Salafism has received scrutiny as the one of the main ideological sources for extremist violence perpetrated by jihadi groups. There is a significant corpus of literature discussing transnational jihadi networks, especially after the 9/11 attacks in the United States. These discussions include the radicalization of Salafi thought by jihadi theoreticians and 'ulama. However, Salafism is not monolithic. It contains numerous streams, and an examination of these streams is crucial to understanding its influence on Muslim societies. Besides Salafi jihadisthose who sanction violencethere are two other broad trends in Salafism: quietist and activist. Quietist Salafis endorse an apolitical tradition and find political activism in any form unacceptable. Activist Salafis advocate peaceful political change. Each stream is led by 'ulama, seen as the preservers of Salafi traditions. The quietist and activist 'ulama are active participants in their communities. Studies of such clerics have tended to be country-specific, focusing on the influence and nature of Salafism and its dynamics in those countries. In Rethinking Salafism Raihan Ismail assesses the origins, interactions, and dynamics of the transnational networks of Salafi 'ulama in the region comprising Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Kuwait, showing how quietist and activist 'ulama work across borders to preserve and promote what they see as "authentic" Salafism while taking domestic circumstances of the 'ulama into consideration. The book offers a reassessment of the quietist/activist dichotomy, arguing that this dichotomy does not apply to such aspects of Salafi thought as attitudes towards the Shi'a and social matters in Muslim societies.
Islamic Social Finance provides an introduction to the Waqf system, which has played a significant socio-economic role throughout the history of Islamic civilization. In a contemporary framework, Waqf creates new networks between micro-entrepreneurs, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs), and entrepreneurship through voluntary donations made by individuals in a society. In other contexts, Waqf supports the financial system and contributes to the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Ayutthaya was known among 17th century foreign mariners under the Persian epithet of Shahr-e Nav. Utilising parts of the Ship of Sulayman, and works by European explorers, the writer unfolds the circumstances, influences and impact resulting from contacts between the Safavid and Siamese Kingdoms and the visible effects in present-day Thailand.
This study analyses the dynamics between the non-Muslim merchant elites of Ankara and Izmir (mostly Greeks and Armenians) and their European competitors in the eighteenth century. In particular, it investigates two major developments: the Dutch attempts to penetrate the mohair trade in Ankara and the local resistance they faced, and the Ottoman non-Muslim merchant’s infiltration of the Dutch Levant trade and the Dutch reaction to this form of Ottoman 'expansion'.
This book examines four aspects of Malaysian consumers’ financial vulnerabilities. First, it discusses the issue of over-indebtedness due to excessive reliance on consumer financing. Second, the book investigates why Malaysians are ill-prepared for their golden years in terms of retirement planning and savings. Third, it delves into the problem of financial fraud victimisation among Malaysian consumers. Fourth, the book analyses the reasons why Malaysians are underinsured despite the distinct benefits of life insurance. Drawing on secondary data from government agencies such as Bank Negara Malaysia, Employees' Provident Fund, Royal Malaysian Police and the Department of Statistics Malaysia, each chapter presents statistical trends reflecting the four financial vulnerabilities. In-depth analyses of the literature reveal three broad psychological domains (cognition, motivation, and disposition) and specific psychological factors (e.g. over-confidence, self-control, social norms, and financial literacy) that significantly influence consumers’ financial decisions. The four financial vulnerabilities investigated in this book directly address the strategic outcomes of the Malaysian National Strategy for Financial Literacy 2019–2023 (MNSFL), a five-year plan to elevate the financial literacy of Malaysians. Finally, the book presents strategic recommendations that are believed to be useful guidelines for relevant policymakers to promote positive financial behaviours and rational attitudes among consumers. It will be a useful resource for policymakers and researchers interested in economic psychology and behavioural finance.
