The withdrawal of correspondent banking relationships (CBRs) remains a concern for the international community because, in affected jurisdictions, the decline could have potential adverse consequences on international trade, growth, financial inclusion, and the stability and integrity of the financial system. Building on existing initiatives and IMF technical assistance, this paper discusses a framework that can be readily used by central banks and supervisory authorities to effectively monitor the developments of CBRs in their jurisdiction. The working paper explains the monitoring framework and includes the necessary reporting templates and an analytical tool for the collection of data and analysis of CBRs.
The paper seeks to identify strategies of commercial banks in response to higher capital requirements of Basel III reform and its phase-in. It focuses on a sample of nine EU emerging market countries and picks up 5 largest banks in each country assessing their response. The paper finds that all banking sectors raised CAR ratios mainly through retained earnings. In countries where the banking sector struggled with profitability, banks have resorted to issuance of new equity or shrunk the size of their balance sheets to meet the higher capital-adequacy requirements. Worries echoed at the early stage of Basel III compilation, namely that commercial banks would shrink their balance sheet by reducing their lending to meet stricter capital requirements, did materialize only in banks struggling with profitability.
Ever since the 2007–8 global financial crisis and its aftermath, Hyman Minsky’s theory has never been more relevant. Throughout his career, Jan Kregel has called attention to Minsky’s contributions to understanding the evolution of financial systems, the development of financial fragility and instability, and designing the financial structure necessary to support the capital development of the economy. Building on Minsky, Kregel developed a framework to analyze how different financial structures develop financial fragility over time. Rather than characterizing financial systems as market-based or bank-based, Kregel argued that it is necessary to distinguish between the risks that are carried on the balance sheets of banks and other financial institutions. This volume, brought together by Felipe C. Rezende, highlights these major contributions from Kregel through a collection of his influential papers from various journals and conferences. Kregel’s approach provides a strong theoretical background to understand the making and unfolding of the crisis and helps us to draw policy implications to improve financial stability, and suggest an alternative financial structure for a market economy. In this book, his knowledge is consolidated and the ideas he puts forward offer a path for future developments in economics which will be of great interest to those studying and researching in the fields of economics and finance.
Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: The US subprime-crisis became a headline in the global media starting in February 2007 after the US housing market had already shown first signs of a slowdown in late 2006. Previously, the US housing market had enjoyed a favorable environment, especially from 2002 to 2005, which was characterized by low interest rates, rising house values, and increasing home financing possibilities through subprime mortgages. However, more and more events were published during the year by US mortgage brokers, international investment banks, and central banks around the world that presented a picture which caused today s perception of the subprime-crisis. What s more, the subprime-crisis is far from being over: an end to the crisis is not yet in sight. One rather unique characteristic of this crisis is that its actual basis is the delinquencies and defaults of subprime single-family home mortgages in the US which is commonly not regarded to be of great relevance for the international capital markets. However, taking into account the originate and distribute business model of US mortgage brokers in connection with the securitization of these mortgages into various types of securities that are traded on a global basis, it is not surprising to observe that banks and investment funds around the world were invested into these securities. Before the crisis started, only a few banks or funds considered the liquidity of these securities when investing significant amounts of money in them because they focused on maximizing their returns. But, when larger problems in the US subprime mortgage market became evident, liquidity became the major concern for investors and investor preferences significantly shifted to safer assets such as government bonds. This caused severe problems in the money market, which ultimately brought the crisis across the Atlantic to Europe. Moreover, funding problems emerged and caused the first bank run in Europe in decades when depositors in Britain started to queue outside Northern Rock branches for hours to withdraw their deposits in light of fears that the bank might have to file for bankruptcy. In addition, another British bank had been in the spotlight earlier that year because HSBC was the first European bank to announce a billion dollar write-off linked to its exposure to subprime mortgages. Taking into consideration the subprime-crisis-related events in Europe, the British banking market can be characterized as the [...]
This paper examines whether the clarity of central bank communication about inflation has changed with the economic environment. We use readability statistics and content analysis to study the clarity of communication on the inflation outlook by seven central banks between 1997 and 2010. Overall, we find no strong indications that central banks were less clear in explaining their policies when faced with higher uncertainty or a less favorable inflation outlook. The global financial crisis, however, did have a negative impact on clarity of central bank communication.
Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1.0, University of Geneva (Paul Bairoch Institute of Economic History), language: English, abstract: The Savings & Loan bank Thun (SLT) was declared insolvent in October 1991, the first year of the regional bank crisis in Switzerland. Pictures of the bank run went around the world and scratched on the extraordinary reputation of Swiss banks. In contrast to other banks who were bailed out by cantons or acquired by bigger banks, the SLT got liquidated in an expensive process that came to an end after 14 years in 2005. The liquidation capital finally amounted only to roughly 60% of the liabilities and that is why the event remains as a trauma in the minds of the region's people. The collapse of the SLT was the motivation to revise the Swiss banking legislation dating back to the 1930s. It constituted the other comprehensive revision of banking legislation in the last 90 years in Switzerland next to the revision of the too big to fail legislation in the aftermath of the subprime crises and the related UBS bail-out in 2008. Though data for a detailed comparison is not available, this paper will show that real estate prices on a national level faced heavy declines only after 1991. Hence, either the region of Thun experienced higher price declines already in 1991, which cannot be tested, since regional data is not available, or what will be argued, the SLT was mismanaged and thus more vulnerable to the massive interest rate hike by the SNB in 1989 than other (regional) banks.
Young readers will begin sounding out words and reading simple sentences in this Level One I Can Read addition to the Living Lights™ series of Berenstain Bears books. Children will learn the importance of saving money. The Berenstain Bears' Piggy Bank Blessings—part of the popular Zonderkidz Living Lights series of books—is perfect for: Early readers ages 4-8 Teaching new readers how to sound out words and use context clues Sparking meaningful conversations about the importance of saving money and understanding we can’t have everything that we want The Berenstain Bears' Piggy Bank Blessings is an addition to the Living Lights™ series that: Features the hand-drawn artwork of the Berenstain family Continues in the much-loved footsteps of Stan and Jan Berenstain in this Berenstain Bears series of books Is part of one of the bestselling children’s book series ever created, with more than 250 books published and nearly 300 million copies sold to date
The economic influence of central banks has received ever more attention given their centrality during the financial crises that led to the Great Recession, strains in the European Union, and the challenges to the Euro. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Central Banking reflects the state of the art in the theory and practice and covers a wide range of topics that will provide insight to students, scholars, and practitioners. As an up to date reference of the current and potential challenges faced by central banks in the conduct of monetary policy and in the search for the maintenance of financial system stability, this Oxford Handbook covers a wide range of essential issues. The first section provides insights into central bank governance, the differing degrees of central bank independence, and the internal dynamics of their decision making. The next section focuses on questions of whether central banks can ameliorate fiscal burdens, various strategies to affect monetary policy, and how the global financial crisis affected the relationship between the traditional focus on inflation targeting and unconventional policy instruments such as quantitative easing (QE), foreign exchange market interventions, negative interest rates, and forward guidance. The next two sections turn to central bank communications and management of expectations and then mechanisms of policy transmission. The fifth part explores the challenges of recent developments in the economy and debates about the roles central banks should play, focusing on micro- and macro-prudential arguments. The implications of recent developments for policy modeling are covered in the last section. The breadth and depth enhances understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing central banks.
In this comparative study of programmes against poverty in developing countries, the authors argue that building sustainable, target group-oriented financial institutions is important and feasible, and that it is likely to have greater development impact than the channelling of external funds to poor target groups (small and micro-scale business, small farmers, and women). The analysis has far-reaching implications for development policy and will interest development specialists, policymakers, and scholars of development finance and international banking.
This paper surveys dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models with financial frictions in use by central banks and discusses priorities for future development of such models for the purpose of monetary and financial stability analysis. It highlights the need to develop macrofinancial models which allow analysis of the macroeconomic effects of macroprudential policy tools and to evaluate elements of the Basel III reforms as a priority. The paper also reviews the main approaches to introducing financial frictions into general equilibrium models.
