This chapter is a series of questions and answers between John Sofos and Bruce Tompkin, giving Bruce’s perspective as a food microbiologist on food safety. Progress depends on epidemiologic studies by public health agencies and research by universities and government laboratories. Industry responded to microbial hazards and food-pathogen combinations with good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) systems. Examples demonstrate improved consumer protection. Success depends on control measures, regulatory approval and consumer acceptance. Existing weaknesses and the underlying reasons are described. The challenge for the food safety community will be to find acceptable solutions and achieve the higher level of protection that consumers expect.
This chapter is a series of questions and answers between John Sofos and Bruce Tompkin, giving Bruce’s perspective as a food microbiologist on food safety. Progress depends on epidemiologic studies by public health agencies and research by universities and government laboratories. Industry responded to microbial hazards and food-pathogen combinations with good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) systems. Examples demonstrate improved consumer protection. Success depends on control measures, regulatory approval and consumer acceptance. Existing weaknesses and the underlying reasons are described. The challenge for the food safety community will be to find acceptable solutions and achieve the higher level of protection that consumers expect.
From the Introduction With regard to nitrate and nitrite, the perceived hazards are to the ecological balance in rivers and lakes, and to human health. Increased nitrate levels in river water lead to increased growth of algae and consequent decrease in the level of biologically available oxygen (BAO). In extreme forms, the algae form unsightly blooms on the water surface, and the BAO level falls below that necessary to support fish and other animal life. At this extreme, there is little dispute that efforts should be made to restore the ecological balance, and this is best achieved by reversing the increase in nitrate concentration that caused the problem. The health hazards are less clear, but include the risk of methaemoglobinaemia in young infants and the possible risk of gastric cancer, particularly in certain high-risk patient groups. These health risks have led to legislation to control the exposure of humans to nitrate from drinking water and as a food additive . . . What can be done about this and how can the problem be solved (if, indeed, there is a problem)? It is normal practice to add nitrate and nitrite to food as a cosmetic and as a preservative. Is this necessary? If so, how much do we need to add? Are there alternatives? What effect does added nitrate have on total nitrate exposure of humans? . . . In this book, we have attempted to answer, or at least to give the background to, some of the questions. . . .
A complete guide to the use of dietary antioxidants in muscle food products Advances in food and animal science have given rise to a variety of nutritional strategies for improving the quality of muscle food products, from livestock to fish. Antioxidants in Muscle Foods describes a new methodology in this emerging field, which involves the use of dietary antioxidants to improve meat quality while avoiding exogenous food additives or packaging procedures. Through expert contributions by leading scientists from around the globe, this important book answers questions about the science and technology, benefits, and concerns associated with antioxidant supplementation in muscle foods. Photographs, illustrations, charts, and tables accompany in-depth discussions on: * Oxidative processes in muscle foods * Dietary strategies for improving the oxidative stability of muscle foods * The beneficial impact of vitamin E supplementation on meat quality * Economic and safety implications of nutritionally modified meat * Food industry applications involving meat, poultry, and seafood * Animal nutrition and muscle biochemistry * New areas where nutritional strategies can improve meat quality
With thirty revised and updated chapters the new edition of this classic text brings benefits to professors and students alike who will find new sections on many topics concerning modern food microbiology. This authoritative book builds on the trusted and established sections on food preservation by modified atmosphere, high pressure and pulsed electric field processing. It further covers food-borne pathogens, food regulations, fresh-cut produce, new food products, and risk assessment and analysis. In-depth references, appendixes, illustrations, index and thorough updating of taxonomies make this an essential for every food scientist.
Thuluvath provides detailed information about Hepatitis C, its diagnosis and management, including dramatically improved treatments that have recently emerged. He answers common and uncommon questions about hepatitis C and liver disease in adults and in children, and also covers complementary and alternative treatments.
