In this work, the reliability of HfO2 (hafnium oxide) with poly gate and dual metal gate electrode (Ru–Ta alloy, Ru) was investigated. Hard breakdown and soft breakdown, particularly the Weibull slopes, were studied under constant voltage stress. Dynamic stressing has also been used. It was found that the combination of trapping and detrapping contributed to the enhancement of the projected lifetime. The results from the polarity dependence studies showed that the substrate injection exhibited a shorter projected lifetime and worse soft breakdown behavior, compared to the gate injection. The origin of soft breakdown (first breakdown) was studied and the results suggested that the soft breakdown may be due to one layer breakdown in the bilayer structure (HfO2/SiO2: 4 nm/4 nm). Low Weibull slope was in part attributed to the lower barrier height of HfO2 at the interface layer. Interface layer optimization was conducted in terms of mobility, swing, and short channel effect using deep submicron MOSFET devices.
The factual, concise and first-choice guide for the real fan. Now in its 65th year, PLAYFAIR FOOTBALL ANNUAL includes all the Champions League and Europa League details; a compact directory for English and Scottish clubs; English and Scottish league and cup match results; stats on how English league clubs have fared over the last 25 years; and week-by-week domestic, European and international fixtures for the 2012-2013 season. A pocket-size treat - this is the ideal book to take to matches and settle arguments before, during and after!
Here, one of the most respected otoplasty surgeons has written the definitive book on the latest techniques. Jack Davis brings the plastic surgeon and the otolaryngologist up to date with the newest concepts and methods for reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery of the ear. The volume contains such hot topics as secondary otoplasty, "eplasty", "sandwich" methods, radical auriculoplasty and stereotaxic surgery, but also covers histogenesis and growth of cartilage, auricular functional properties and embryology of the external ear. With the authors own beautiful drawings and preceded by a foreword by Dr. Blair Rogers, Otoplasty: Aesthetic and Reconstructive Techniques will undoubtedly fill an important niche in the market.
Our Global Environment, regarded for decades as the quintessential introduction to environ-mental health for its authoritative coverage and cogent prose, provides a richly detailed survey of current environmental issues. In compelling language, Anne Nadakavukaren and new coauthor Jack Caravanos describe the crucial interdependence between humans and their environment, exploring the varied ways in which human activities have impacted, degraded, or altered the environment, and the consequences to both natural ecosystems and human health and well-being. The eighth edition features a new chapter on climate change and the public health impacts of global warming, incorporating the latest assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change with regard to the physical science basis, mitigation efforts, and adaptation strategies. Extensive revisions and updates throughout the volume reflect current topics of concern, including the magnitude of global hunger and malnutrition, outbreaks of the Zika virus, vaping and the incidence of serious lung injury, MTBE contamination of groundwater, recycling of lead-acid batteries in developing countries, mercury exposure among artisanal gold miners, and lead-contaminated drinking water in Flint, Michigan, and other communities. Readers will appreciate the addition of 16 pages of color images as well as the authors’ emphasis on opportunities for public participation in the decision-making processes that profoundly influence health and environmental quality.
Paperback Quarterly, Journal of the American Paperback Institute, Volume 2 Number 2, Summer 1979, contains: "PQ Interview with William Campbell Gault," "Dell Dimers," by M. C. Hill, "Jack Vance's Planet of Adventure Series," by George Kelley, "Baby, I Could Plot," "A Glance at Paperback History," by Mark Schaffer and "Paperback Firsts," by Agatha Taylor.
Bayesian adaptive designs provide a critical approach to improve the efficiency and success of drug development that has been embraced by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This is particularly important for early phase trials as they form the basis for the development and success of subsequent phase II and III trials. The objective of this book is to describe the state-of-the-art model-assisted designs to facilitate and accelerate the use of novel adaptive designs for early phase clinical trials. Model-assisted designs possess avant-garde features where superiority meets simplicity. Model-assisted designs enjoy exceptional performance comparable to more complicated model-based adaptive designs, yet their decision rules often can be pre-tabulated and included in the protocol—making implementation as simple as conventional algorithm-based designs. An example is the Bayesian optimal interval (BOIN) design, the first dose-finding design to receive the fit-for-purpose designation from the FDA. This designation underscores the regulatory agency's support of the use of the novel adaptive design to improve drug development. Features Represents the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of model-assisted designs for various types of dose-finding and optimization clinical trials Describes the up-to-date theory and practice for model-assisted designs Presents many practical challenges, issues, and solutions arising from early-phase clinical trials Illustrates with many real trial applications Offers numerous tips and guidance on designing dose finding and optimization trials Provides step-by-step illustrations of using software to design trials Develops a companion website (www.trialdesign.org) to provide freely available, easy-to-use software to assist learning and implementing model-assisted designs Written by internationally recognized research leaders who pioneered model-assisted designs from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, this book shows how model-assisted designs can greatly improve the efficiency and simplify the design, conduct, and optimization of early-phase dose-finding trials. It should therefore be a very useful practical reference for biostatisticians, clinicians working in clinical trials, and drug regulatory professionals, as well as graduate students of biostatistics. Novel model-assisted designs showcase the new KISS principle: Keep it simple and smart!
