Talk in interaction - Comparative dimensions is a collection of current conversation analytical work on interactional practices. How do speakers correct the errors made by other speakers? How is disappointment expressed in interaction? How are disputes constructed in different kinds of interaction? Do girls and boys construct play interaction in the same way? These are among the topics addressed in the volume. The central theme of the volume is comparative analysis of interactional practices. The authors analyse the specific phenomena through different kinds of comparative perspectives. Some of the studies analyse the different ways of construction a certain conversational action, some compare the realization of certain activities in different kinds of interactions (e.g. everyday vs. institutional interaction), and some explore the culture- and language-specific aspects of interaction. In addition, the articles address the issues of gender and the change in interactional practices over the time. Furthermore, the volume explores the possibilities and challenges of comparative analysis within conversation analysis in general.
A phosphor or scintillator is a material that will emit visible light when struck by ionising radiation. In the early days of diagnostic radiology, it was discovered that the radiation dose needed to get an image on a film, could be greatly reduced by inserting a fluorescent layer of a phosphor in direct contact with the film. Thus, introducing the step of converting the ionising radiation to light in a first step. Going forward in time, film has been replaced with photodetectors and there is now a variety of imaging x-ray systems, still based on phosphors and scintillators. There is continuous research going on to optimise between the radiation dose needed and a sufficient image quality. These factors tend to be in opposition to each other. It is a complicated task to optimise these imaging system and new phosphor materials emerges regularly. One of the key factors is the efficiency of the conversion from xrays to light. In this work this is denoted “extrinsic efficiency”. It is important since it largely determines the final dose to the patient needed for the imaging task. Most imaging x-ray detectors are based on phosphor or scintillator types where their imaging performance has been improved through tweaking of various parameters (light guide structure, higher density, light emission spectrum matching to photodetectors, delayed fluorescence quenching etc) One key factor that largely determines the extrinsic efficiency of a specific phosphor is the particle size. Larger particles result in a higher luminance of the phosphor for the same radiation dose as does as a thicker phosphor layer (to a limit). There exists already a battery of models describing various phosphor qualities. However, particle size and thickness have not been treated as a fully independent variables in previous model works. Indirectly, the influence of these parameters is accounted for, but the existing models were either considered too general, containing several complex parameters and factors to cover all kind of cases or too highly specialised to be easily applicable to fluorescent detectors in diagnostic radiology. The aim of this thesis is therefore to describe and assess a simple model denoted the “LAC-model” (after the original authors Lindström and Alm Carlsson), developed for a fluorescent layer using individual sub-layers defined by the particle size diameter. The model is thought to be a tool for quickly evaluating various particle size and fluorescent layer thickness combinations for a chosen phosphor and design. It may also serve as a more intuitive description of the underlying parameters influencing the final extrinsic efficiency. Further tests affirmed the validity of the model through measurements. The LACmodel produced results deviating a maximum of +5 % from luminescence measurements. During the development of the model various assumptions and simplifications were made. One assumption was the absence of a so called “dead layer”. This is a layer supposedly surrounding each particle decreasing the efficiency of converting x-rays to light. It is not completely “dead” as in inactive but is thought to have a reduced efficiency. This phenomenon was struggled with, when historically designing electron beam stimulated phosphors for various applications (i.e. displays, TV tubes etc). There are also articles reporting dead layer influence for x-ray detectors (usually spectrometers i.e. not for imaging). By introducing a dead layer in the LAC-model the effect of the layer was investigated and was found to result in a change of less than 8% for the extrinsic efficiency. It was also noted that sometimes a dead layer effect may emerge at surfaces of a scintillator slab but not necessarily connected to the phosphor particles themselves. Due to differences between phosphor material and the surroundings, an interface effect arose to compete with the process of inherent dead layers of the individual particles. It was found to be mostly negligible for x-rays in the studied energy and material range. However, an effect was shown for electrons as incident ionising radiation which could shed some light on the strangely neglected apparent dead layer created this way. Finally, applications, one involving