Rigorous theory and real-world applications for modeling and analysis of the behavior of complex communicating computer systems. Complex communicating computer systems—computers connected by data networks and in constant communication with their environments—do not always behave as expected. This book introduces behavioral modeling, a rigorous approach to behavioral specification and verification of concurrent and distributed systems. It is among the very few techniques capable of modeling systems interaction at a level of abstraction sufficient for the interaction to be understood and analyzed. Offering both a mathematically grounded theory and real-world applications, the book is suitable for classroom use and as a reference for system architects. The book covers the foundation of behavioral modeling using process algebra, transition systems, abstract data types, and modal logics. Exercises and examples augment the theoretical discussion. The book introduces a modeling language, mCRL2, that enables concise descriptions of even the most intricate distributed algorithms and protocols. Using behavioral axioms and such proof methods as confluence, cones, and foci, readers will learn how to prove such algorithms equal to their specifications. Specifications in mCRL2 can be simulated, visualized, or verified against their requirements. An extensive mCRL2 toolset for mechanically verifying the requirements is freely available online; this toolset has been successfully used to design and analyze industrial software that ranges from healthcare applications to particle accelerators at CERN. Appendixes offer material on equations and notation as well as exercise solutions.
Pro Spring 2 is the perfect, simple answer for your lightweight, alternative Java EE development needs! Put simply, this book brings J2EE/Java EE "down to earth." Without the hassles of using the EJB 3 specification and similar, you can build lighter, better-performing agile enterprise Java-based applications using Spring Framework 2. The Spring framework can also integrate other noteworthy and hot open source tools like Apache Struts, Hibernate, OpenJPA, GlassFish, and many more. You’ll work through a real, scalable enterprise application and build it from the ground up with Spring, using all the multiple web views and frameworks.
Who knew that Paul McCartney originally referred to Yesterday as 'Scrambled Eggs' because he couldn't think of any lyrics for his heart-breaking tune? Or that Patti LaBelle didn't know what 'Voulez-vous couches avec moi ce soir?' actually meant? These and countless other fascinating back stories of some of our best-known and best-loved songs fill this book, a collection of the highly successful weekly The Life of a Song columns that appear in the FT Weekend every Saturday. Each 600-word piece gives a mini-biography of a single song, from its earliest form (often a spiritual, or a jazz number), through the various covers and changes, often morphing from one genre to another, always focusing on the 'biography' of the song itself while including the many famous artists who have performed or recorded it. The selection covers a wide spectrum of the songs we all know and love - rock, pop, folk, jazz and more. Each piece is pithy, sparkily written, knowledgeable, entertaining, full of anecdotes and surprises. They combine deep musical knowledge with the vivid background of the performers and musicians, and of course the often intriguing social and political background against which the songs were created.
This engaging book examines the origins and first effects of the concept ‘legal semiotics’, focusing on the inventor of the term, Roberta Kevelson (1931-1998). It highlights the importance of her ideas and works which have contributed to legal theory, legal interpretation and philosophy of language. Kevelson’s work is particularly relevant today, in our world of global electronic communication networks which rely so much on language, signs, signals and shortcuts. Kevelson could not have foreseen the 21st century, yet the story of her work and influence deserves more attention as it is key to our understanding of modern legal discourse and why law fascinates and is accepted in modern society. The authors draw on Kevelson’s hitherto unknown Office Papers and Notes, and a biographical examination points to key influences in her work such as the early feminist movements of the US East Coast, the philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce and the semiotics of Thomas Sebeok. This forms the basis for a more encompassing research of Kevelson’s position, work and philosophical background, which the authors call for. A quick and enlightening read, this book interests a wide range of readers with an interest in legal history and the fields which Kevelson both drew on and influenced, including lawyers, students and scholars.
