Juan de Solorzano Pereira (1575-1654) was a lawyer who spent eighteen years as a judge in Peru before returning to Spain to serve on the Councils of Castile and of the Indies. Considered one of the finest lawyers in Spain, his work, De Indiarum Jure, was the most sophisticated defense of the Spanish conquest of the Americas ever written, and he was widely cited in Europe and the Americas until the early nineteenth century. His work, and that of the Spanish School of international law theorists generally, is often seen as leading to Hugo Grotius and modern international law. However, as James Muldoon shows, the De Indiarum Jure represents the fullest development of a medieval Catholic theory of international order that provided an alternative to the Grotian theory.
James Muldoon has brilliantly synthesized a great deal of recent research on relations between Europeans and people beyond Europe in medieval and early modern times. In doing so he has brought remarkable clarity and texture to issues of identity and hybridity that stood near the heart of cross-cultural encounters."--Jerry Bentley, University of Hawaii James Muldoon addresses themes of hybridity and identity through the vehicle of European expansion and conquest in the Middle Ages. He presents expansion through its ultimate effect: the formation of distinct cultural identities uniting the conquering and conquered cultures. Focusing primarily on the interaction between the English and the Irish, Muldoon finds two new cultural identities being created. The first consists of the "degenerate" English, those who adopted the indigenous way of life. The second consists of the "wild" Irish who adopted some English cultural and religious traditions (for example, converting to Christianity). These groups form a "middle people," having adopted enough new traditions to emerge neither "English from England" nor "traditionally" Irish. These new identities provide a path toward understanding the frontier experience elsewhere, as Muldoon discusses how expansion involves negotiating new ways of living with new peoples. This interpretation of expansionist cause-and-effect is further supported and grounded by examinations of the relationships among the New Christians, Jews, and Muslims in expansionist Spain as well as those between British colonialists and "White Indians" in British North America. Muldoon breaks new ground in bringing all of these examples into a single framework where he discusses and interprets what has happened along all frontiers of European expansion. Throughout, he offers subtle insights and establishes concepts useful to the study of the complicated processes of cross-cultural encounters. James Muldoon is an invited research scholar at the John Carter Brown Library
Criticism of the way in which Europeans have treated the inhabitants of the non-European world in the course of European expansion has a long history, Three centuries before Christopher Columbus encountered the American Indians, European intellectuals and clergymen had criticized the treatment of the peoples whom the crusaders and other Europeans met as they moved outward from the heartland of European civilization. The connection between the sixteenth-century Spanish writers who criticized the Spanish conquest of the Americas and medieval writers who criticized the behavior of Europeans toward the non-Europeans they encountered on their borders, is more familiar. Yet, their criticism referred back to medieval legal traditions and arguments about the rights of infidels in the face of European expansion. However, it is the increased recognition of the importance of this connection that has inspired much new research in the field of medieval canon law. The most important theorist of what we now call "race relations", in the Middle Ages, was Sinibaldo Fieschi, a distinguished canon-lawyer, who became Pope Innocent IV (1243-54), whose pontificate is the starting point of this study. As a working canon-lawyer and pope, Innocent's work provides an unusual insight into the whole development of Christian-infidel relations, for his work covers those who lived within Christian Europe, those who were recent converts to Christianity, and those who lived beyond the bounds of Christendom. As pope he initiated the Mongol mission, the first attempt to deal with the Mongol threat to Eastern Europe on a diplomatic level, and to convert the Mongols to Christianity. As a lawyer he was also the author of a commentary on the nature of a just war that became the basis for all future discussion of the rights of infidels who lived in the path of European expansion. A wide knowledge of both legal theory and papal practice blended in a single career and it was this union of these two traditions that formed the intellectual background of Vitoria and Las Casas, and the eminent critics who followed them. This is the first complete study of this subject, based upon a careful analysis of papal and legal sources. Papal sources included letters found in papal registers, including the unpublished Vatican Register 62 which contains only letters dealing with the problems raised by infidel societies. The legal sources include commentaries on the basic texts of canon law that bear on the status of infidels, as well as legal opinions written to deal with specific problems involving Christian-infidel relations. Although directed to specialists and students of this period, this work, original in concept and exceptionally well-written, is sure to find a far wider audience. The whole subject is important, and topical too, in view of the current interest in racism and race relations, itself the subject of the author's Appendix.
The German council movements brought down the German monarchy, founded several short-lived council republics and dramatically transformed European politics. This book reconstructs how participants in the German council movements struggled for a democratic socialist society.
When Jack Gordon mysteriously disappears from the face of the earth in the foothills of the rugged Sangre de Cristo Mountains, his friends and family are left with nothing but unanswered questions and speculation. As the locals gossip, several well-intended but misdirected explanations come forward, ranging from simple infidelity to alien abduction. But before Jack can be relegated to being just another missing person statistic we meet the enigmatic Seamus Muldoon. Seamus (a product of Jack's fertile mind) relives several scenarios that might explain Jack's disappearance. Seamus retraces Jack's steps on that fateful October morning and takes us into the gray zone between truth and speculation, between certainty and conjecture. Seamus explores possibilities ranging from humorous to gut-wrenching and from far-fetched to plausible. As Seamus relives what might have happened to Jack you are invited to ask yourself, "What if...?
