Crude oil development and production in U.S. oil reservoirs can include up to three distinct phases: primary, secondary, and tertiary (or enhanced) recovery. During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir or gravity drive oil into the wellbore, combined with artificial lift techniques (such as pumps) which bring the oil to the surface. But only about 10 percent of a reservoir's original oil in place is typically produced during primary recovery. Secondary recovery techniques to the field's productive life generally by injecting water or gas to displace oil and drive it to a production wellbore, resulting in the recovery of 20 to 40 percent of the original oil in place. In the past two decades, major oil companies and research organizations have conducted extensive theoretical and laboratory EOR (enhanced oil recovery) researches, to include validating pilot and field trials relevant to much needed domestic commercial application, while western countries had terminated such endeavours almost completely due to low oil prices. In recent years, oil demand has soared and now these operations have become more desirable. This book is about the recent developments in the area as well as the technology for enhancing oil recovery. The book provides important case studies related to over one hundred EOR pilot and field applications in a variety of oil fields. These case studies focus on practical problems, underlying theoretical and modelling methods, operational parameters (e.g., injected chemical concentration, slug sizes, flooding schemes and well spacing), solutions and sensitivity studies, and performance optimization strategies. The book strikes an ideal balance between theory and practice, and would be invaluable to academicians and oil company practitioners alike. Updated chemical EOR fundamentals providing clear picture of fundamental concepts Practical cases with problems and solutions providing practical analogues and experiences Actual data regarding ranges of operation parameters providing initial design parameters Step-by-step calculation examples providing practical engineers with convenient procedures
Crude oil development and production in U.S. oil reservoirs can include up to three distinct phases: primary, secondary, and tertiary (or enhanced) recovery. During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir or gravity drive oil into the wellbore, combined with artificial lift techniques (such as pumps) which bring the oil to the surface. But only about 10 percent of a reservoir's original oil in place is typically produced during primary recovery. Secondary recovery techniques to the field's productive life generally by injecting water or gas to displace oil and drive it to a production wellbore, resulting in the recovery of 20 to 40 percent of the original oil in place. In the past two decades, major oil companies and research organizations have conducted extensive theoretical and laboratory EOR (enhanced oil recovery) researches, to include validating pilot and field trials relevant to much needed domestic commercial application, while western countries had terminated such endeavours almost completely due to low oil prices. In recent years, oil demand has soared and now these operations have become more desirable. This book is about the recent developments in the area as well as the technology for enhancing oil recovery. The book provides important case studies related to over one hundred EOR pilot and field applications in a variety of oil fields. These case studies focus on practical problems, underlying theoretical and modelling methods, operational parameters (e.g., injected chemical concentration, slug sizes, flooding schemes and well spacing), solutions and sensitivity studies, and performance optimization strategies. The book strikes an ideal balance between theory and practice, and would be invaluable to academicians and oil company practitioners alike. Updated chemical EOR fundamentals providing clear picture of fundamental conceptsPractical cases with problems and solutions providing practical analogues and experiencesActual data regarding ranges of operation parameters providing initial design parametersStep-by-step calculation examples providing practical engineers with convenient procedures
Oil Recovery in Shale and Tight Reservoirs delivers a current, state-of-the-art resource for engineers trying to manage unconventional hydrocarbon resources. Going beyond the traditional EOR methods, this book helps readers solve key challenges on the proper methods, technologies and options available. Engineers and researchers will find a systematic list of methods and applications, including gas and water injection, methods to improve liquid recovery, as well as spontaneous and forced imbibition. Rounding out with additional methods, such as air foam drive and energized fluids, this book gives engineers the knowledge they need to tackle the most complex oil and gas assets. Helps readers understand the methods and mechanisms for enhanced oil recovery technology, specifically for shale and tight oil reservoirs Includes available EOR methods, along with recent practical case studies that cover topics like fracturing fluid flow back Teaches additional methods, such as soaking after fracturing, thermal recovery and microbial EOR
This chapter briefly presents the interactions between alkali and polymer and the drive mechanisms of alkaline-polymer flooding. The alkaline-polymer field cases presented in this chapter include those in Almy Sands (Isenhour Unit), Moorcroft West and Thompson Creek in Wyoming, David Lloydminster “A” Pool and Etzikom in Canada, and Xing-28 Block (Liaohe Field) and Yangsanmu in China.
This chapter first reviews the mechanisms, theories, and screening criteria of cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) projects. Then we will focus on the practice of CSS projects. Finally field cases are presented which include Cold Lake in Alberta, Canada, Midway Sunset in California, Du 66 block in the Liaohe Shuguang field, Jin 45 Block in the Liaohe Huanxiling field, Gudao Field, Blocks 97 and 98 in the Karamay field, and Gaosheng Field in China.