developing a prototype for checking the light field radiation field coincidence, were evaluated for overall performance and the optimisation level of the applied fluorescent layer. Interesting findings were made during the development process: for the first time to the knowledge of the author, focus shift wandering was quantified in the corresponding movement of the x-ray field edge and a non-trivial discussion on the concept of an apparent light field edge resulted in a modified definition of the same. En fosfor eller scintillator är ett material som avger synligt ljus när det träffas av joniserande strålning. Inom diagnostisk radiologi upptäckte man i ett tidigt skede att stråldosen som behövdes för att få en bild på en röntgenfilm, reducerades kraftigt om man placerade ett fluorescerande skikt, en fosfor, i direkt kontakt med filmen. I nutid har film ersatts med fotodetektorer och det finns nu en mängd olika röntgenbildsystem men som fortfarande är baserade på fosforer och scintillatorer. Det pågår en kontinuerlig forskning för att optimera mellan erforderlig stråldos och en tillräcklig god diagnostisk bildkvalitet. Dessa faktorer tenderar att motverka varandra. Det är en komplicerad uppgift att optimera röntgenbildsystemen och nya fosformaterial dyker ständigt upp. En av de viktiga egenskaperna är fosforns omvandlingseffektivitet från röntgen till ljus. I detta arbete används benämningen ”extrinsisk (yttre) effektivitet". Denna egenskap är viktig eftersom den i stor utsträckning bestämmer den slutliga dosen till patienten som krävs för bilddiagnostiken. De flesta röntgendetektorer är baserade på fosfor- eller scintillatortyper där bildprestanda har förbättrats genom att utveckla olika parametrar (ljusledarstruktur, högre densitet, ljusemissionsspektrum som matchar fotodetektorer, minskad efterlysning etc.). En viktig faktor som i stor utsträckning bestämmer omvandlingseffektiviteten hos en specifik fosfor är partikelstorleken. Större partiklar resulterar i en högre luminescens (mer ljus) från fosforen för samma stråldos. Vilket också gäller för ett tjockare fosforlager (till en viss gräns!). Det finns redan fysikaliska modeller som beskriver olika fosforparametrar men partikelstorlek och fosfortjocklek har dock inte hanterats som fristående variabler i dessa modellarbeten. Istället har deras inverkan modellerats indirekt men det har gjort att de befintliga modellerna kan anses komplexa. De är antingen för generella som medför flera komplexa parametrar och faktorer för att täcka alla tänkbara varianter eller för specialiserade för att kunna tillämpas enkelt på fluorescerande detektorer i diagnostisk radiologi. Syftet med denna avhandling är därför att beskriva och analysera en praktisk modell betecknad ”LAC-modellen” (efter de ursprungliga författarna Lindström och Alm Carlsson). Den är utvecklad för ett fluorescerande block som består av flera underliggande skikt vars tjocklek bestäms av partiklarnas diameter. Avsikten med modellen är att den ska vara ett verktyg för att snabbt utvärdera olika varianter av partikelstorlek och tjockleks-kombinationer för en vald fosfor med i grunden samma design. Experiment har bekräftat modellens giltighet och mätresultat visar att modellresultaten avvek maximalt +5% från luminiscensmätningar. Utvecklingen av modellen krävde olika antaganden och förenklingar. Ett antagande var frånvaron av ett så kallat ”dött lager”. Det är ett skikt som antas omge varje partikel och som därför minskar omvandlingseffektiviteten från röntgen till ljus. Det är dock inte helt "dött" i meningen helt inaktivt men har en mindre förmåga att omvandla röntgen till ljus jämfört med fosforns huvudmaterial. Historisk sett har man försökt åtgärda detta fenomen under lång tid och speciellt för applikationer där man använt sig av elektronstrålar (dvs olika typer av displayer, TV-rör etc.). Just för elektroner har man sett att döda skiktet tenderar att växa med tiden. Det finns också artiklar som rapporterar en påverkan av röntgendetektorers funktion (vanligtvis dock för spektrometrar, dvs inte för avbildning). Genom att införa ett dött skikt i LAC-modellen undersöktes skiktets effekt och visade sig resultera i en förändring på mindre än 8% för effektiviteten. Det noterades också att ibland kan en dödskiktsliknande effekt uppstå vid ytor av ett scintillatorblock men inte nödvändigtvis pga. av själva fosforpartiklarnas ljusomvandlingsegenskaper. Då det uppstår skillnader mellan fosformaterialet och omgivningen får man en s.k. gränsskiktseffekt som s.a.s. konkurrerar med kemiskt döda skiktet på de enskilda partiklarna. De döda skiktens inverkan visade sig i princip försumbara för röntgenbild-detektorer - åtminstone inom det studerade energi- och materialområdet. En tydlig effekt kunde dock noteras för joniserande strålning i form av elektroner. Simuleringarna kunde ge en bättre bild av egenskaperna hos det döda skiktet som skapats på detta sätt. Slutligen utvärderades två applikationer med hjälp av LAC-modellen: en prototyp för kontroll av ljusfältets och strålfältets överenstämmelse i läge och position. Samt en etablerad produkt med samma användningsområde. I båda fallen undersöktes det fluorescerande skiktets optimeringsgrad. Intressanta resultat noterades under utvecklingsprocessen av prototypen: för första gången, så vitt författaren vet, kunde man kvantifiera röntgenrörs s.k. fokusvandring.
