers to the Shenandoah Valley in the 1740s and still plays a large part in the lives of most residents. Images of America: Shenandoah County focuses on the people who have made this valley a comfortable place to raise families and communities that pray together, work alongside each other, and enjoy life surrounded by the mountains. The images show the strengths and the creativity of those who have lived on the farms and in the diverse villages throughout the county.
Human enhancement has become a major concern in debates about the future of contemporary societies. This interdisciplinary book is devoted to clarifying the underlying ambiguities of these debates, and to proposing novel ways of exploring what human enhancement means and understanding what practices, goals and justifications it entails.
Floating-point arithmetic is the most widely used way of implementing real-number arithmetic on modern computers. However, making such an arithmetic reliable and portable, yet fast, is a very difficult task. As a result, floating-point arithmetic is far from being exploited to its full potential. This handbook aims to provide a complete overview of modern floating-point arithmetic. So that the techniques presented can be put directly into practice in actual coding or design, they are illustrated, whenever possible, by a corresponding program. The handbook is designed for programmers of numerical applications, compiler designers, programmers of floating-point algorithms, designers of arithmetic operators, and more generally, students and researchers in numerical analysis who wish to better understand a tool used in their daily work and research.
This book is a synthesis and a celebration of a large body of agro-ecological research carried out on the management of the pests of cotton, one of the worlds major crops and one which has historically been a very heavy consumer of inputs of pesticides. It demonstrates how agro-ecological approaches to pest management are at last approaching the mainstream, with an increasing recognition that farmland delivers a wide range of ecosystem services (natures goods and services), including but certainly not solely comprising the production of food.
Numerical simulation is a technique of major importance in various technical and scientific fields. Used to understand diverse physical phenomena or to design everyday objects, it plays a major role in innovation in the industrial sector. Whilst engineering curricula now include training courses dedicated to it, numerical simulation is still not well-known in some economic sectors, and even less so among the general public. Simulation involves the mathematical modeling of the real world, coupled with the computing power offered by modern technology. Designed to perform virtual experiments, digital simulation can be considered as an "art of prediction". Embellished with a rich iconography and based on the testimony of researchers and engineers, this book shines a light on this little-known art. It is the first of two volumes and focuses on the principles, methods and industrial practice of numerical modeling.
The evidence for the Little Ice Age, the most important fluctuation in global climate in historical times, is most dramatically represented by the advance of mountain glaciers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and their retreat since about 1850. The effects on the landscape and the daily life of people have been particularly apparent in Norway and the Alps. This major book places an extensive body of material relating to Europe, in the form of documentary evidence of the history of the glaciers, their portrayal in paintings and maps, and measurements made by scientists and others, within a global perspective. It shows that the glacial history of mountain regions all over the world displays a similar pattern of climatic events. Furthermore, fluctuations on a comparable scale have occurred at intervals of a millennium or two throughout the last ten thousand years since the ice caps of North America and northwest Europe melted away. This is the first scholarly work devoted to the Little Ice Age, by an author whose research experience of the subject has been extensive. This book includes large numbers of maps, diagrams and photographs, many not published elsewhere, and very full bibliographies. It is a definitive work on the subject, and an excellent focus for the work of economic and social historians as well as glaciologists, climatologists, geographers, and specialists in mountain environment.
This is the latest volume to appear in the successful Cambridge History of Modern France series, and is the most authoritative account available of the presidency of Georges Pompidou. Pompidou consolidated the constitutional changes made by de Gaulle, to the extent that he is now regarded as the Fifth Republic's second founding father, and continued his haughty attitudes to foreign policy. He also launched a programme of modernisation and industrialisation: under Pompidou France saw both the climax and the end of the post-war boom. Serge Berstein and Jean-Pierre Rioux analyse the politics of the period, and also give an overview of France's economy, culture and society. Their comprehensive study contains all the standard features, such as maps, chronology, and tables, which have helped this series to establish itself as the premier multi-volume account of modern France. Students, scholars and teachers in history and political studies will find this volume invaluable.
Imaging of Gastrointestinal Tract Tumors describes current imaging practice for the most commonly encountered benign and malignant digestive tract tumors and gives a review of the literature for less frequent tumors. General features (anatomic data, frequency, clinical and biologic signs, treatment) are discussed for all pathologies prior to description of imaging techniques, which include barium studies, ultrasonography and angiography, and above all CT. MRI appears particularly indicated for esophageal carcinoma and pelvic recurrences of colorectal cancers. The book is divided into three main section - benign tumors, malignant tumors, and tumors with an indeterminate prognosis - reflecting the value of different imaging strategies as a function of a tumor's natural history. The thorough analysis of literature for both frequent and less common tumors allows global evaluation of the diagnostic possibilities of imaging techniques, making Imaging of Gastrointestinal Tract Tumors a reference work for all specialists concerned with digestive tract pathologies.
Therapy in Sleep Medicine, by Drs. Teri J. Barkoukis, Jean K. Matheson, Richard Ferber, and Karl Doghrami, provides the clinically focused coverage you need for rapid diagnosis and effective treatment of sleep disorders. A multidisciplinary team of leading authorities presents the latest on sleep breathing disorders (including obstructive sleep apnea), neuropharmacology, parasomnias, neurologic disorders affecting sleep, sleep therapy for women, sleep therapy in geriatric patients, controversies, and future trends in therapy in a highly illustrated, easy-to-follow format. Diagnose and treat patients effectively with complete coverage of the full range of sleep disorders. Find diagnostic and treatment information quickly and easily thanks to a highly illustrated, easy-to-read format that highlights key details. Stay current on discussions of hot topics, including sleep breathing disorders (including obstructive sleep apnea), neuropharmacology, parasomnias, neurologic disorders affecting sleep, sleep therapy for women, sleep therapy in geriatric patients, controversies, and future trends in therapy. Tap into the expertise of a multidisciplinary team of leading authorities for well-rounded, trusted guidance.
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