The Saudi "ulama" are known for their strong opposition to Shi'a theology, Shi'a communities in Saudi Arabia, and external Shi'a influences such as Iran and Hezbollah. Their potent hostility, combined with the influence of the 'ulama' within the Saudi state and the Muslim world, has led some commentators to blame the Saudi 'ulama' for what they see as growing sectarian conflict in the Middle East. However, there is very little understanding of what reasoning lies behind the positions of the 'ulama' and there is a significant gap in the literature dealing with the polemics directed at the Shi'a by the Saudi religious establishment. In Saudi Clerics and Shi'a Islam, Raihan Ismail looks at the discourse of the Saudi "ulama" regarding Shiism and Shi'a communities, analysing their sermons, lectures, publications and religious rulings. The book finds that the attitudes of the "ulama" are not only governed by their theological convictions regarding Shiism, but are motivated by political events involving the Shi'a within the Saudi state and abroad. It also discovers that political events affect the intensity and frequency of the rhetoric of the ulama at any given time.
Unconventional Oilseeds and New Oil Sources: Chemistry and Analysis is presented in three parts, with each section dedicated to different types of oil sources. Part One deals with plants (vegetable, herbs, shrubs), such as Hibiscus, Mexican Poppy, Cucumber, Squashes, Sesame, etc. Part Two presents unconventional oils found in trees (like Balanites aegyptiaca, Annona squamosal and Catunaregam nilotica), and Part Three deals with new oils found in insects, as in the water melon bug and sorghum bug. This book will be of interest to researchers in oilseed production, research and development personnel, food scientists, plant breeders, product development personnel, and government agency personnel involved in the production, transportation, distribution, and processing of oilseeds. - Compiles information on unconventional oilseeds and new sources of oil found worldwide, including those from plants (vegetables, herbs, shrubs), trees, and insects - Presents the physico-chemical properties of the seed oils, in addition to their mineral compositions and chemical analyses - Thoroughly explores the chemistry of new oils, their composition, bioactive compounds, such as fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterols - Introduces the composition of new oil sources, their content of minor and bioactive components, and the most used official methods for analysis
Zusammenfassung: This book presents case studies of local, regional, and international businesses to show that marketing is an environment-sensitive activity, requiring an environment-specific treatment. The business eco-system of Bangladesh is considerably different from those of developed and developing countries due to a range of factors including the unmatched patterns in logistics, infrastructure, enforcement of laws and regulations, cultural differences, and competitiveness. Insightful differences in business practices between the economies of Bangladesh and the West and/or other developing countries are unfolded in this book. The nuances of the contextual operational realities around different aspects of the business including marketing environment and management, consumer behavior, supply chain management, brand management, customer relationship management, services marketing, digital marketing, integrated marketing communications, and marketing ethics are presented in this book. The business knowledge shared by the unique breadth and depth of cases is sure to make this book an effective resource for academia and industry. Professor Muhammad Ismail Hossain, Dean of Academic Affairs, Monash and LSE Program at Universal College Bangladesh and Professor, Department of Marketing, University of Dhaka. He received his Ph.D. in consumer behavior from Monash University, Australia. His research interests lie in the fields of tourism, consumer behavior, and supply chain management. As a consultant, he worked for government projects, not-for-profits, and for-profit local and international organizations. Professor Nasrin Akter, Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. She received her Ph.D. in supply chain management from RMIT University, Australia. As a consultant, she has collaborated with Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Germany, International Centre for Development and Decent Work (ICDD), University of Kassel, Germany. Abureza M Muzareba serves as a Professor in the Department of Marketing at the University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. He earned his PhD from the University of Sheffield, England. He has research experience with USAID; IFPRI; the University of Sheffield; the UK Cabinet Office; Barnsley City Council, England; SME Foundation Bangladesh; and Care Bangladesh
The knowledge of Zikrul Anfaas is one of the chapters from the ocean of knowledge of Zikrul Anfaas, from the secret knowledge of Allah Subhana Wataala, the Holy Qalam of Allah, Al-Quraan. Kalimah Robb is an ocean of knowledge. The sheer vastness of the knowledge will not end until yaumul qiyamah, knowledge of Allah Almighty.
