Minute-to-minute behavior of the alimentary tract reflects the integrated functioning of the gut's musculature, secretory glands and blood–lymphatic vasculature. Activity of the three effector systems to generate functionally effective patterns of behavior, which are adaptive for differing digestive states, is organized and coordinated by the enteric nervous system (i.e., the brain-in-the-gut). The heuristic model for the enteric nervous system (ENS) is the same as for all integrative nervous systems, whether in vertebrate or invertebrate animals. Like other integrative nervous systems, such as the spinal cord and brain stem, the ENS functions with sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons. That the gut does not work without the ENS can be made as an absolute statement. This is apparent in its absence in terminal regions of the large intestine in Hirschsprung's disease in humans and animals where it is reflected by dysfunctional motility, failure of defecation and proximal fecal compaction within a proximal megacolon. Autoimmune ablation of the ENS in the lower esophageal sphincter underlies the pathophysiology of achalasia. Furthermore, neuropathic degeneration of ENS neurons in irritable bowel syndrome, other functional gastrointestinal disorders, intestinal pseudoobstruction, Chagas disease, paraneoplastic syndrome and enteric ganglionitis, underlies the morbidity associated with these disorders. The impact of these clinical disorders on quality of life and cost of health care is a reminder of the importance of the ENS for a normally functioning gut. Moreover, our incomplete understanding of the pathobiology of these disorders highlights a need for research directed to expansion of current knowledge of the neurobiology of the ENS at all levels of organization from the cellular biology of individual neurons to the biophysics of integrated networks to whole organ behavior. Investigation of the normal and disordered ENS and its interactions with the central nervous system is a branch of neurogastroenterology. Neurogastroenterology is a scientific and clinical subspecialty of gastroenterology that deals with the neural mechanisms that influence function of the digestive tract and that underlie projection of conscious sensations to the gut. Table of Contents: Introduction / Historical Perspective / Heuistic Model / Microanatomy / Sensory Neurophysiology / Interneurons / Enteric Motor Neurons / Disinhibitory Motor Disorders / Neuronal Electrical Behavior / Synaptic Transmission / Organ Level Integration / Gastric Motor Integration / Integrated Control of the Small and Large Intestines / Plasticity in the ENS / Small Intestine Motility / Defecation / References
Exam Board: ISEB Level: 11 Plus Subject: Science First Teaching: September 2015 First Exam: Autumn 2018 Prepare for the most challenging of pre-tests and 11 plus independent school entrance exams with five levelled exam papers designed to test pupils' ability across all Science topics for a better chance at getting into their school of choice. - Develops and perfects exam technique for all major pre-test and 11 plus independent school exams including ISEB - Features levelled papers to help build skills for the top marks - Teaches pupils to improve their response rates with timed papers - Builds exam-room confidence by practising with a variety of exam paper styles - Identifies weaker areas and improves results with detailed answers and commentary - Prepares pupils for what they will face on exam day with a mock test Also available for 11 Plus Science preparation: - 11 Plus Science Revision Guide ISBN 9781471849237 Revision Guides, Workbooks and Practice Papers are also available for Maths, English, Verbal Reasoning and Non-Verbal Reasoning on www.galorepark.co.uk
Bill Laar and Jackie Holderness' Reclaiming the Curriculum examines the nature of a broad-ranging, content-rich primary school curriculum and presents case studies that exemplify how it can be effectively delivered. Many schools believe that the value of their work is undermined by a test-driven agenda that limits the breadth of the education they provide and who can blame them? In Reclaiming the Curriculum Bill and Jackie inspire teachers to escape such narrow confines by unearthing a rich seam of case study examples from schools who are broadening their provision with specialist content that transcends the core curriculum: taking pupils into the realms of exploration and enquiry while also providing for higher attainment in the core subjects. Featuring a variety of exciting initiatives, ranging from the development of an IT-enabled collaborative learning space to the artful application of storytelling across the curriculum, this book will embolden primary schools to identify and enhance their own creative practice and more effectively prepare pupils for the tests of life, not a life of tests. The 18 case studies written by a diverse line-up of contributors including school leaders, teachers and special-ist coaches are sourced from a mixture of different settings and offer detailed descriptions of the initiatives' unique backgrounds: their genesis and inspiration, their underpinning aims and objectives, and the ways in which they were resourced, realised and, eventually, evaluated. At the beginning of each chapter, Bill and Jackie briefly summarise the educa-tional value of each example of curriculum development, the significance of specific aspects and the ways in which they are likely to help maintain full and relevant learning. Each case study then presents the contributors' first-hand perspectives as they: describe in detail the structure that underpins the provision including the number of staff involved and the time and resources allocated; share interesting insights into the level of pupil involvement and, where relevant, the extent of parental and community participation; paint a vivid picture of how the initiatives have been made compatible with their school's wider educational programme; and provide practical guidance, useful links and relevant resources to aid readers' own pursuit of curriculum development. Suitable for primary school teachers and leaders.
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