Sustainable Construction Materials: Sewage Sludge Ash, part of a series of five, aims to promote the use of sustainable construction materials. It is different from the norm, with its uniqueness lying in the development of a data matrix sourced from over 600 publications and contributed by 1107 authors from 442 institutions in 48 countries from 1970 to 2016, all focusing on the subject of sewage sludge ash as a construction material, and systematically analyzing, evaluating, and modeling the information for use in cement, concrete, ceramics, geotechnics, and road pavement applications. Related environmental issues, case studies, and standards are also discussed. The book helps users avoid repetitive research and save valuable resources, giving them more latitude to explore new research to progress the use of sustainable construction materials. It is structured in an incisive and easy to digest manner. As an excellent reference source, the book is particularly suited for researchers, academics, design engineers, specifiers, contractors, developers, and certifying and regulatory authorities who seek to promote sustainability within the construction sector. Provides an extensive source of valuable database information supported by an exhaustive and comprehensively organized list of globally published literature spanning 40-50 years, up to 2016, with 5000 references Offers an analysis, evaluation, repackaging, and modeling of existing knowledge, encouraging more responsible use of waste materials in construction Presents a wealth of knowledge for use in many sectors relating to the construction profession
There are three major aspects of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens: (1) the resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins in Salmonella enterica, and to quinolones and macrolides in Campylobacter, (2) multidrug-resistant clones of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium-like organisms, (3) strains of Enterobacteriaceae, in particular Escherichia coli, either exhibiting resistance to beta (β)-lactam antibiotics or producing AmpC β-lactamases. Controlling antibiotic usage in food animals is necessary in order to reduce the incidence of resistant organisms. A single control measure is unlikely to limit the transmission of resistance through the food chain. Surveillance of resistance in humans and food animals is vital for measuring the long-term effectiveness of any control measure.
Antiviral drug development has led to significant advances in the control of globally prevalent viral infections by the hepatitis C (HCV) and the human immunodeficiency viruses. Nonetheless, there are current gaps in the armamentarium against global viral infections due to some herpes viruses, the hepatitis B virus, and the deadly filovirus Ebola and arenavirus Tacaribe responsible of outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in emerging countries. Arbidol (ARB) is a cost-effective antiviral with broad-spectrum activity, administered for decades in Russia and China against flu. We showed that ARB inhibits HCV infection, and has potent antiviral activity against the Ebola, Tacaribe, hepatitis B and human herpes-8 viruses. Since these viruses have divergent life cycles, we posit that ARB may exhibit varied modes of action against different viruses. Careful dissection of molecular mechanisms of action of ARB against HCV and the Ebola virus revealed that ARB blocked viral entry. ARB might, therefore, constitute a pharmacological approach against globally prevalent viruses, and an affordable molecule for emerging countries in urgent need for effective antiviral therapies.
Fermentation and the use of micro-organisms is one of the most important aspects of food processing – an industry that is worth billions of US dollars world-wide. Integral to the making of goods ranging from beer and wine to yogurt and bread, it is the common denominator between many of our favorite things to eat and drink. In this updated and expanded second edition of Food, Fermentation, and Micro-organisms, all known food applications of fermentation are examined. Beginning with the science underpinning food fermentations, the author looks at the relevant aspects of microbiology and microbial physiology before covering individual foodstuffs and the role of fermentation in their production, as well as the possibilities that exist for fermentation’s future development and application. Many chapters, particularly those on cheese, meat, fish, bread, and yoghurt, now feature expanded content and additional illustrations. Furthermore, a newly included chapter looks at indigenous alcoholic beverages. Food, Fermentation, and Micro-organisms, Second Edition is a comprehensive guide for all food scientists, technologists, and microbiologists working in the food industry and academia today. The book will be an important addition to libraries in food companies, research establishments, and universities where food studies, food science, food technology and microbiology are studied and taught.