This book contributes to the increasing interest in John Adams and his political and legal thought by examining his work on the medieval British Empire. For Adams, the conflict with England was constitutional because there was no British Empire, only numerous territories including the American colonies not consolidated into a constitutional structure. Each had a unique relationship to the English. In two series of essays he rejected the Parliament’s claim to legislate for the internal governance of the American colonies. His Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law (1765) identified these claims with the Yoke, Norman tyranny over the defeated Saxons after 1066. Parliament was seeking to treat the colonists in similar fashion. The Novanglus essays (1774-75), traced the origin of the colonies, demonstrating that Parliament played no role in their establishment and so had no role in their internal governance without the colonists’ subsequent consent.
This timely new book focuses on the various dynamics of contemporary multilateralism as it relates to global issues, global governance, and global institutions. Invited authorities, including academics, business people, and members of international groups, contribute original essays on how multilateralism as an institution has been affected by globalization, the rise of civil society and global business, emerging economic and political conditions, and new threats to peace and security in the world. Emphasizing practical applications over theoretical foundations, The New Dynamics of Multilateralism helps students understand how the practice of multilateral diplomacy has been influenced by the changes in the processes and procedures of international organizations and the role of multilateralism in the transformation of the international system of governance and the transition to an emerging new global order.
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries religious zeal nourished by the mendicants’ sense of purpose motivated Dominican and Franciscan friars to venture far beyond Europe’s cultural frontiers to spread their Christian faith into the farthest reaches of Asia. Their incredible journeys were reminiscent of heroic missionary ventures in earlier eras and far more exotic than evangelization during the tenth through twelfth centuries, when the western church Christianized Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. This new mission effort was stimulated by a variety of factors and facilitated by the establishment of the Mongol Empire, and, as the fourteenth century dawned, missionaries entertained fervent but vain hopes of success within khanates in China, Central Asia, Persia and Kipchak. The reports these missionaries sent back to Europe have fascinated successive generations of historians who analyzed their travels and struggled to understand their motives and aspirations. The essays selected for this volume, drawn from a range of twentieth-century historians and contextualized in the introduction, provide a comprehensive overview of missionary efforts in Asia, and of the developments in the secular world that both made them possible and encouraged the missionaries’ hopes for success. Three of the studies have been translated from French specially for publication in this volume.
As the world confronts new and ongoing challenges of globalization, international terrorism and an array of other global issues, the United Nations and its key attribute-multilateral diplomacy-are more important now than ever before. With new and updated essays that detail the experiences of a diverse group of practitioners and scholars who work in the field of diplomacy, this new edition covers in even greater breadth and depth the quintessential characteristics of multilateral diplomacy as it is conducted within the United Nations framework. Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today provides valuable insights from a variety of perspectives on how diplomacy is practiced, making it essential reading for aspiring diplomats, international business leaders, and students of all levels. The contributors to this volume bring a depth and breadth of knowledge and experience to the examination of five areas of multilateral diplomacy: UN diplomacy, crisis diplomacy, international economic diplomacy, UN summits and "citizen diplomats," and non-governmental diplomacy. A thorough revision: of the 24 chapters, eight are new to this edition, and all the others are updated. Includes a diverse range of contributors: veteran diplomats, respected scholars, non-governmental activists. Relevant, timely discussion topics related to the UN. An important supplemental text to any course on the UN, contemporary international relations, diplomacy, and international organizations.
Veteran author James David Buchanan is back with this harrowing tale of suspense and aerial acrobatics featuring two men who perhaps never should have worked together in the first place. Casey Moon and Max Muldoon steal back airplanes. Everyone loves Max, no one loves Casey. Casey is cheap, devious, fussy, suspicious, and bad-tempered. He professes to hate Max, who is charming, educated, handsome, easy-going, adventurous, a risk-taker and claims to like Casey. Business has not been good for Moon & Muldoon, so when a gorgeous woman named Diane comes along with a cockamamie story about her divorced husband stealing her plane and child and taking them to an island in the Bahamas, paranoid Casey knows better, but romantic Max falls for it (and her). Casey, Max, and Diana all get caught in the middle of violent robbers, the mob, and a gun battle. If they want to survive, it will take more than Max's charm and Casey's flying skills to pull them out of this tropical fire. James Buchanan lives in the Los Angeles, California area.
For readers of Naomi Klein and Nicole Perlroth, a myth-dissolving exposé of how artificial intelligence exploits human labor, and a resounding argument for a more equitable digital future. Silicon Valley has sold us the illusion that artificial intelligence is a frictionless technology that will bring wealth and prosperity to humanity. But hidden beneath this smooth surface lies the grim reality of a precarious global workforce of millions laboring under often appalling conditions to make A.I. possible. This book presents an urgent, riveting investigation of the intricate network that maintains this exploitative system, revealing the untold truth of A.I. Based on hundreds of interviews and thousands of hours of fieldwork over more than a decade, Feeding the Machine describes the lives of the workers deliberately concealed from view, and the power structures that determine their future. It gives voice to the people whom A.I. exploits, from accomplished writers and artists to the armies of data annotators, content moderators and warehouse workers, revealing how their dangerous, low-paid labor is connected to longer histories of gendered, racialized, and colonial exploitation. A.I. is an extraction machine that feeds off humanity's collective effort and intelligence, churning through ever-larger datasets to power its algorithms. This book is a call to arms that details what we need to do to fight for a more just digital future.
In The Quiet Revolution, leading political commentator Colin James analyses New Zealand's market-based reforms of the 1980s as they are happening. Writing a first draft of history, he examines how the 'quiet revolution' is seen alternately as a betrayal, a dangerous experiment and a liberation. Combining economic and political analysis, he describes the behind-the-scenes manoeuvring that formed the backdrop to the reforms and the effects of the reform programme itself. He also sees a groundswell of optimism that, he argues, could forge a new and very different society in New Zealand.
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