This paper studies the potential effects of geoeconomic fragmentation (GEF) in the sub-Saharan Africa region (SSA) through quantifying potential long-term economic costs. The paper considers two alternative GEF scenarios in which trade relations are fully or partially curtailed across world economies. Our quantification relies on a multi-country multi-sector general equilibrium model and takes a deep dive into the impact across SSA’s oil-rich, other resource-rich and non-resource-rich countries. The results are based on a detailed dataset including information for 136 tradable primary commodity and 24 manufacturing and services sectors in 145 countries—32 of which are in SSA. We find that under GEF, SSA could experience long-term wellfare losses of approximately 4 percent of GDP, twice the losses of the rest of the world. This strong effect results from the large losses of other resource-rich and non-resource rich countries in SSA, given their high dependence on commodity trade. However, if the world experiences a less severe GEF-induced trade disruption—a strategic decoupling—SSA countries could derive minor gains from the re-shuffling of global market supply, specially in energy products.
This dissertation provides a greater understanding of the structural changes that the rapid economic growth of China has had on partner countries in Latin America. I have conducted three different analyses: one at the plant level, one at the industry level and one at the macroeconomic level. The first two studies seek the same objective of analyzing if at the microeconomic level competition with Chinese products has affected plant and industry outcomes. In the plant level analysis I evaluate effects of competition with Chinese products on plant productivity. In the industry level analysis I study if competition with Chinese imports displaces women from manufacturing jobs. In the third study I evaluate business cycle synchronization of the Latin American region and its main trade partners, paying particular attention to the potential structural shift in growth trends as a result of Chinese growth. In the following lines I provide more detail about each of the chapters. In the first chapter I analyze if competition with Chinese products increased plant productivity in the manufacturing sector of Chile during 1995--2006. I find evidence suggesting that during this period Chilean manufacturing plants that remained producing and were exposed to competition from Chinese products were more productive than exiting plants. However, I do not find that plants increase their productivity over time due to competition with China. The productivity differential with Chinese products between exiting and surviving plants with China may then be attributed to a level of efficiency of these plants prior to the onset of Chinese product competition. As a result, I find that plants are not improving due the Chinese competition but it is those plants that are productive enough the ones that manage to survive. In the second Chapter I measure if competition with Chinese imports has negatively affected female employment in the manufacturing sector of Chile during the period 1995--2006. My findings indicate that female employment as a share of total adult women has decreased as a result of this competition. This is not the case for the male employment which seems unaffected by competition with Chinese imports. Finally, in the third chapter I evaluate if there are differences in business cycle fluctuations in Latin American countries as China's penetration in global markets has increased. I do this by dividing the latest 30 years of economic growth for the larger economies in Latin America and the main trade partners of the region (the US, the European Union and China) in two sub-periods: before and after the accession of China to the World Trade Organization. My findings suggest that after the Chinese accession to the World Trade Organization, a period that coincides with a greater penetration of China to global markets, international shocks are felt more strongly in Latin American countries than before. This result, together with the fact that I find evidence of Latin American countries and the main trade partners follow three different type of international shocks, suggests that one of these could be attributed to Chinese growth.
This paper studies the potential effects of geoeconomic fragmentation (GEF) in the sub-Saharan Africa region (SSA) through quantifying potential long-term economic costs. The paper considers two alternative GEF scenarios in which trade relations are fully or partially curtailed across world economies. Our quantification relies on a multi-country multi-sector general equilibrium model and takes a deep dive into the impact across SSA’s oil-rich, other resource-rich and non-resource-rich countries. The results are based on a detailed dataset including information for 136 tradable primary commodity and 24 manufacturing and services sectors in 145 countries—32 of which are in SSA. We find that under GEF, SSA could experience long-term wellfare losses of approximately 4 percent of GDP, twice the losses of the rest of the world. This strong effect results from the large losses of other resource-rich and non-resource rich countries in SSA, given their high dependence on commodity trade. However, if the world experiences a less severe GEF-induced trade disruption—a strategic decoupling—SSA countries could derive minor gains from the re-shuffling of global market supply, specially in energy products.
Through 25 peer-reviewed essays, scholars from the United States and Mexico delve into the environmental, social, economic, and cultural-historical components of what we call an environmental and tourism paradise - the region of Los Cabos, Baja California Sur. This region is vulnerable precisely because of the strong development pressure generated mainly by the tourism sector. Los Cabos analyzes these problems as an opportunity to contribute to the sustainable development of the region. Also available in Spanish, see Los Cabos: Prospectiva de un Paraíso Natural y Turístico. Published by San Diego State University Press and Institute for Regional Studies of the Californias
Forest trees and shrubs play vital ecological roles, reducing the carbon load from the atmosphere by using carbon dioxide in photosynthesis and by the storage of carbon in biomass and wood as a source of energy. Autoecology deals with all aspects of woody plants; the dynamism of populations, physiological traits of trees, light requirements, life history patterns, and physiological and morphological characters. Ecophysiology is defined by various plant growth parameters such as leaf traits, xylem water potential, plant height, basal diameter, and crown architecture which are, in turn, influenced by physiological traits and environmental conditions in the forest ecosystem. In short, this book details research advances in various aspects of woody plants to help forest scientists and foresters manage and protect forest trees and plan their future research. Autoecology and Ecophysiology of Woody Shrubs and Trees is intended to be a guide for students of woody plant autoecology and ecophysiology, as well as for researchers in this field. It is also an invaluable resource for foresters to assist in effective management of forest resources.
Attempts have been made to solve water resources engineering problems with the help of empirical, regression-based and numerical models. Empirical models are not universal, nor are the regression-based models. The numerical models are, on the other hand, physics-based but require substantial data measurement and parameter estimation. Hence, there is a need to employ models that are robust, user-friendly, practical and do not have the shortcomings of the existing methods. Artificial intelligence methods in this regard are the ones that meet this need. This book introduces the basics of artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms with illustrative examples. The applications of the artificial intelligence methods include, but not limited to, prediction of flood peaks, hydrographs, sedimentographs, seepage path, longitudinal dispersion coefficient in alluvial channels, mean and bankful discharge. The comparative analysis of the artificial intelligence methods against contemporary empirical, numerical, regression ones are also provided in the book.The target audiences for this book are graduate students, researchers, scientists and faculty members. However, the book can also be used as one of the core textbooks for undergraduate students.
Superhydrophobic Surfaces analyzes the fundamental concepts of superhydrophobicity and gives insight into the design of superhydrophobic surfaces. The book serves as a reference for the manufacturing of materials with superior water-repellency, self-cleaning, anti-icing and corrosion resistance. It thoroughly discusses many types of hydrophobic surfaces such as natural superhydrophobic surfaces, superhydrophobic polymers, metallic superhydrophobic surfaces, biological interfaces, and advanced/hybrid superhydrophobic surfaces. Provides an adequate blend of complex engineering concepts with in-depth explanations of biological principles guiding the advancement of these technologies Describes complex ideas in simple scientific language, avoiding overcomplicated equations and discipline-specific jargon Includes practical information for manufacturing superhydrophobic surfaces Written by experts with complementary skills and diverse scientific backgrounds in engineering, microbiology and surface sciences
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