A few years ago, I sought to record a few memories and observations gleaned on the way from beginner to senior student. The result was 'Laoshi: Tai Chi, Teachers, and Pursuit of Principle'—a semi-fictional memoir, using the device of dialogue between student and teacher, to examine the agony and elation of sincerely pursuing the art of taiji. The thirty-seven chapters of 'Laoshi' shone light on the various aspects of taiji and martial arts which occupied my thinking as I progressed along the Way. Laoshi, which translates as ‘teacher’ in Mandarin, was the main character of the book and, though not a real person, represented the best aspects of the many martial artists whose skills, dedication, and wisdom inspired me in my attempts to match their example. As a wise and compassionate though sometimes irritable teacher, Laoshi guides his student, the narrator, through many disappointments and false dawns until the student arrives, if not at mastery, then the fertile ground where mastery grows. The present volume, 'Laoshi’s Legacy', takes up where the previous account left off; the student moves beyond his pre-occupation with his own progress to explore the terrain occupied by the teacher. The Way of the teacher, we discover, not only offers insight and reward aplenty, but is every bit as confounding and, often, more treacherous than the path of the student. With the example of my own teachers once again embodied in the character of Laoshi, 'Legacy' describes the challenges encountered in progressing beyond the role of student to survey the art from the viewpoint of teacher. As in the previous volume, Laoshi, the teacher, continues as guide and mentor, advising the novice instructor confronted with the reality of teaching taiji in a modern world. Like its predecessor, 'Legacy' relies heavily on allegory, mirroring the paradoxical nature of life, where truth is often hidden in myth, and deception disguises itself as truth. A touch of poetic licence may stretch the truth a little to accommodate the narrative, but 'Legacy' is a realistic portrayal of dilemmas faced while pursuing the Way of the teacher. READERS' COMMENTS "As the torch of teaching taijiquan is passed to the next generation of teachers, the problems and questions that arise are discussed in Laoshi's Legacy by Jan Kauskas. This book is filled with amusing anecdotes and lessons that Professor Cheng Man-ch'ing taught his students that still resonate today." — MARTIN INN, co-translator of The Essence of T'ai Chi Ch'uan "The nutrient-dense insights in each chapter will make you want to linger and digest, and the unfolding human story will make you want to turn the page for the next exciting episode. Readers may come for the taijiquan lessons and lineage lore, but will stay for the life lessons and wisdom. Literary flair and Scottish wit make it an instructive, inspirational, and irresistible read. Those who read this book without tears, laughter, and lots of a-ha moments are probably not ready for it." DOUGLAS WILE, author of Zheng Manqing's Uncollected Writings "Laoshi's Legacy does not disappoint. Kauskas sagely and engagingly counsels readers in vicarious fashion through the guise of conversations between himself and his teacher (the sagacious Laoshi) in the important nuances of taijiquan philosophy and technique, often addressing with deft candor important real-world issues not found in other popular books. A must-read for all taijiquan teachers and students. — JOHN LOUPOS, author of Tai Chi Connections: Advancing Your Tai Chi Experience “Jan Kauskas . . . writes well and has meditated on the words he presents here. His Laoshi answers all questions and offers stories anecdotes and spiritual knowledge in the Daoist tradition. Readers will benefit from these words . . .” — KENNETH VAN SICKLE, author of Tai Chi Sword and Tai Chi Feather Sword DVD
DVD includes "video segments illustrating ideas and practices presented in the book, and a CD-ROM containing activities that facilitate individual or group learning" - back cover.
Program audio and sound for Linux using this practical, how-to guide. You will learn how to use DSPs, sampled audio, MIDI, karaoke, streaming audio, and more. Linux Sound Programming takes you through the layers of complexity involved in programming the Linux sound system. You’ll see the large variety of tools and approaches that apply to almost every aspect of sound. This ranges from audio codecs, to audio players, to audio support both within and outside of the Linux kernel. What You'll Learn Work with sampled audio Handle Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Gain knowledge of MIDI Build a Karaoke-like application Handle streaming audio Who This Book Is For Experienced Linux users and programmers interested in doing multimedia with Linux.
This authoritative dictionary provides informative and analytical entries on the most important people, organizations, events, movements, and ideas that have shaped the world we live in. Covering the period from 1900 to the present day, this fully revised and updated new edition presents a global perspective on recent history, with a wide range of new entries from Tony Abbott, the European migration crisis and ISIL to Narendra Modi, Hassan Rouhani, and the Lisbon Treaty. All existing entries have been brought up to date. Handy tables include lists of office-holders for countries and organizations and winners of the Nobel Peace Prize. This accessible dictionary will be revised on a regular basis following the publication of this edition, as will A Guide to Countries of the World, ensuring that coverage of current affairs is up to date. This dictionary is a reliable resource for students of history, politics, and international relations as well as for journalists, policy-makers, and general readers interested in the modern world.
