TheKramers-Kronigrelationsconstitutethemathematicalformulationofthe fundamental connection between the in-phase to the out-of-phase response of a system to a sinusoidal time-varying external perturbation. Such connection exists in both classical and quantum physical systems and derives directly from the principle of causality. Apart from being of great importance in high energy physics, statistical physics, and acoustics, at present the Kramers-Kronig relations are basic and widely-accepted tools for the investigation of the linear optical properties of materials, since they allow performing the so-called inversion of optical data, i.e. acquiring knowledge on dispersive phenomena by measurements of absorptive phenomena over the whole energy spectrum or vice versa. Since the late ’80s, a growing body of theoretical results as well as of experimental evidences has shown that the Kramers-Kronig relations can be adopted for e?ciently acquiring knowledge on nonlinear optical phenomena. These results suggest that the Kramers-Kronig relations may become in a near future standard techniques in the context of nonlinear spectroscopy. Thisbookisthe?rstcomprehensivetreatisedevotedtoprovidingauni- ing picture of the physical backgrounds, of the rigorous mathematical theory, and of the applications of the Kramers-Kronig relations in both ?elds of l- ear and nonlinear optical spectroscopy. Some basic programs written for the 1 MATLAB environment are also included. This book is organized as an argumentative discourse, progressing from the linear to the nonlinear phenomena, from the general to the speci?c s- tems, and from the theoretical to the experimental results.
This book explores the nature of climate change in southern Africa, its impacts on tourism and the resilience, adaptation and governance needs in various tourism operations and environments. Previous studies on climate change and tourism have mainly focused on the Global North and specific forms of tourism such as snow-based winter activities. Drawing on case studies from a wide range of countries including South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, this book fills this lacuna by describing and analysing the climate change and tourism nexus in the southern African context. The book begins by providing an overview of the current and estimated impacts of climate change to the tourism industry in the region, highlighting the deepening socio-economic inequities, and environmental and social injustices. It focuses on the importance of sustainable tourism in tackling these issues and highlights that resilience and robust governance and policy systems are essential for a tourism destination to successfully adapt to change. By synthesising the key lessons learned through this analysis, Climate Change and Tourism in Southern Africa also draws attention to specific adaptation and policy strategies which have value for other regions in the Global South. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of climate change, tourism and environmental policy and justice.
The seasonal nature of tourism is increasingly receiving the attention of various actors: tourism destination planners and economic development strategists at all levels, tour operators and the diverse businesses that significantly depend on tourism, and the host communities who negotiate tourism’s potential to have both positive and negative impacts. The research report at hand identifies and discusses four main perspectives on the issues of seasonal tourism in the Arctic: local community perspectives; employment and workforce issues; the Arctification of northern tourism; and global environmental change. These themes form the key issues around which the challenges and opportunities related to seasonality of tourism can be placed and worked with. Based on the discussion, the report outlines recommendations related to developing a thriving and sustainable tourism sector in Arctic Europe.
Explores the relationship between tourism and climate change in both Arctic and Antarctic polar regions by considering the associated environmental, economic, social and political factors. This book draws on both Arctic and Antarctic Polar region case studies to help illustrate these climate change issues.
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