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2006 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: gut bis sehr gut, University of Zurich (Institut für schweizerisches Bankwesen), course: Semester Paper, language: English, abstract: During the past few years China has attracted investment by foreign multinational companies. With its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 11 December 2001, China promised to further open up its market to foreign goods and services, and to welcome foreign investment in the following five years in previously restricted sectors such as banking and financial services. However, China’s cash management environment still provides many impositions and obstacles to challenge corporate treasurers. Moreover, unwritten local customs and practices, coupled with the lack of written regulations, do not ease situation. And making this even more complex is the fact that the regulations are changing all the time. Therefore, “many companies [...] still find it challenging to implement comprehensive cash management arrangements.”1Often complex regulations, foreign exchange (FX) controls, unique operating conditions, and developing clearing and banking infrastructures complicate the implementation of cash management techniques widely used elsewhere in the world. Hence, this paper introduces the reader to the complex requirements, impositions and obstacles of cash management in China. In this paper the author focuses on two cash management instruments,nettingandcash pooling,and presents the associated dilemmas. Furthermore, the author highlightsentrusted loansas an alternative solution. In the course of the paper it becomes clear that implementing cash management instruments requires testing the boundaries of regulation and technology. Meanwhile, but still limited to a few selected MNCs domiciled in certain areas, pilot programs arise relaxing FX restrictions and allowingcash poolingas well asnetting.However, despite China’s fast evolving banking and cash management environment, some techniques, e.g.netting,are basically prohibited or at least prevented by extensive FX authority regulations. While some of the cash trap situations can be avoided through proper documentation and careful planning regarding capital structure, others can be handled by implementing particular solutions. The latter holds forcash pooling.Besides processingnotional poolingto avoid a prohibited intercompany loan creation,entrusted loanscan reduce the operational activity burden on a company’s treasurer.
Norges Bank has been an integrated part of Norwegian economic development from the complicated birth of the new nation-state after the Napoleonic wars to the present nouveau-richness of the Norwegian oil economy. This book traces its 200-year history, focusing on its relations with political institutions that have shaped and reshaped the bank's role since its establishment in 1816. In the first fragile years of the new nation, Norges Bank took centre stage in the discussion on how to reconstruct a collapsed monetary system, and how trust and resources should support the core financial function of the State apparatus. The financial and political role of the bank came to the fore from the late 1800s and peaked during the turbulent interwar years of the 1920s, after which the bank became the foremost defender of the monetary order and the gold standard, in bitter conflict with the emerging Labour Party. The blow that the Second World War delivered to central bank independence left the bank firmly subordinated to the Ministry of Finance. Not until 1986 was larger autonomy in monetary policy granted, and since then the bank's weight and responsibilities have continued to expand with its position as manager of the Norwegian oil fund. The bank's role has been largely defined by perceptions of what kind of financial services Norway needed, how economic policy was coordinated, and how discretionary power was distributed between the elected bodies, the executive branch, and underlying institutions with a defined mandate. The central aim of this book is to trace and explain these changes over the past two centuries.
Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1,2, University of East London (Business School), course: International Financial Institutions and Markets, language: English, abstract: The Swiss financial centre, with banking as its leading segment, is of immense international significance and is positioned amongst global market leaders. The financial centre contributes greatly to gross value added in Switzerland and by doing so to the wealth of the whole Swiss population. (Swiss Bankers Association, 2010) In many aspects the banks are highly important to the Swiss economy. In terms of employees they offer a wide range of skilled jobs with potential earnings that are above average; a great portion of public sector financing is secured do to their tax contribution; and not to forget that they are centres of innovation and drivers of value added thus generating momentum for the entire economy. (Swiss Bankers Association, 2010)
The U.K. monetary policy framework, which combines inflation targeting with operational independence, provides a suitable arrangement for focused and credible monetary policy. However, potential weaknesses could result from features that have not yet been fully tested: the credibility and transparency of the inflation forecasts, which form the core of policy decisions, have diminished as a result of independence; and the framework could encourage excessive activism and frequent changes in interest rates. Although policy coordination could also suffer from independence, the new partly rules-based fiscal and monetary regimes will promote overall macroeconomic stability.
Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1,2, University of East London (Business School), course: International Financial Institutions and Markets, language: English, abstract: The Swiss financial centre, with banking as its leading segment, is of immense international significance and is positioned amongst global market leaders. The financial centre contributes greatly to gross value added in Switzerland and by doing so to the wealth of the whole Swiss population. (Swiss Bankers Association, 2010) In many aspects the banks are highly important to the Swiss economy. In terms of employees they offer a wide range of skilled jobs with potential earnings that are above average; a great portion of public sector financing is secured do to their tax contribution; and not to forget that they are centres of innovation and drivers of value added thus generating momentum for the entire economy. (Swiss Bankers Association, 2010)
Securitization--once a fairly straightforward means of offering collateral for investment--has mushroomed into a massively complex area of financial practice. The central role occupied by such risk-distributing products as collateral debt obligations (CDOs), credit default swaps (CDSs), collateral loan obligations (CLOs), and credit derivatives has given rise to one of the most crucial inquiries of our era: Is the financial collapse that threatens the world financial system due merely to rogue traders? Or is there something in the derivative idea itself that spells inevitable disaster? Most important, can we isolate the truly productive aspects of securitization and learn to recognise pitfalls in advance? As always in such ideational minefields, it is the legal practitioners who are expected to provide guidance to distressed investors and asset dealers. Hence this vital new book. Written from a distinctly practical point of view by Jan Job de Vries Robb� with contributions from Paul Ali and Tim Coyne--all three leading authorities with extensive experience as counsel both in-house and in private practice, in addition to sterling academic credentials--the book sheds clear light on every aspect of today's securitization techniques, including welcome guidance on the following: ; keeping track of exposure to the CDO market; and evaluating such emerging asset classes as commodity risk, microfinance, and project finance risk. In the course of the analysis the book proceeds from the relevant framework and guiding legal principles, through key risks and building blocks in securitization transactions, to the various product classes and sub-classes and their differences and common denominators. Non-credit risk and niche products (such as fund and insurance securitization) are also covered. The final chapters are devoted to the applicable rules as laid down in Basel II and International Financial Reporting Standards.
The essays in this volume explain the key structural features of financial inflation that give rise to financial crisis. These features include excessive reliance on finance to maintain economic activity through rising asset prices. Reliance on asset inflation induces a preoccupation with property values and a new social divide between the asset-rich and the asset-poor that undermines the culture of the welfare state. When debt can no longer be supported by cash flow from asset markets, excess debt plunges economies into economic depression.
“... presents a very different case: that of a civilized and cultivated cosmopolitan legal scholar, with a keen sense of international commercial and financial practice, with an in-depth grounding in both comparative legal history and comparative law, combined with the ability to transcend conventional English black-letter law description with critical judgment towards institutional wisdom and intellectual fashions.” (International and Comparative Law Quarterly) Volume 5 of this new edition uses the insights developed in Volumes 3 and 4 to deal with financial products and financial services, the structure and operation of banking and of the capital markets, and the role of modern commercial and investment banks. Sections on products and services address the blockchain and its potential in the payment system, in securitisations, in the custodial holdings of investment securities, and in the derivative markets. The complete set in this magisterial work is made up of 6 volumes. Used independently, each volume allows the reader to delve into a particular topic. Alternatively, all volumes can be read together for a comprehensive overview of transnational comparative commercial, financial and trade law.
We extend the framework in Andrle and others (2013) to incorporate an explicit role for money targets and target misses in the analysis of monetary policy in low-income countries (LICs), with an application to Kenya. We provide a general specification that can nest various types of money targeting (ranging from targets based on optimal money demand forecasts to those derived from simple money growth rules), interest-rate based frameworks, and intermediate cases. Our framework acknowledges that ex-post adherence to targets is in itself an objective of policy in LICs; here we provide a novel interpretation of target misses in terms of structural shocks (aggregate demand, policy, shocks to money demand, etc). In the case of Kenya, we find that: (i) the setting of money targets is consistent with money demand forecasting, (ii) targets have not played a systematic role in monetary policy, and (iii) target misses mainly reflect shocks to money demand. Simulations of the model under alternative policy specifications show that the stronger the ex-post target adherence, the greater the macroeconomic volatility. Our findings highlight the benefits of a model-based approach to monetary policy analysis in LICs, including in countries with money-targeting frameworks.
We study whether clarity of central bank inflation reports affects return volatility in financial markets. We measure clarity of reports by the Czech National Bank, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England, and Sveriges Riksbank using the Flesch-Kincaid grade level, a standard readability measure. We find some evidence, mainly for the euro area, of a negative relationship between clarity and market volatility prior to and during the early stage of the global financial crisis. As the crisis unfolded, there is no longer robust evidence of a negative connection. We conclude that reducing noise using clear reports is possible but not without challenges, especially in times of crisis.