From early times, Daoist writers claimed to receive scriptures via revelation from heavenly beings. In numerous cases, these writings were composed over the course of many nights and by different mediums. New revelations were often hastily appended, and the resulting unevenness gave rise to the impression that Daoist texts often appear slapdash and contain contradictions. A Library of Clouds focuses on the re-writing of Daoist scriptures in the Upper Clarity (Shangqing) lineage in fourth- and fifth-century China. Scholarship on Upper Clarity Daoism has been dominated by attempts to uncover “original” or “authentic” texts, which has resulted in the neglect of later scriptures—including the work fully translated and annotated here, the Scripture of the Immaculate Numen, one of the Three Wonders (sanqi) and among the most prized Daoist texts in medieval China. The scripture’s lack of a coherent structure and its different authorial voices have led many to see it not as a unified work but the creation of different editors who shaped and reshaped it over time. A Library of Clouds constructs new ways of understanding the complex authorship of texts like the Scripture of the Immaculate Numen and their place in early medieval Daoism. It stresses their significance in understanding the ways in which manuscripts were written, received, and distributed in early medieval China. By situating the scripture within its immediate hagiographic and ritual contexts, it suggests that this kind of revelatory literature is best understood as a pastiche of ideas, a process of weaving together previously circulating notions and beliefs into a new scriptural fabric.
The Rough Guide to Vietnam is the essential guide with clear maps and detailed coverage of one of Southeast Asia's most enticing destinations. Using expert advice explore the best attractions of Ho Chi Minh City, roam the best Vietnamese markets, shopping, temples, national parks and then slow the pace down with a trip to the paddyfields of the Red River Delta. From the rugged mountains to the west to the South China sea to the east the Rough Guide steers you in the right direction to find the best hotels in Vietnam, Vietnam restaurants, stylish Vietnamese bars, cafés, clubs and shops across every price range, giving you clear, balanced reviews and honest, first-hand opinions. This guide covers the unspoilt islands, pristine beaches and trekking opportunities that have long made Vietnam a travel hotspot, from magical Ha Long Bay to the hill-tribes of the mountainous north. Explore all corners of Vietnam with authoritative background on everything from Vietnam's ethnic minorities to Hanoi's impressive colonial architecture, relying on the clearest maps of any guide and practical language tips. Make the most of your holiday with The Rough Guide to Vietnam
Determining the value of an information system for an organization is challenging, especially before the execution of the project in which the system is put into operation. Many organizations cope with problems when having to identify the potential benefits of the investment, while even more have difficulties with their quantification. An analysis, in which multiple possible investments and approaches are compared with respect to their benefits, costs and risks, is called a ‘business case’ (BC). The current frameworks that can be used to develop BCs offer too little support for the aforementioned challenges. Opportunities to improve BC frameworks, and thereby the efficiency and effectiveness of BC development, are therefore explored in this dissertation.
The book is a kind of semifictional memoir. Chapters reflect the author's own experiences gained in the pursuit of tai chi and other martial arts. The text flows as a novel, but with substance based solidly in reality applicable to anyone, tai chi practitioner or not, since the main theme is the pursuit of principle in everyday life. Book Description A tai chi student explores the Dao of Zheng Manqing with the aid of his teacher, Laoshi. Through personal accounts, reflection, and dialogue with Laoshi, we witness the novice s evolution in his search for the spirit of the art and the resulting bond forged with his instructor. Together, student and teacher examine the philosophical and martial aspects of tai chi. They demonstrate what it means to pursue principle, and they see the ease with which it can be lost to that trickster and provocateur, the ego. Engaging, sincere, and at times lighthearted, this fictional memoir narrated from the student s perspective addresses themes familiar to all who study tai chi and the martial arts. Laoshi is a journey into tai chi and a meditation on life and living without fear.
The first truly global history of work, an upbeat assessment from the age of the hunter-gatherer to the present day "Beginning in the hunting-and-gathering past, this long view of work shows how little has changed over millennia. Progressing through the rise of cities, wages and markets for labour, it traces a perennial cycle of injustice and resistance--and the age-old desire for more."--The Economist, "Best Books of 2021" "Absolutely fascinating. . . . Lucassen's own compassion shines through this magisterial book."--Christina Patterson, The Guardian We work because we have to, but also because we like it: from hunting-gathering more than 700,000 years ago to the present era of zoom meetings, humans have always worked to make the world around them serve their needs. Jan Lucassen provides an inclusive history of humanity's busy labor throughout the ages. Spanning China, India, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, Lucassen looks at the ways in which humanity organizes work: in the household, the tribe, the city, and the state. He examines how labor is split between men, women, and children; the watershed moment of the invention of money; the collective action of workers; and the impact of migration, slavery, and the idea of leisure. From peasant farmers in the first agrarian societies to the precarious existence of today's gig workers, this surprising account of both cooperation and subordination at work throws essential light on the opportunities we face today.