New developments in the study of environmental mutagens continue to evolve in this rapidly emerging field. In Volume 7 of Chemical Mutagens, we have focused on various new techniques for the detection of genetic damage in somatic cells and germ cells of mammals and the use of lower eukaryotic microorganisms to detect aneuploidy as well as other types of genetic damage. Attention has also been given to the role of in vitro metabolic activation as a mechanism for modifying the genetic effects of different environmental chemicals. In a chapter on compar ative mutagenesis, reaction kinetics and their relationship to the mu tagenic action of monofunctional alkylating agents in higher eukaryotic organisms are examined. In another chapter, the pharmacology and toxicology of nitrites and nitrates, which are in widespread distribution in the environment, are discussed in detail. The books in this series have provided a mechanism for the publication of many important new developments in the study of the genetic effects of environmental chemicals. This series was launched by Dr. Alexander Hollaender who, beginning in 1971, edited Volumes 1-4 and then coedited Volumes 5-7. The success of his lO-year effort with these volumes is another testimony to Dr. Hollaender's many contri butions to the field of environmental mutagenesis. As Dr.
TThis groundbreaking comparative study examines how church-state conflicts shaped the evolution of German and French language policy in Cameroon from the dawn of the colonial era to the onset of WWII. Despite lingering anti-Catholic sentiments generated b
The book will provide an overview of the important issues in food safety, which shows no sign of diminishing as a topic of huge concern from industry to consumer. The book does not set out to compete with large standard food microbiology titles that are well established, but will be a companion text with less scientific background detail and more information for those actually going into jobs where a practical knowledge of food safety issues is necessary. The companion website for this book can be found at: http://www.foodmicrobe.com/info.htm Practically oriented Author has wide experience of teaching cutting edge food safety information Topic of great and growing concern Succinct, core, vital information for food industry personnel
This chapter is a short overview of the current knowledge regarding pathogens in dry processing environments. The main control measures to ensure the safety of food products are then discussed, focusing on the behavior of Salmonella and control measures such as cleaning. Since most of the literature related to contamination of low-moisture foods is related to Salmonella, the majority of the topics discussed in the following sections are about this pathogen. Where available and relevant, additional information on other pathogens is also included in the discussion.
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) belong to a group of emerging foodborne pathogens that are a significant public health threat throughout the world. Much is unknown about these organisms: their prevalence, their burden on public health and how they cause disease. The acquisition of virulence factors is responsible for transforming commensal E. coli into pathogens, as virulence factors allow for intimate adherence to and subsequent colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, evasion of the immune system and/or the ability to induce disease. Identifying virulence factors to serve as definitive markers of pathogenicity across EHEC seropathotypes, for molecular detection assays, is a focus of current research.
Collects Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi - The Golden Age of the Sith (1996) #0-5, Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi - The Fall of the Sith Empire (1997) #1-5, Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi (1993) #1-5, Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi - The Freedon Nadd Uprising (1994) #1-2. The history of the Old Republic! Five thousand years before Luke Skywalker, the Sith Empire rules the galaxy at the height of its powers - but the Great Hyperspace War could lead to their downfall! Then, a millennium later, two Jedi legends emerge: Nomi Sunrider, who takes up her murdered husband's lightsaber, and Ulic Qel-Droma, who discovers the final resting place of fallen Jedi Freedon Nadd - who may not be at rest after all! Can they save the Holocron containing all of Jedi history, or will the dark side of the Force triumph?
The book shows how the study of the evolving discourse employed during a political process spanning more than a decade can provide insights for critical discourse analysis, on the one hand, and understanding of a real world political process on the other, thereby demonstrating the potential role for critical discourse analysis in historiography.
Viruses are common causes of foodborne outbreaks. Viral diseases have low fatality rates but transmission to humans via food is important due to the high probability of consuming fecally contaminated food or water because of poor food handling. Because of the low infectious doses of some foodborne viruses, there is a need for standardization and the development of new sensitive methods for detecting viruses. The focus is on molecular and non-molecular approaches, and emerging methods for the detection of foodborne viruses. The detection of noroviruses, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotaviruses and adenoviruses will be discussed. The chapter will conclude with insights into future research directions.