“... presents a very different case: that of a civilized and cultivated cosmopolitan legal scholar, with a keen sense of international commercial and financial practice, with an in-depth grounding in both comparative legal history and comparative law, combined with the ability to transcend conventional English black-letter law description with critical judgment towards institutional wisdom and intellectual fashions.” (International and Comparative Law Quarterly) Volume 5 of this new edition uses the insights developed in Volumes 3 and 4 to deal with financial products and financial services, the structure and operation of banking and of the capital markets, and the role of modern commercial and investment banks. Sections on products and services address the blockchain and its potential in the payment system, in securitisations, in the custodial holdings of investment securities, and in the derivative markets. The complete set in this magisterial work is made up of 6 volumes. Used independently, each volume allows the reader to delve into a particular topic. Alternatively, all volumes can be read together for a comprehensive overview of transnational comparative commercial, financial and trade law.
This book analyzes the recent evolution of the Polish fixedincome securities market, including the money market, the government bond market, and the non-government bond market, focusing in particular on the sub-national bond market. The book examines key policy challenges facing the development of the sector, including policies to: stimulate the development of the classic repo market, increase the reliability of the government bond yield curve, stimulate the overall development of the non-government bond market, and reform the legal and regulatory framework for local government borrowing.
This timely book studies the economic theories of credit cycles and disturbances in the 20th century, presenting a nuanced view of the role of finance in the economy after the financial crash of 2008. Focusing on the work of economists from Marx onwards, Jan Toporowski moves beyond conventional monetary theory to offer an insightful critical alternative to current financial macroeconomics.
Many central banks in low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are modernising their monetary policy frameworks. Standard statistical procedures have had limited success in identifying the channels of monetary transmission in such countries. Here we take a narrative approach, following Romer and Romer (1989), and center on a significant tightening of monetary policy that took place in 2011 in four members of the East African Community: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda. We find clear evidence of the transmission mechanism in most of the countries, and argue that deviations can be explained by differences in the policy regime in place.
This thoroughly revised and updated edition is the most comprehensive and detailed reference ever published on United Nations. The book demystifies the complex workings of the world's most important and influential international body.
“... a wide-ranging, historically and comparatively very deep and comprehensive commentary, but which is also very contemporary and forward-looking on many or most of the issues relevant in modern transnational commercial, contract and financial transactions” (International and Comparative Law Quarterly) Volume 6 of this new edition deals with financial regulation of banks and banking activities and products. It critically reviews micro-prudential regulation, the need for macro-prudential supervision and an independent macro-prudential supervisor, the role of resolution authorities, the operation of the shadow banking system, and the extraterritorial reach and international recognition of financial regulation. The volume considers in particular the fallout from the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent regulatory responses in the US and Europe. The complete set in this magisterial work is made up of 6 volumes. Used independently, each volume allows the reader to delve into a particular topic. Alternatively, all volumes can be read together for a comprehensive overview of transnational comparative commercial, financial and trade law.
Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, grade: 1,7 (A-), University of Sussex, 0 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: This paper deals with the question whether the City of London acted as an offshore financial centre since the Second World War. This in turn is linked to the specific role London played in the liberalisation and deregulation of international finance which took place at an increasing pace since the 1970s. Special attention is paid to the rise of the so-called euromarkets and why this development was tolerated by the Bank of England.
The Eurosystem, having purposefully expanded its footprint in recent years, confronts a period of loss-making as rising policy rates lift the remuneration of bank reserves while assets churn more slowly. This paper projects the net income of the Eurosystem and its “top-five” national central banks over a ten-year horizon, finding that losses, while large, will be temporary and recoupable. The policy conclusions are fourfold. First, the temporary and recoupable nature of the loss-making obviates any need for capital contributions or indemnities from the state, instead allowing losses to be offset against future net income. Second, it must nonetheless be communicated that fiscal impacts will be material, with annual taxes and transfers of 0.1−0.2 percent of GDP giving way to potentially long interruptions in some cases. Third, more-conservative profit distribution policies in the future steady state could help mitigate the on-off pattern of dividends. Finally and most vitally, loss-making must remain orthogonal to monetary policy decision-making, as indeed it is at the ECB. Ultimately, credibility will rest on performance in delivering on the price stability mandate.
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