Among the known disinfectants, ozone has been demonstrated to be very effective in inactivating protozoans. Current and proposed regulations impose additional treatment requirements for Cryptosporidium parvum. These regulatory trends tend to place more stringent performance demands on disinfection systems and have therefore increased the need for improvements in the design. The static mixer offers one alternative method for improving the efficiency of the dissolution of ozone and optimizing its use in the disinfection process.The overall objective of this research was to quantify the potential benefits of ozone application through the use of static mixers in terms of increased transfer efficiency, disinfection capacity, and enhanced chemical reactions at laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale systems. Specific goals were to identify and quantify the effect of several water quality parameters and environmental/engineered factors on the disinfection capacity of the ozone-static mixer system and assess bromate formation under optimum conditions for microbial inactivation.Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003 This publication can also be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online - click on the Pay Per View icon below
This project develops a systematic performance testing protocol and specification for microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with respect to removal of viral and submicron bacterial pathogens. Both UF and MF have the capability to remove viruses (and submicron bacteria); however, the extent of removal is based on a number of factors including the membrane and the organism, as well as water quality and operational conditions. If membranes are to be employed on a more widespread basis for microbial removal, then their classification should be based on their ability to remove microorganisms, not on their nominal pore size. Rigorous microbial challenge studies at pilot scale are often prohibitively costly or considered hazardous. This report provides a peer-reviewed, standardized methodology with which to characterize membranes from a microbial perspective at bench scale, which is a benefit to both utilities and manufacturers. From a regulatory perspective, low pressure membranes are part of the microbial toolbox associated with the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. As a result of this project, bench-scale testing of Cyrptosporidum removal was included as methodology to evaluate new membrane products. It is important to note that the protocol was designed for both scientific rigor and ease of implementation.
The results from this research affirmed the fact that inactivation of microorganisms by chemical disinfectants is influenced by disinfection, microbial, and water quality factors and the various interactions between these factors. The results showed that for all disinfectants, temperature is a key parameter that influences disinfection efficiency. The effect of turbidity was generally of less importance than pH and temperature. The safety factors (1.5 to 2.0) that are applied in the USEPA Ct tables should be satisfactory to account for these effects, not to mention the additional safety factors that are employed during Ct calculations (Cresidual and t10). Research Partner: USEPA Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003
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