The second edition of a widely used textbook that explores energy resource options and technologies with a view toward achieving sustainability on local, national, and global scales. Human survival depends on a continuing supply of energy, but the need for ever-increasing amounts of it poses a dilemma: How can we find energy sources that are sustainable and ways to convert and utilize energy that are more efficient? This widely used textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as others who have an interest in exploring energy resource options and technologies with a view toward achieving sustainability on local, national, and global scales. It clearly presents the tradeoffs and uncertainties inherent in evaluating and choosing sound energy portfolios and provides a framework for assessing policy solutions. The second edition examines the broader aspects of energy use, including resource estimation, environmental effects, and economic evaluations; reviews the main energy sources of today and tomorrow, from fossil fuels and nuclear power to biomass, hydropower, and solar energy; treats energy carriers and energy storage, transmission, and distribution; addresses end-use patterns in the transportation, industrial, and building sectors; and considers synergistic complex systems. This new edition also offers updated statistical data and references; a new chapter on the complex interactions among energy, water, and land use; expanded coverage of renewable energy; and new color illustrations. Sustainable Energy addresses the challenges of making responsible energy choices for a more sustainable future.
Recent advances regarding the human foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes are discussed with specific emphasis on epidemiology, ecology and virulence. Recent routine surveillance and outbreak investigation studies indicate a shift in L. monocytogenes serotypes linked to listeriosis in some countries. There is growing evidence to show that L. monocytogenes isolates can be divided beyond the serotype level into at least two epidemiologically and genetically distinct subpopulations differentiated by biologically meaningful markers, including strains responsible for the majority of listeriosis cases and strains carrying virulence attenuating mutations in the key virulence gene inlA, which codes for internalin A.
In this chapter, we endeavour to predict the trends in predictive microbiology that are going to shape its development as a multidisciplinary field. We integrate the most commonly used, population and single-cell models of bacterial kinetics into a top-down framework. We predict that modellers will need to face various complexities induced by interactions at different levels: between food and microorganism, between cells and species and between molecular elements at the intracellular level. Hence, advances in the area of complex systems (e.g. network science, systems biology and stochastic modelling) will have a significant effect on the future development of predictive microbiology.
Used by prescribers around the world, the Tarascon Pharmacopoeia® 2016 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition continues its tradition as the leading portable drug reference packed with vital drug information to help clinicians make better decisions at the point of care. The Tarascon Pharmacopoeia® 2016 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition is an expanded version of the Classic Shirt Pocket Edition, containing more drugs, black box warnings, evidence-based off-label indications for adults and pediatric patients, and additional tables. This reference also includes typical drug dosing (all FDA approved), available trade and generic formulations, metabolism, safety in pregnancy and lactation, relative drug pricing information, Canadian trade names, and an herbal & alternative therapies section. Multiple tables supplement the drug content, including opioid equivalency, emergency drug infusions, pediatric drug dosing, and much more. New to the 2016 Edition: • New Anti-Hepatitits subclasses • FDA guideline updates • Added tables for quick reference and ease of use • Removal of discontinued drugs and outdated dosing information The Tarascon Pharmacopoeia® 2016 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition is an essential resource for all physicians, pharmacists, nurses, physician assistants, dentists, medical transcriptionists, and other point of care providers. Each edition is meticulously peer-reviewed by experts and is now available in multiple print, mobile, and digital formats. The Tarascon Pharmacopoeia is also available in Classic Shirt-Pocket and Professional Desk Reference versions.
Used by physicians, pharmacists, nurses, physician assistants, dentists and medical transcriptionist, the Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia® 2017 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition continues its tradition as the leading portable drug reference packed with vital drug information to help clinicians at point of care.