The fundamentals of individual chemical process (alkaline, surfactant, and polymer) and their two-component combinations have been discussed in preceding chapters. This chapter only briefly discusses the synergy and practical issues in the three-component combination—Alkaline-surfactant-polymer process. The practical issues discussed are produced emulsion, scaling, and chromatographic separation. Overall performance and amount of chemicals used in field projects are summarized. Most of the Chinese field cases were presented in Sheng (2011). In this chapter, we only present a few field cases outside China. These projects are the Lawrence field in Illinois, the Cambridge Minnelusa field, the West Kiehl field and Tanner field in Wyoming, and Lagomar LVA-6/9/21 area in Venezuela.
In this chapter, we focus on the fundamentals of polymer solution properties and polymer flow behavior in porous media, after a brief introduction of polymers. We also summarize the mechanisms of polymer flooding and briefed the facilities used in mixing polymer solution in field projects. We present polymer flooding cases in a very heterogeneous reservoir (Xiaermen field in China), using high-molecular-weight and high concentration polymer in three blocks in the Daqing field, in three heavy oil reservoirs (the East Bodo reservoir in Canada, the Tambaredjo field in Suriname, and the Marmul field in Oman), in a carbonate reservoir (the Vacuum field in New Mexico), and using movable gel for post-polymer conformance control in the Bei-Yi-Qu-Duan-Xi block in Daqing.
This chapter first summarizes the fundamentals about foams used in enhancing oil recovery. These fundamentals include characteristics of foams, foam stability, mechanisms of foam flooding to enhance oil recovery, and foam flow behavior. Foam application modes and the factors that need to be considered in designing foam flooding applications are discussed. Some survey results about foam projects are summarized. Finally, several field application cases to enhance oil recovery are presented.
In this chapter, we briefly present the fundamentals of alkaline flooding which include comparison of alkalis, alkaline reactions with crude oil, water and reservoir rock, and alkaline flooding mechanisms. Typical field injection data like alkaline injection concentrations and volumes, and field application conditions are discussed. Finally, we present two mobility-control cases in Russia, one case using high alkaline concentration in Hungary, one caustic-flooding case in India, three cases in the United States, and one case in a Canadian heavy oil field.
This chapter first reviews thermal properties of rock and fluids and related energy concepts. The fundamentals of heat transfer and heat loss, theories to estimate the heated area and oil recovery performance are briefly presented. The mechanisms and screening criteria of steam flooding are discussed. After the general practice in steam flooding projects is discussed, field cases are presented which include Kern River in California, Duri steam flood in Indonesia, West Coalinga Field in California, Karamay Field and the Qi-40 block in Laohe, China.
In this chapter, the fundamentals of surfactant flooding are covered, which include microemulsion properties, phase behavior, interfacial tension, capillary desaturation, surfactant adsorption and retention, and relative permeabilities. The surfactant–polymer interactions are discussed. The mechanisms and screening criteria are briefly discussed. The field cases presented include low-tension waterflooding (Loma Novia, Wichita County Regular field), sequential micellar/polymer flooding (El Dorado, Sloss), micellar/polymer flooding (Torchlight and Delaware-Childers), and Minas SP project preparation and SP flooding (Gudong).
This chapter discusses about these interactions between alkali and surfactant: (1) addition of an alkali in a surfactant solution equivalently adds salt; (2) addition of an alkali in a surfactant solution changes the surfactant phase behavior; and (3) addition of an alkali in a surfactant solution reduces surfactant adsorption. After presenting those fundamentals, two field pilots are presented: Big Sinking field in East Kentucky and White Castle field in Louisiana.
This chapter presents models of wettability alteration using surfactants and upscaling models related to oil recovery in fractured carbonate reservoirs. Chemicals used in carbonate reservoirs are reviewed. The presented field cases where surfactants were used to stimulate oil recovery are the Mauddud carbonate in Bahrain, the Yates field and the Cretaceous Upper Edwards reservoir in Texas, the Cottonwood Creek field in Wyoming, and the Baturaja formation in the Semoga field in Indonesia.
This chapter presents microbial-enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) mechanisms first. Microbes and nutrients used in MEOR are introduced. Screening criteria are listed. Finally, several microbial field applications are presented. These applications include single-well microbial huff-and-puff, microbial waterflooding, wellbore stimulation to remove wellbore or formation damage, and MEOR using indigenous microbes.
This bibliography of reference works from Chinese, Japanese and Western language sources covers: the 1911 Revolution; the Republic of China (1912-1949); the People's Republic of China (1949 onwards); post-1911 Hong Kong and Macau; and post-1911 overseas Chinese. Filled with helpful checklists, charts, and suggestions for further reading, this practical, comprehensive, and multidisciplinary guide takes readers through the entire case-writing process, including skills for writing both teaching cases and research cases. This edition includes new discussions of students as case writers, and how to interpret and respond to reviews, as well as updated and expanded material on video, multimedia and Internet cases.