This book contains all oral presentations, posters, and workshop transactions of the 28th Meeting of the European Strabismological Association that took place in Bergen, Norway. The highlight of the meeting is the ESA-lecture what can eye muscle studies tell us about strabismus by Prof. Gunnar Lennerstrand from Stockholm. All 60 oral presentations of the following sessions are described: screening, amblyopia, eye movements, vision, refraction, nystagmus, stereopsis, exotropia, vergence problems, refractive surgery, cataract and strabismus, strabismus surgery, botulinum toxin, EMG, oblique muscles, paralytic strabismus, thyroid, duane syndrome and varia.
They called him the maestro, the magician, the man with the golden cue. This is the story of an Australian icon: Horace Lindrum. The original Boy from Down Under. Lindrum's calling into the world of Billiards was marred by tragedy, war, family upheavals, and controversy. But nothing was going to stop him from securing 'the crown'. The Uncrowned King is an intensely human story. A story that captures the spirit of success, the tribulations of a truly extraordinary life and the metal of a man who epitomises the Australian way. A must read book.
For many artists and intellectuals in East Germany, daily life had an undeniably surreal aspect, from the numbing repetition of Communist Party jargon to the fear and paranoia engendered by the Stasi. Echoes of Surrealism surveys the ways in which a sense of the surreal infused literature and art across the lifespan of the GDR, focusing on individual authors, visual artists, directors, musicians, and other figures who have employed surrealist techniques in their work. It provides a new framework for understanding East German culture, exploring aesthetic practices that offered an alternative to rigid government policies and questioned and confronted the status quo.
It's amazing how 100 key words and phrases provide instant communication! Do you want to speak simple Tagalog but are too busy to study it? Are you visiting the Philippines for a short time and want a Tagalog phrase book to help you communicate? If so, this is the book for you--it's the quickest and easiest way to learn the most common Filipino language. Its tiny 0.4 x 4.1 x 5.9 inches size makes it incredibly convenient to travel with but without losing the most essential content for communication. The idea of Instant Tagalog is simple--learn 100 words and phrases and say 1,000 things. The trick is knowing which 100 words to learn, but the authors Jan Gaspi and Sining Marfori have solved the problem, choosing only those words you'll hear again and again. Even with a vocabulary this small, you'll be surprised how quickly and fluently you too can communicate in the Tagalog language. Added features include an easy-to-use pronunciation guide and Tagalog dictionary fore quick reference. Here's a sample of what you'll be able to do: Meet people. Go shopping. Ask directions. Ride the subway. Order food and drinks. And much more.
Discover the stories behind the songs THE LIFE OF A SONG contains the stories of 100 songs exploring each song's biography and how they took on a new life following their release. Packed with intriguing factoids, these bite-sized essays will delight music fans and send you scurrying back to listen to the songs in all their beauty and mystery. Who knew that Paul McCartney originally referred to Yesterday as 'Scrambled Eggs' because he couldn't think of any lyrics for his heart-breaking tune? Or that Patti LaBelle didn't know what 'Voulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir?' actually meant? These and countless other back stories fill this book. Each 600-word piece gives a mini-biography of a single song, from its earliest form through the various covers and changes, often morphing from one genre to another, always focusing on the 'biography' of the song itself while including the many famous artists who have performed or recorded it. This book collects 100 of the best pieces from the highly successful The Life of a Song columns from the FT Weekend every Saturday. Inside you'll find rock, pop, folk, jazz and more. Each piece is pithy, sparkily written, knowledgeable, entertaining, full of anecdotes and surprises. They combine deep musical knowledge with the vivid background of the performers and musicians, and of course the often intriguing social and political background against which the songs were created.
The Rough Guide to Vietnam is ideal for people who want to travel independently and discover more about this incredibly diverse country. It includes lively reviews of the best places to eat, from street kitchens to the upmarket restaurants of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, and practical advice on activities, from home-stays in ethnic minority villages to boat trips around Ha Long Bay and visits to its national parks. There are extensive, user-friendly descriptions of Vietnam’s many sights, including Hué’s Imperial city, temples and pagodas and Vietnam’s impressive colonial architecture, as well as its deserted beaches and the waterways of the Mekong Delta.