NEW! Thoroughly updated drug content reflects the very latest FDA drug approvals, withdrawals, and therapeutic uses, as well as corresponding updated nursing content. NEW! New nursing concepts have been added to the nursing processes to further support conceptual learning and higher-level thinking. NEW! New chapter on pharmacogenetics details how a patient’s genetic makeup may affect his or her response to drugs. NEW! Additional student review questions have been added to thoroughly prepare you for the growing pharmacology coverage on the NCLEX Exam. NEW! Updated antihypertensive guidelines (published in November 2017) ensure you are up to date on the latest best practices regarding drugs used to treat high blood pressure. NEW! Updated nursing processes have been added for more consistency from chapter to chapter.
For nearly 50 years, Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease has been the go-to reference for gastroenterology and hepatology residents, fellows, physicians, and the entire GI caregiving team. Now in a fully revised 11th Edition, this two-volume masterwork brings together the knowledge and expertise of hundreds of global experts who keep you up to date with the newest techniques, technologies, and treatments for every clinical challenge you face in gastroenterology and hepatology. A logical organization, more than 1,100 full-color illustrations, and easy-to-use algorithms ensure that you’ll quickly and easily find the information you need. Features new and expanded discussions of chronic hepatitis B and C, Helicobacter pylori infection, colorectal cancer prevention through screening and surveillance, biologic agents and novel small molecules to treat and prevent recurrences of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastrointestinal immune and autoimmune diseases, and more. Offers reliable coverage of key topics such as Barrett’s esophagus, gut microbiome, enteric microbiota and probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and hepatic, pancreatic, and small bowel transplantation. Provides more quick-reference algorithms that summarize clinical decision making and practical approaches to patient management. Employs a consistent, templated, format throughout for quick retrieval of information. Includes monthly updates online, as well as more than 20 procedural videos.
This reference details typical drug dosing (both FDA approved and off-label uses), available trade and generic formulations, metabolism, safety in pregnancy and lactation, relative drug pricing information, Canadian trade names, and an herbal & alternative therapies section. This new edition also includes mechanism of action and adverse effects of each drug.
Foodborne bacterial infections are a major healthcare concern worldwide. Bacteriophages, the natural enemies of bacteria, are an ideal means to detect and control foodborne pathogens. In this chapter, bacteriophages for use in food are introduced and general considerations regarding phage characteristics, application-specific parameters and potential problems are presented. Bacteriophage lytic enzymes are discussed as potent novel antimicrobials. The use of bacteriophage preparations in the detection of foodborne pathogens is illustrated. Recent regulatory approvals and scientific advances in bacteriophage-based pathogen detection and control are described.
Spring is the showcase of Frommer's new emphasis on outdoor activities and adventure travel! Head for the beaches and water sports with a brand-new guide to Nova Scotia or hike through the Rockies with first editions of Frommer's Utah and Montana and Wyoming. Updated editions of Alaska and Canada highlight the natural wonders of these areas and help the traveler to experience it all firsthand. All-new guides to Greece and Israel will contain sections on beaches and outdoor activities as well as detailed coverage of the cultural and historical sites. New features and expanded coverage along with the Frommer hallmarks of accuracy, comprehensive coverage, and ease of use promise to provide the best coverage of the most exciting places in the world! Look for: -- Bright new cover look with fabulous photography -- Free full-color foldout maps in the best-selling titles -- Attractive, easy-to-use two-color design -- Easier-to-use, more accurate, and more attractive two-color interior maps -- Four-color maps on the inside covers -- Expanded coverage of the outdoors -- including sites and activities and discoveries off beaten track -- Opinionated "Best of the Destination" sections to open each guide and point readers to the highlights of the area This all-new guide provides in-depth coverage of the historical, archaeological, and artistic treasures of Athens, the Classical Sites, and the islands. Stroll the beaches or cruise the Mediterranean and dine in the most sophisticated restaurants or simple tavernas -- it's all here in Frommer's complete guide to Greece.
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