Since antiquity, the vast Central Eurasian region of Xinjiang, or Eastern Turkestan, has stood at the crossroads of China, India, the Middle East, and Europe, playing a pivotal role in the social, cultural, and political histories of Asia and the world. Today, it comprises one-sixth of the territory of the People’s Republic of China and borders India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia. Eurasian Crossroads is an engaging and comprehensive account of Xinjiang’s history and people from earliest times to the present day. Drawing on primary sources in several Asian and European languages, James A. Millward surveys Xinjiang’s rich environmental and cultural heritage as well as its historical and contemporary geopolitical significance. Xinjiang was once the hub of the Silk Road and the conduit through which Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam entered China. It was also a fulcrum where Sinic, steppe nomadic, Tibetan, and Islamic imperial realms engaged and struggled. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the Han-dominated Chinese Communist Party has failed to include Xinjiang’s diverse indigenous Central Asian peoples. Its nationalistic visions have spurred domestic troubles that now affect the PRC’s foreign affairs and global ambitions. This revised and updated edition features new empirically grounded and balanced analysis of the latest developments in the region, focusing on the circumstances of the Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other Xinjiang peoples in the face of policies implemented by the Chinese Communist Party.
Emphasizing reference works published since 1964, these volumes cover books, periodicals, and inclusions (i.e., chapters in edited volumes) on the 1911 Revolution, the Republic of China (1949--), post-1911 Taiwan, post-1911 Hong Kong and Macao, and post-1911 overseas Chinese.
In this first comparative study of Chinese and Zimbabwean railway experiences, Gao examines the role played by technological progress in generating significant social change. His principal concern is with indigenous people whose efforts to meet this technological advance has been neglected or underestimated. Gao shows how different cultural traditions, political situations, and individual interests create an attractive variety of local responses to the challenges and opportunities afforded by technology. He not only describes the final consequences of railway development, but emphasizes the dynamic process by which indigenous people first derived, then gradually lost, most of the gains from modern transport advances. In addition, Gao explores a number of permanent impacts of railways on the two areas, including demographic and structural changes, and divisions of race and class. An intriguing study for researchers and students of imperialism, and Chinese and African history.
This is the first book-length study in any language of Jō kei (1155-1213), a prominent Buddhist cleric of the Hossō (Yog=ac=ara) school, whose life bridged the momentous transition from Heian (794-1185) to Kamakura (1185-1333) Japan. "Kamakura Buddhism" has drawn notable scholarly attention, largely because it marks the emergence of new schools-Pure Land, Nichiren, and Zen-that came to dominate the Buddhist landscape of Japan. Although Jōkei is invariably cited as one of the leading representatives of established Buddhism during the Kamakura period, he has been seriously neglected by Western scholars. In this book, James L. Ford aims to shed light on this pivotal and long-overlooked figure. Ford argues convincingly that Jōkei is an ideal personage through which to peer anew into the socio-religious dynamics of early medieval Japan. Indeed, Jōkei is uniquely linked to a number of decisive trends and issues of dispute including: the conflict between the established schools and Hōnen's exclusive nenbutsu movement; the precept-revival movement; doctrinal reform efforts; the proliferation of prominent "reclusive monks" (tonseisō); the escalation of fundraising (kanjin) campaigns and popular propagation; and the conspicuous revival of devotion toward 'Sákyamuni and Maitreya. Jōkei represents a paradigm within established Buddhism that recognized the necessity of accessing other powers through esoteric practices, ritual performances, and objects of devotion. While Jōkei is best known as a leading critic of Hōnen's exclusive nenbutsu movement and a conservative defender of normative Buddhist principles, he was also a progressive reformer in his own right. Far from defending the status quo, Jōkei envisioned a more accessible, harmonious, and monastically upright form of Buddhism. Through a detailed examination of Jōkei's extensive writings and activities, Ford challenges many received interpretations of Jōkei's legacy and the transformation of Buddhism in early medieval Japan. This book fills a significant lacuna in Buddhist scholarship
In the great tradition of publications on Chinese art from the Metropolitan Museum, China: Dawn of a Golden Age will become an essential text for years to come. This book is the catalogue for a major exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art (October 5, 2004 to January 23, 2005).