Captain Barney, daring privateer and officer in the infant United States Navy, was a man who could have walked in the footsteps of John Paul Jones. A great hero in the victories over the British Navy that turned the tide finally in favor of the Americans, his exciting private life was as full-bodied and fascinating as his fighting career on the high seas. Jan Westcott's absorbing recreation dramatizes also the story of Lady Douglass Harris, the high-spirited, independent English woman for whom Barney risked his life ― and whose unconventional behavior often made him bitterly regret it. The story revolves around Philadelphia, where Barney lived, and Statia, an informal name for the little known Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius, that was the key American supply base for foreign war materials. The story intermingles romance, tensions, sailing ships with outwitting the enemy, and brings a stirring narrative sure to please Jan Westcott's fans.
It is of great importance to be able to determine who or what is considered ‘resident’ within the meaning of tax treaty provisions. However, the concept of residence has never been fundamentally adjusted to current circumstances in which technological developments make it possible for corporations to explore the wide gap between their actual business operations and the ‘legalistic’ requirements for corporate residence. In this study of the OECD Model Tax Convention – the basis for most tax treaties – the author develops a clear understanding of the content of the residence concept as regards entities and proposes solutions to current problems, finishing with his own thoroughgoing definition. In seeking a definition of the term ‘resident’ that covers all uses in treaties, the analysis draws on, in addition to the current and earlier iterations of the OECD Model Law itself, such elements as the following: domestic law meaning of residence in the tax law of France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States; Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; historical documents that uncover the ordinary meaning of treaty terms; tax treaty case law and court decisions; and fiscal, tax and legal scholarship surrounding the concept of residence for taxation purposes. The analysis includes a comprehensive description of tiebreaker rules, various perspectives on ‘place of effective management’ and policy considerations as to the further development of the treatment of entities under double tax conventions. Given the inordinate importance of the definition of ‘resident’, the differences in interpretation to which the current definition gives rise and the economic developments that call for an evaluation of the provision, this thorough examination of the treaty rules on residence of entities will be welcomed by tax lawyers, corporate counsel and policymakers and academics concerned with tax law. The author’s guidance on the concept of residence for tax purposes and his original proposals for reform will prove of great practical value for tax practitioners.
Mammals of Africa (MoA) is a series of six volumes which describes, in detail, every currently recognized species of African land mammal. This is the first time that such extensive coverage has ever been attempted, and the volumes incorporate the very latest information and detailed discussion of the morphology, distribution, biology and evolution (including reference to fossil and molecular data) of Africa's mammals. With 1,160 species and 16 orders, Africa has the greatest diversity and abundance of mammals in the world. The reasons for this and the mechanisms behind their evolution are given special attention in the series. Each volume follows the same format, with detailed profiles of every species and higher taxa. The series includes some 660 colour illustrations by Jonathan Kingdon and his many drawings highlight details of morphology and behaviour of the species concerned. Diagrams, schematic details and line drawings of skulls and jaws are by Jonathan Kingdon and Meredith Happold. Every species also includes a detailed distribution map. Extensive references alert readers to more detailed information. Volume I: Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria (352 pages) Volume II: Primates (560 pages) Volume III: Rodents, Hares and Rabbits (784 pages) Volume IV: Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats (800 pages) Volume V: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses (560 pages) Volume VI: Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids (704 pages)
The Rough Guide to Vietnam is the ideal companion for exploring Southeast Asia''s most intriguing destination. A full-colour introductory section includes photos of the country''s highlights, from the waterborne markets of the Mekong Delta to the faded elegance of Hanoi. Lively coverage is given to towns and attractions and opinionated reviews give an up-to-the-minute impression of the country''s best-known sights. There is practical advice on exploring everything that may concern the independent traveller, from negotiating Vietnam''s borders to dining in street kitchens. The Contexts section includes enlightening articles on Vietnamese history, religion, music and film. "The Rough Guide to Vietnam is strongly recommended" The Daily Telegraph
A classic study of the pottery of the TRB West group, originally published in 1979. Bakker deals with the research history and typochronology of the TRB pottery. Also he gives a detailed account of the other TRB finds such as flint and stone artefacts and of course the most important TRB sites. Over the years this book has become a standard-work for anyone who is interested in hunebeds and their makers. The author has written a new introduction to this reprint in which he describes how the book of 1979 came together and the research that has been carried out since then.