The COPROMAPH Conference series has now evolved into a significant international arena where fundamental concepts in mathematical and theoretical physics and their applications can be conceived, developed and disseminated. The contributions in this volume address a variety of contemporary problems in mathematical and theoretical physics.
Statistics for Finance develops students’ professional skills in statistics with applications in finance. Developed from the authors’ courses at the Technical University of Denmark and Lund University, the text bridges the gap between classical, rigorous treatments of financial mathematics that rarely connect concepts to data and books on econometrics and time series analysis that do not cover specific problems related to option valuation. The book discusses applications of financial derivatives pertaining to risk assessment and elimination. The authors cover various statistical and mathematical techniques, including linear and nonlinear time series analysis, stochastic calculus models, stochastic differential equations, Itō’s formula, the Black–Scholes model, the generalized method-of-moments, and the Kalman filter. They explain how these tools are used to price financial derivatives, identify interest rate models, value bonds, estimate parameters, and much more. This textbook will help students understand and manage empirical research in financial engineering. It includes examples of how the statistical tools can be used to improve value-at-risk calculations and other issues. In addition, end-of-chapter exercises develop students’ financial reasoning skills.
The first edition of Stochastic Partial Differential Equations: A Modeling, White Noise Functional Approach, gave a comprehensive introduction to SPDEs. In this, the second edition, the authors build on the theory of SPDEs driven by space-time Brownian motion, or more generally, space-time Lévy process noise. Applications of the theory are emphasized throughout. The stochastic pressure equation for fluid flow in porous media is treated, as are applications to finance. Graduate students in pure and applied mathematics as well as researchers in SPDEs, physics, and engineering will find this introduction indispensible. Useful exercises are collected at the end of each chapter.
Living on the Edge' examines the function of the Sahel region of Africa as an important wintering area for long-distance migrant birds. It describes the challenges the birds have to cope with – climate change, of course, and rapid man-made habitat changes related to deforestation, irrigation and reclamation of wetlands. How have all these changes affected the birds, and have birds adapted to these changes? Can we explain the changing numbers of breeding birds in Europe by changes in the Sahel, or vice versa? Winner of the BB/BTO Best Bird Book Award 2010 The Jury commented: "It is a tremendous book in every department. It marks a step-change in our knowledge of the ecology of this critically important region in the European-African migration system and of the many species (familiar to us on their breeding grounds) that winter there. The authors combine the latest scientific information with vivid descriptions of landscapes and animals. Their book is richly illustrated with large numbers of drawings, maps and photographs by acclaimed experts. The wealth of coloured graphics has been particularly well thought out and encourages readers to delve into the figures and learn more about the region, rather than having the (all-too-common) opposite effect. Summing up, the jury praises not just the high quality of the texts, the information and the illustrations, but also the sheer pleasure of reading the book: "One of the key attributes of a good book is to be able to grip the reader's attention and transport him or her to another place. We feel confident that [Living on the edge] will have that effect.
Healings and miracles play a prominent role in the New Testament accounts of Jesus' life and ministry. In the Western Christian tradition, however, Jesus' works of healing tend to be downplayed and understood as little more than a demonstration of his divine power. In this book Jan-Olav Henriksen and Karl Olav Sandnes draw on both contemporary systematic theology and New Testament scholarship to challenge and investigate the reasons for that oversight. They constructively consider what it can mean for Christian theology today to understand Jesus as a healer, to embrace fully the embodied character of the Christian faith, and to recognize the many ways in which God can still be seen to have a healing presence in the world.
The Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, a major figure in world politics and an ardent opponent of apartheid, was shot dead on the streets of Stockholm in February 1986. At the time of his death, Palme was deeply involved in Middle East diplomacy and was working under UN auspices to end the Iran–Iraq war. Across Scandinavia, Palme's killing had an impact similar to that of the Kennedy assassinations in the United States—and it ignited nearly as many conspiracy theories. Interest in the Palme slaying was most recently stirred by reports of the death of Christer Pettersson, who was tried for the murder twice, convicted the first time, and then acquitted on appeal. In his investigative account of Palme's still-unsolved murder, the historian Jan Bondeson meticulously recreates the assassination and its aftermath. Like the best works of crime fiction, this book puts the victim and his death into social context. Bondeson's work, however, is noteworthy for its dispassionate treatment of police incompetence: the police did not answer a witness’s phone call reporting the murder just 45 seconds after it occurred, and further time was lost as the police sought to confirm that someone had actually been shot. When the police arrived on the scene, they did not even recognize the victim as the Prime Minister. This early confusion was emblematic of the errors that were to follow. Bondeson demolishes the various conspiracy theories that have been devised to make sense of the killing, before suggesting a convincing explanation of his own. A brilliant piece of investigative journalism, Blood on the Snow includes crime-scene photographs and reconstructions that have never before been published and offers a gripping narrative of a crime that shocked a continent.