Join a battle of mythical proportions. ·Covers all 6 main characters and 12 allies, plus villains and colleagues ·Maps for every area reveal shrines, containers, and key locations ·Advanced training for the Martial, Weapon, Support, Transformation, and Magic fighting styles ·Comprehensive walkthroughs for each chapter, including every quest ·Follow the lofty path of the Open Palm, or tread the dark road of the Closed Fist ·Proven strategies for mastering every mini-game ·Detailed appendices feature complete info for all items and weapons
This book, first published in 1967, is a comprehensive study of knight-errantry in Chinese history and literature from the fourth century BC to the twentieth century. After discussing the social and intellectual backgrounds of knight-errantry, it gives examples of historical knights and describes the development of the theme of knight-errantry in poetry, fiction and drama. Many biographies, anecdotes, poems and tales are translated in full, while long prose romances and dramatic works are summarized and discussed. As background to these, sketches of the developments of Chinese fiction and drama are provided. In a final chapter, comparisons are made between Chinese and European knights, and between Chinese and Western chivalric literature.
This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1980. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived
John Dewey’s sojourn to China created a historical moment between the United States and China. Therefore, some of the recent scholarship on the topic aims to uncover the social and historical implications behind Dewey’s Chinese trip, centering on how intercultural conversations occurred between “Confucius” and “John Dewey” during the period of May Fourth/New Culture Movement. Much research also reflects an attempt to synthesize and unify Western and Eastern education. This book spotlights a cross-cultural “encounter” between Confucius and John Dewey by studying the four well-known Chinese scholars Hu Shih, Liang Shuming, Tao Xingzhi, and Jiang Menglin, who exerted a profound impact on many aspects of Chinese society during the May Fourth/New Culture Movement period. The study explores answers to a crucial question: What motivated Dewey’s Chinese disciples to forge a synthesis of Confucian traditions and Deweyan ideas to purse of the goals of Chinese educational and cultural reformation? Simultaneously, based on an in-depth historical, philosophical, and cultural analysis of Dewey’s visit to China, this study aims to disclose how our education has evolved in the context of cultural pluralism The book seeks to contribute provocative ideas to today’s educators: any school of thought can renew and update itself if it maintains an open dialogue with a different civilization. Dynamic and transparent intercultural communication enables us to develop a sense of understanding and respect for cultural diversity, all of which are of great benefit to the construction of a stable and healthy international order.
“A fabulous epic of the Far East that will disturb and excite you . . . a thrilling and enticing tale of adventure and human relationships . . . dramatic episodes, exotic vignettes and heady descriptive passages.”—Baltimore Sun It is the early 19th century, when European traders and adventurers first began to penetrate the forbidding Chinese mainland. And it is in this exciting time and exotic place that a giant of an Englishman, Dirk Straun, sets out to turn the desolate island of Hong Kong into an impregnable fortress of British power, and to make himself supreme ruler…Tai-Pan! Praise for Tai-Pan “Unforgettable.”—Chicago Tribune “[James] Clavell is, as always, a matchless tale-spinner.”—Cosmopolitan “Every five or six years there appears on the horizon a book so vast in scope, so peopled with bold, colorful characters, it eclipses other efforts. . . . Such a book is Tai-Pan.”—Pittsburgh Press “Grand entertainment...packed with action...gaudy and flanboyant with blood and sin, treachery and conspiracy, sex and murder...fresh and vigorous.” —The New York Times
China's Banking Transformation describes the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese banking system based on the author's 12 years serving on two Chinese bank boards. Acknowledging the challenges banks face, the book challenges conventional views, maintaining that China's banks now function well within China's market socialist political economy, and within China's traditional collectivist cultural world.
Cryogenic engineering (cryogenics) is the production, preservation, and use or application of cold. This book presents a comprehensive introduction to designing systems to deal with heat – effective management of cold, exploring the directing (or redirecting), promoting, or inhibiting this flow of heat in a practical way. It provides a description of the necessary theory, design methodology, and advanced demonstrations (thermodynamics, heat transfer, thermal insulation, fluid mechanics) for many frequently occurring situations in low-temperature apparatus. This includes systems that are widely used such as superconducting magnets for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high-energy physics, fusion, tokamak and free electron laser systems, space launch and exploration, and energy and transportation use of liquid hydrogen, as well as potential future applications of cryo-life sciences and chemical industries. The book is written with the assumption that the reader has an undergraduate understanding of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, in addition to the mechanics of materials, material science, and physical chemistry. Cryogenic Heat Management: Technology and Applications for Science and Industry will be a valuable guide for those researching, teaching, or working with low-temperature or cryogenic systems, in addition to postgraduates studying the topic. Key features: Presents simplified but useful and practical equations that can be applied in estimating performance and design of energy-efficient systems in low-temperature systems or cryogenics Contains practical approaches and advanced design materials for insulation, shields/anchors, cryogen vessels/pipes, calorimeters, cryogenic heat switches, cryostats, current leads, and RF couplers Provides a comprehensive introduction to the necessary theory and models needed for solutions to common difficulties and illustrates the engineering examples with more than 300 figures
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.