The factual, concise and first-choice guide for the real fan. Now in its 64th year, PLAYFAIR FOOTBALL ANNUAL includes all the Champions League and Europa League details; a compact directory for English and Scottish clubs; English and Scottish league and cup match results; and stats on how English league clubs have fared over the last 25 years. A pocket-size treat - this is the ideal book to take to matches and settle arguments before, during and after!
Turn to the field's definitive text for a thoroughunderstanding of the clinical and scientific aspects of pulmonary medicine Since 1980, Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders has delivered unparalleled coverage of pulmonary medicine and the underlying basic and applied science upon which clinical practice is based. The Fifth Edition, with 270 contributing authors, includes over 2,000 illustrations, 60 videos, and 18,000 references. The book opens with a comprehensive overview of the scientific basis of lung function in health and disease. It then provides detailed coverage of the broad array of diseases and disorders affecting the respiratory system, including obstructive and restrictive diseases, pulmonary vascular disorders, sleep-disordered breathing, lung neoplasms,respiratory infections, and respiratory failure, among others. The Fifth Edition has been completely updated to reflect the many advancements that have been made in pulmonary medicine over the past few years, including: Molecular development of the lung Stem cells and respiratory disease Genetics of pulmonary disease and the growth of personalized medicine Technical advances in lung transplantation Growth in immunology and immunosuppressive management Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension Circadian rhythms and sleep biology Rapid evolution in lung imaging techniques, including functional imaging Contemporary interventional bronchoscopic techniques You will also find state-of-the-art coverage of thelatest topics in critical care medicine, including: Early diagnosis and management of sepsis Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Management of agitation and delirium in the ICU The newly defined entity of "chronic critical illness
This book is a practical guide to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) (Council of Europe 2001) and the CEFR Companion Volume (CEFR/ CV; COE 2018), which have increasingly been used to inform the language policies and teaching practices of countries within and outside of Europe. It helps practitioners to (i) grasp essential and core concepts of the Common European Framework of Reference, (ii) identify parts of the CEFR and the CEFR/CV as well as other CEFR-related resources and documents that are relevant for readers’ different purposes, and (iii) utilise and adapt these resources for their own needs. Written by practitioners for practitioners, this hands-on guide covers the philosophy of the CEFR, curricula, assessment, learner autonomy, the task-based approach, and teacher development. Logically explaining all aspects of the framework and its application, this manual helps readers deal with many of the difficulties encountered when using CEFR and the CEFR CV. The book will appeal to a wide audience, including teacher educators; curriculum and materials developers; examination boards unfamiliar with the CEFR; university language departments and language centres responsible for developing their own curricula, teaching/learning approaches and assessment instruments; and policy-makers wanting to learn more about the implications of adopting the CEFR. It is a guidebook, a reference book and a workbook all in your hand.
Covers the entire scope of the financial services industry and contains dozens of tables and indexes. Included are complete descriptions of the largest and most successful companies in the industry, including major banks, insurance companies, credit card companies, investment bankers, and online service providers. Introductory chapters overview the industry and its various branches and discuss careers. The CD-ROM contains an abbreviated version of the Microsoft Access database program, with information on the Financial Services 500 firms profiled. Plunkett is affiliated with Plunkett Research, Ltd.
This book differs from others on name reactions in organic chemistry by focusing on their mechanisms. It covers over 300 classical as well as contemporary name reactions. Biographical sketches for the chemists who discovered or developed those name reactions have been included. Each reaction is delineated by its detailed step-by-step, electron-pushing mechanism, supplemented with the original and the latest references, especially review articles. This book contains major improvements over the previous edition and the subject index is significantly expanded.
First published in 1996, this work covers all the major sectors of policing in the United States. Political events such as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, have created new policing needs while affecting public opinion about law enforcement. This third edition of the "Encyclopedia" examines the theoretical and practical aspects of law enforcement, discussing past and present practices.
This practical, well-organized reference delves deeply into functional group transformations, to provide all the detailed information that researchers need. Topics are organized into the following sections: oxidation, reduction, asymmetric synthesis, and functional group manipulations Each section includes a description of the functional group transformation, the historical perspective, mechanisms, variations and improvements on the reaction, synthetic utilities and applications for the reaction, experimental details, and references to the primary literature Contributors are well-known and respected for their work on the specific name reactions.
Exercise to Prevent and Manage Chronic Disease Across the Lifespan provides evidence-based insights into the clinical utility of exercise in the management of disease across a broad range of specialties and diseases. The book offers research informed strategies for the integration of exercise into standard practice in fields such as neurology, endocrinology, psychiatry and oncology, as well as decision-making pathways and clinical scenarios to advance patient care. The book is divided by specialty and includes clinical scenarios to allow for the integration of information within practice. The book's synthesized research evidence allows practitioners to safely and effectively begin to capitalize on the benefits of exercise in their patients. - Provides broad insights into the evidence-based underpinnings of the use of exercise in a range of common diseases - Coverage includes the immune system, musculoskeletal disease, oncology, endocrinology, cardiology, respiratory diseases, and more - Includes a glossary, bibliography and summary figures for quick reference of information
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