dependence and, second, to inform about prevention, harm minimiza tion, treatment and control, in order that professionals can identify, assess and work with different kinds of drug misusers. It also aims to give information about the wide range of multidisciplinary and special ist professionals who can contribute in this field. BACKGROUND The ancient Greek word for drug has three meanings: a cure or remedy, a poison and a magical charm. This book will consider these meanings in the modern sense: drugs as medication and as a solution to problems; drugs as dangerous to health; and drugs as magical and hedonistic. In the recent past, policy and practice guidelines have often been based on a misunderstanding of the diversity and complexity of drug misuse. Professionals have confused different types of drug misuse and/ or attempted to compress all types into one narrowly defined cate gory, i.e. all drugs are good or bad. This is the first mistake: it is prefer able to go right back to the ancient Greeks and try to understand the range of different effects of drugs on different people. Practitioners first of all need to understand the complexity of drug misuse in order to develop realistic concepts and construct useful cate gories for assessment. After this, they are in a position to identify clearly the main risks and problems in the different categories and so to deter mine which type of intervention is most appropriate.
Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences •1994 is a forefront survey of key presentations from the 1993 International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences. Sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), this useful volume covers the spectrum of multidisciplinary research on both the methodological aspects and the development of nuclear analytical methods and their applications in the life sciences. The book is divided into six sections covering related material. These sections are: Methodology of Nuclear Analytical Methods; Environmental Applications; Biomedical Applications; Analysis of Biological Samples; Quality Assurance and Comparison with Other Methods; and a section dealing with miscellaneous issues, such as programs offered by the IAEA.
What are mathematical theories? What mathematical objects should correspond to this informal concept? The classical and most important answer to these questions is: Theories formalized in first order logic. But this answer has also some undesirable features. One of theme is the dependence of such theories upon the language or the choice of primitive concepts, whereas a slightly deeper view would identify theories interpretable in each other. The purpose of the present memoir is to investigate further, to survey the former work and to point out a number of open problems about local interpretability.
Living on the Edge' examines the function of the Sahel region of Africa as an important wintering area for long-distance migrant birds. It describes the challenges the birds have to cope with – climate change, of course, and rapid man-made habitat changes related to deforestation, irrigation and reclamation of wetlands. How have all these changes affected the birds, and have birds adapted to these changes? Can we explain the changing numbers of breeding birds in Europe by changes in the Sahel, or vice versa? Winner of the BB/BTO Best Bird Book Award 2010 The Jury commented: "It is a tremendous book in every department. It marks a step-change in our knowledge of the ecology of this critically important region in the European-African migration system and of the many species (familiar to us on their breeding grounds) that winter there. The authors combine the latest scientific information with vivid descriptions of landscapes and animals. Their book is richly illustrated with large numbers of drawings, maps and photographs by acclaimed experts. The wealth of coloured graphics has been particularly well thought out and encourages readers to delve into the figures and learn more about the region, rather than having the (all-too-common) opposite effect. Summing up, the jury praises not just the high quality of the texts, the information and the illustrations, but also the sheer pleasure of reading the book: "One of the key attributes of a good book is to be able to grip the reader's attention and transport him or her to another place. We feel confident that [Living on the edge] will have that effect.
Key to understanding drug misuse is an awareness of the full range of models that seek to define, explain and treat the problem. This book covers the full breadth of medical, social and psychological approaches to drug use, while retaining focus on the one question which is seldom asked: What do drug users themselves think? Based on extensive research, Understanding Drug Misuse offers comprehensive analysis of the diversity of drug-related problems, interwoven with frank – and often challenging – user perspectives. Combining theory and research evidence with extracts from the author's own interviews with drug users, this insightful text explores: - Drug use, drug dependence and discussion of maintenance versus abstinence - Health risks, harm minimization and public health solutions - Social harm, social exclusion, and problems of community safety and crime - Practice implications for harm minimization, treatment, after-care and relapse prevention With practical guidance that will inform all work directly related to drug policy or practice, Understanding Drug Misuse is an essential text for all students taking modules in substance abuse and addiction studies. It also makes fascinating and fundamental reading for specialist and generic workers in the health, social care and criminal justice professions.