While oil wealth has enriched some Middle East Arab nations, others that lack oil resources have remained poor and are looking now to their oil-rich neighbors for development assistance. This collection of studies on the economic, social, and political relationships between the haves and the have-nots in the Middle East focuses on Egypt-the largest state in the region-and on its prospects for change based on financial assistance from other Arab countries.The authors have many disagreements about the future of both rich and poor nations in the Middle East and considerable skepticism about the possibility of transforming Egypt, but they do agree that the future must be projected in the framework of a new regional order in which oil wealth, labor migration, and liberalized national economies are fundamental realities.
This book, in its effort to formulate compatibility between Islamic law and the principles of international diplomatic law, argues that the need to harmonize the two legal systems and have a thorough cross-cultural understanding amongst nations generally with a view to enhancing unfettered diplomatic cooperation should be of paramount priority.
Ottoman-Southeast Asian Relations: Sources from the Ottoman Archives, is a product of meticulous study of İsmail Hakkı Kadı, A.C.S. Peacock and other contributors on historical documents from the Ottoman archives. The work contains documents in Ottoman-Turkish, Malay, Arabic, French, English, Tausug, Burmese and Thai languages, each introduced by an expert in the language and history of the related country. The work contains documents hitherto unknown to historians as well as others that have been unearthed before but remained confined to the use of limited scholars who had access to the Ottoman archives. The resources published in this study show that the Ottoman Empire was an active actor within the context of Southeast Asian experience with Western colonialism. The fact that the extensive literature on this experience made limited use of Ottoman source materials indicates the crucial importance of this publication for future innovative research in the field. Contributors are: Giancarlo Casale, Annabel Teh Gallop, Rıfat Günalan, Patricia Herbert, Jana Igunma, Midori Kawashima, Abraham Sakili and Michael Talbot
Abdi Ismail Samatar provides a clear and foundational history of Somalia at the dawn of the country's independence when Africa's first democrats appeared. While many African countries were dominated by authoritarian rulers when they entered the postcolonial era—and scholars have assumed this as a standard feature of political leadership on the continent—Somalia had an authentic democratic leadership. Samatar's political biography of Aden A. Osman and Abdirazak H. Hussen breaks the stereotype of brutal African tyranny. Samatar discusses the framing of democracy in Somalia following the years of control by fascist Italy, the formation of democratic organizations during the political struggle, and the establishment of democratic foundations in the new nation. Even though this early state of affairs did not last, these leaders left behind a strong democratic legacy that may provide a model of good governance for the rest of the continent.
CRINN (Computing Research and Innovation), Volume 2, October 2017, is a compilation of peer-reviewed research papers, technical and concept papers and innovations among the academicians from Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch and other universities from all over Malaysia. CRINN also serves as a sharing center for every faculty members and others to share their research findings, experiences and innovations. This volume comprises a selection of 38 scholarly articles from Mathematical Sciences, Computer Sciences, Computer Network, Information Technology and System Sciences fields
The Sound Traditions: Studies in Ismaili Texts and Thought is a collection of Ismail K. Poonawala’s articles that examine the origins and development of Ismaili thought.
