Utility is a key concept in the economics of individual decision-making. However, utility is not measurable in a straightforward way. As a result, from the very beginning there has been debates about the meaning of utility as well as how to measure it. This book is an innovative investigation of how these arguments changed over time. Measuring Utility reconstructs economists' ideas and discussions about utility measurement from 1870 to 1985, as well as their attempts to measure utility empirically. The book brings into focus the interplay between the evolution of utility analysis, economists' ideas about utility measurement, and their conception of what measurement in general means. It also explores the relationships between the history of utility measurement in economics, the history of the measurement of sensations in psychology, and the history of measurement theory in general. Finally, the book discusses some methodological problems related to utility measurement, such as the epistemological status of the utility concept and its measures. The first part covers the period 1870-1910, and discusses the issue of utility measurement in the theories of Jevons, Menger, Walras and other early utility theorists. Part II deals with the emergence of the notions of ordinal and cardinal utility during the period 1900-1945, and discusses two early attempts to give an empirical content to the notion of utility. Part III focuses on the 1945-1955 debate on utility measurement that was originated by von Neumann and Morgenstern's expected utility theory (EUT). Part IV reconstructs the experimental attempts to measure the utility of money between 1950 and 1985 within the framework provided by EUT. This historical and epistemological overview provides keen insights into current debates about rational choice theory and behavioral economics in the theory of individual decision-making and the philosophy of economics.
Utility is a key concept in the economics of individual decision-making. However, utility is not measurable in a straightforward way. As a result, from the very beginning there has been debates about the meaning of utility as well as how to measure it. This book is an innovative investigation of how these arguments changed over time. Measuring Utility reconstructs economists' ideas and discussions about utility measurement from 1870 to 1985, as well as their attempts to measure utility empirically. The book brings into focus the interplay between the evolution of utility analysis, economists' ideas about utility measurement, and their conception of what measurement in general means. It also explores the relationships between the history of utility measurement in economics, the history of the measurement of sensations in psychology, and the history of measurement theory in general. Finally, the book discusses some methodological problems related to utility measurement, such as the epistemological status of the utility concept and its measures. The first part covers the period 1870-1910, and discusses the issue of utility measurement in the theories of Jevons, Menger, Walras and other early utility theorists. Part II deals with the emergence of the notions of ordinal and cardinal utility during the period 1900-1945, and discusses two early attempts to give an empirical content to the notion of utility. Part III focuses on the 1945-1955 debate on utility measurement that was originated by von Neumann and Morgenstern's expected utility theory (EUT). Part IV reconstructs the experimental attempts to measure the utility of money between 1950 and 1985 within the framework provided by EUT. This historical and epistemological overview provides keen insights into current debates about rational choice theory and behavioral economics in the theory of individual decision-making and the philosophy of economics.
This Element offers an accessible but technically detailed review of expected utility theory (EU). it focuses on the methodological issues that have accompanied its evolution, such as whether the utility function and the other components of EU correspond to actual mental entities.
The book reconstructs some selected threads in the history of economics, from the classical theory of value elaborated by Smith and Ricardo in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to the behavioral theory of choice put forward by Kahneman and Tversky in the late twentieth century. Part One illustrates the passage from the classical to the marginal theory of value, which latter emerged in the 1870s. Part Two charts the consolidation of marginalism and developments in utility and demand analysis between the 1870s and 1940. Part Three outlines the history of macroeconomics from the monetary and business cycle theories of the early twentieth century to LucasŐs new classical macroeconomics of the 1970s. Part Four is devoted to the post-1940 history of microeconomics, and examines the emergence of game theory, the axiomatization of utility analysis, the history of expected utility theory, and the challenge of behavioral economics to mainstream economics. The book is addressed to students of economics who acknowledge the wisdom of KeynesŐs claim that Ça study of the history of opinion is a necessary preliminary to the emancipation of the mindČ.
The book reconstructs some selected threads in the history of economics, from the classical theory of value elaborated by Smith and Ricardo in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to the behavioral theory of choice put forward by Kahneman and Tversky in the late twentieth century. Part One illustrates the passage from the classical to the marginal theory of value, which latter emerged in the 1870s. Part Two charts the consolidation of marginalism and developments in utility and demand analysis between the 1870s and 1940. Part Three outlines the history of macroeconomics from the monetary and business cycle theories of the early twentieth century to LucasŐs new classical macroeconomics of the 1970s. Part Four is devoted to the post-1940 history of microeconomics, and examines the emergence of game theory, the axiomatization of utility analysis, the history of expected utility theory, and the challenge of behavioral economics to mainstream economics. The book is addressed to students of economics who acknowledge the wisdom of KeynesŐs claim that Ça study of the history of opinion is a necessary preliminary to the emancipation of the mindČ.
Scientific and anthropological evidence for multiple Atlantean empires and the global catastrophes that destroyed them • Reveals that there was not one but three Atlantises--the first in Antarctica, the second in South America, and the third in the Mediterranean • Examines geological evidence of super-floods 15,000, 11,600, and 8,700 years ago • Shows how these flood dates directly parallel the freezing of Antarctica, the migrations of Cro-Magnon men, and the destruction of Atlantis according to Plato 15,000 years ago the Earth’s axis tilted, shifting the geographic poles. Volcanoes erupted, the icecaps melted, and the seas rose dramatically. Antarctica was enveloped in ice, destroying the high civilization of prehistory: Atlantis. But before the survivors could reestablish what they had lost, catastrophe struck again--twice. Uniting scientific findings with theories on the location of Atlantis, the authors reveal that there was not one but three Atlantises--the first in Antarctica, the second in South America, and the third in the Mediterranean. Examining paleoclimatology data, they show that Antarctica was temperate 15,000 years ago and home to the original Atlantis. They explore geological evidence of three worldwide super-floods 15,000, 11,600, and 8,700 years ago and show how these dates directly parallel the freezing of Antarctica, the arrival of Cro-Magnon man in Europe, and the destruction of Atlantis according to Plato. Uncovering the influence of the Atlanteans in Proto-Indo-European languages and in massive ancient monuments aligned with the stars, they show how the civilization founders in all early myths--the Pelasgians, Danaans, Viracocha, Aryans, and others--were part of the Atlantean diaspora and how this migration split into two major movements, one to Latin America and the other to Europe and Asia. Following the Atlanteans from a warm Antarctica up to Peru, Mexico, and the Mediterranean, they reveal that Cro-Magnon men are the people of Atlantis and that we are just now returning to their advanced levels of science, technology, and spirituality.
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