This report describes a screening study of in all ninety-nine conventional and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Nordic environment. In addition, extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was analysed. The latter can provide the amount, but not identity, of organofluorine in the samples, which in turn can be used to assess the mass balance between known and unknown PFASs. The study was initiated by the Nordic Screening Group and funded by these and the Nordic Council of Ministers through the Chemicals Group.A total of 102 samples were analyzed in this study, including bird eggs, fish, marine mammals, terrestrial mammals, surface water, WWTP effluents and sludge, and air. Samples were collected by institutes from the participating countries and self-governing areas; Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
What people get out of social media—and how businesses can get more out of it Almost no one had heard of social media a decade ago, but today websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn have more than 1 billion users and account for almost 25 percent of Internet use. Practically overnight, social media seems indispensable to our lives—from friendship and dating to news and business. What makes social media so different from traditional media? Answering that question is the key to making social media work for any business, argues Miko?aj Piskorski, one of the world's leading experts on the business of social media. In A Social Strategy, he provides the most convincing answer yet, one backed by original research, data, and case studies from companies such as Nike and American Express. Drawing on his analysis of proprietary data from social media sites, Piskorski argues that the secret of successful ones is that they allow people to fulfill social needs that either can’t be met offline or can be met only at much greater cost. This insight provides the key to how companies can leverage social platforms to create a sustainable competitive advantage. Companies need to help people interact with each other before they will promote products to their friends or help companies in other ways. Done right, a company’s social media should benefit customers and the firm. Piskorski calls this "a social strategy," and he describes how companies such as Yelp and Zynga have done it. Groundbreaking and important, A Social Strategy provides not only a story- and data-driven explanation for the explosion of social media but also an invaluable, concrete road map for any company that wants to tap the marketing potential of this remarkable phenomenon.
The vadose zone is the region between ground level and the upper limits of soil fully saturated with water. Hydrology in the zone is complex: nonlinear physical, chemical, and biological interactions all affect the transfer of heat, mass, and momentum between the atmosphere and the water table. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to vadose zone hydrology, bringing together insights from soil science, hydrology, biology, chemistry, physics, and instrumentation design. The chapters present state-of-the-art research, focusing on new frontiers in theory, experiment, and management of soils. The collection addresses the full range of processes, from the pore-scale to field and landscape scales.
This volume contains the papers which have been accepted for presentation atthe Third International Symposium on Programming Language Implementation andLogic Programming (PLILP '91) held in Passau, Germany, August 26-28, 1991. The aim of the symposium was to explore new declarative concepts, methods and techniques relevant for the implementation of all kinds of programming languages, whether algorithmic or declarative ones. The intention was to gather researchers from the fields of algorithmic programming languages as well as logic, functional and object-oriented programming. This volume contains the two invited talks given at the symposium by H. Ait-Kaci and D.B. MacQueen, 32 selected papers, and abstracts of several system demonstrations. The proceedings of PLILP '88 and PLILP '90 are available as Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volumes 348 and 456.
Shorebirds are the most visible inhabitants of coastal wetlands worldwide. Many undertake spectacularly long flights between their wintering and breeding grounds, embodying the miracle of long-distance migration in a profound way. In this illustrated behavioural ecology the migration, feeding and breeding of these birds are explained in a comprehensive but simple and visually stunning form. The core of the book is based on studies of shorebirds and other waterbirds (such as ducks, geese and gulls) that migrate along the East Atlantic Flyway. The emphasis is on those using the Dutch, German and Danish Wadden Sea; examples from the rest of the world are also included. The authors are experts in the fields of bird migration, shorebird behaviour and intertidal ecology, and have contributed much to our current understanding of these subjects. The 300 magnificent portraits of waterbirds in action were taken by Jan van de Kam, one of The Netherlands' foremost wildlife photographers.
In the late nineteenth century, tens of thousands of porters carried ivory every year from the African interior to Bagamoyo, a port town at the Indian Ocean. In the opposite direction, they carried millions of meters of cloth, manufactured in the USA, Europe, and India. This book examines the centrality of the caravan trade, both culturally and economically, to Bagamoyo’s development and cosmopolitan character, while also exploring how this history was silenced when Bagamoyo was instead branded as a slave route town in 2006 in an attempt to qualify it for the UNESCO World Heritage List.
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