The 13 chapters of this book centre around the proof of Theorem 1 of Faltings' paper "Diophantine approximation on abelian varieties", Ann. Math.133 (1991) and together give an approach to the proof that is accessible to Ph.D-level students in number theory and algebraic geometry. Each chapter is based on an instructional lecture given by its author ata special conference for graduate students, on the topic of Faltings' paper.
Now in its second edition, Rethinking Disability introduces new and experienced teachers to ethical framings of disability and strategies for effectively teaching and including students with disabilities in the general education classroom. Grounded in a disability studies framework, this text’s unique narrative style encourages readers to examine their beliefs about disability and the influence of historical and cultural meanings of disability upon their work as teachers. The second edition offers clear and applicable suggestions for creating dynamic and inclusive classroom cultures, getting to know students, selecting appropriate instructional and assessment strategies, co-teaching, and promoting an inclusive school culture. This second edition is fully revised and updated to include a brief history of disability through the ages, the relevance of current educational policies to inclusion, technology in the inclusive classroom, intersectionality and its influence upon inclusive practices, working with families, and issues of transition from school to the post-school world. Each chapter now also includes a featured "voice from the field" written by persons with disabilities, parents, and teachers.
Wiley's landmark food chemistry textbook that provides an all-in-one reference book, revised and updated The revised second edition of The Chemistry of Food provides a comprehensive overview of important compounds constituting of food and raw materials for food production. The authors highlight food’s structural features, chemical reactions, organoleptic properties, nutritional, and toxicological importance. The updated second edition reflects the thousands of new scientific papers concerning food chemistry and related disciplines that have been published since 2012. Recent discoveries deal with existing as well as new food constituents, their origin, reactivity, degradation, reactions with other compounds, organoleptic, biological, and other important properties. The second edition extends and supplements the current knowledge and presents new facts about chemistry, legislation, nutrition, and food safety. The main chapters of the book explore the chemical structure of substances and subchapters examine the properties or uses. This important resource: • Offers in a single volume an updated text dealing with food chemistry • Contains complete and fully up-to-date information on food chemistry, from structural features to applications • Features several visual aids including reaction schemes, diagrams and tables, and nearly 2,000 chemical structures • Written by internationally recognized authors on food chemistry Written for upper-level students, lecturers, researchers and the food industry, the revised second edition of The Chemistry of Food is a quick reference for almost anything food-related as pertains to its chemical properties and applications.
For reporter Irene Kelly it's a terrifying investigation -- because it's so personal. Her husband, Detective Frank Harriman, has been kidnapped by terrorists who call themselves Hocus -- deadly manipulators who give Irene three days to meet their demands before killing their hostage. But Irene's biggest shock is yet to come -- as she uncovers her husband's history, and learns of a horrific crime committed a decade earlier. As seconds slip away, Irene willingly steps into a trap set by two madmen with a score to settle. And when she does, someone is going to pay for the sins of the past.
With all of the books in the world, this one is the best! With a multitude of did-you-knows, accompanied by hilarious illustrations, page after page is packed with the best entertainment and education. For kids craving to jam their brains with odd and intriguing facts, here's a banquet -- stuffed with the fastest, brightest, longest, funniest, weirdest, wildest, wettest, smelliest, brainiest, and fascinating-est things in the world!
When did fairy tales begin? What qualifies as a fairy tale? Is a true fairy tale oral or literary? Or is a fairy tale determined not by style but by content? To answer these and other questions, Jan M. Ziolkowski not only provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical debates about fairy tale origins but includes an extensive discussion of the relationship of the fairy tale to both the written and oral sources. Ziolkowski offers interpretations of a sampling of the tales in order to sketch the complex connections that existed in the Middle Ages between oral folktales and their written equivalents, the variety of uses to which the writers applied the stories, and the diverse relationships between the medieval texts and the expressions of the same tales in the "classic" fairy tale collections of the nineteenth century. In so doing, Ziolkowski explores stories that survive in both versions associated with, on the one hand, such standards of the nineteenth-century fairy tale as the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, and Carlo Collodi and, on the other, medieval Latin, demonstrating that the literary fairy tale owes a great debt to the Latin literature of the medieval period. Jan M. Ziolkowski is the Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Medieval Latin at Harvard University.
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