Book Release July 13, 2010 Dear friends and colleagues, After a monthly delay, my book A HOT TEA BY THE GIZA The Real Global Warming, not CO2 hoax is released in soft cover by US publisher iUniverse. I also routinely blog on Toronto Examiner.com about global warming and CO2-GHG fallacy. I belong to Linkedln.com where Cancun, Mexico December 2010 climate conference is starting to catch much attention. Addressed to young adolescents who will be confronted full on by escalating Global Warming, the book explains a number of issues such as; 1. energy science not keeping pace with energy use brings global warming, 2. polar ice and alpine glaciers mop up human activity generated heat thankfully, 3. at 0 C they clamp Earth temperature to underpin a fluid circulatory cooling, 4. misunderstood centripetal force spawns and sustains all cyclonic swirls, 5. low ambient heat must exit in storm kinetic energy, not radiation as believed, 6. unproven CO2 - greenhouse (GHG) warming theory is scientifically flawed, 7. cloud colour by internal light reflection depends on moisture cooling rate, 8. abrupt cold dry atmospheric downburst colliding with heat jump starts a tornado, 9. surreptitious Bermuda Triangle and flight disappearances without warning, 10. Jet Stream and all other celestial ferocious dust storms share same AGBC origin, 11. radiation is pulsating E-M energy field transmission, not particles in motion, 12. sunlight is an ultra-broadband E-M energy field broadcast, not a photon beam, 13. Earths magnetic field is born out of the Ionosphere by a relative rotation, 14. intrusive rockets and jet flights intolerably scramble a fragile upper atmosphere 15. dry ionic upper climate reigns over a moisture activated troposphere weather, 16. solutions to reverse global warming and impending calamity unless remedied, 17. a hypothesis on nuclear structure to explain gamma ray (?) emission in fission, 18. etc. etc. Meant for your 2010 summer leisure reading, hopefully it will be your travel companion in days ahead and become a memento to your children and grand kids when they need a handy reference on this trans-generational scourge of modernity that we have incurred but without leaving them neither a solution, nor even a handle to begin finding one. On that cheery note I appreciate with humility your interest and patronage. Kind regards. Nae Ismail Ottawa July, 2010
This book presents successful case studies in Muslim and Muslim minority countries that have revolutionized the redevelopment of idle waqf properties into productive land trusts. The revival of this institution over the last two decades shows the growing optimism in galvanizing the socioeconomic role of waqf by adopting its flexible shariah measures. Innovative ways of financing redevelopment allow Muslims to extend these roles to include new beneficiaries. New uses for these properties include providing services to the community, opening jobs for the majority of people, funding small entrepreneurs, educating the masses, providing health care, and sheltering the poor and needy. Countries under study include Sudan, Turkey, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, New Zealand, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Iran. Additionally, the book examines the International Development Bank's role in financing the development old waqf properties in different countries.
Waqf is emerging globally as a distinctive institution, serving as a vital bridge between societal and economic needs, and resource allocation. Waqfs functioning in some parts of the world, of a variety of assets such as cash, stocks, securities, intellectual property rights, and other financial instruments by individual, institutional, and corporate wāqifs, are paving the way for financial and social inclusion. This book explains how the system of awqāf leads to welfare in society by facilitating financial and social intermediation. It describes waqf in accessible terms, focusing on how it helps people, communities, and nations, and how it can help make societies equitable, peaceful, efficient, and more prosperous. It comprises eight key themes, including a brief overview of the historical role of waqf in various periods in Muslim societies in socioeconomic sectors; the evolutionary aspects of waqf as an institution; the role of waqf in promoting entrepreneurship; the role of awqāf system in an economy by facilitating financial and social intermediation; potential options for using waqf as financial intermediation; an overview of the management and regulation of waqf entities; the organizational and legal framework for the institution of waqf; and key findings and recommendations for realizing the capacity of waqf in the pursuit of socioeconomic welfare. Specifically, the book takes Pakistan as a case study. This research-oriented book is tailored to readers interested in understanding the fundamental concepts of Islamic finance and social welfare, without requiring a background in the discipline. It caters to academics, researchers, policymakers, and those keen on exploring the transformative potential of waqf to achieve societal welfare and shared economic growth.
This series of volumes on the manifold facets of Islamic culture is intended to acquaint a very wide public with the theological bases of its faith; the status of the individual and of society in the Islamic world; its expansion since the revelation; its cultural manifestations in literature and the arts; and finally, Islam today between loyalty to its past and the new challenges of modernity.
Zakat, being the third pillar of Islam, is an act of worship fulfilled by Muslims. As an obligatory means of alms- giving expected of Muslims, it also helps to alleviate poverty in society by assisting such individuals to achieve a state of financial independence. It is maintained by Muslims that the principles of zakat derived from the Sharia are expected to remain unchanged with passing time. However, in order to achieve efficiency in the administration of zakat, innovation and technology can be used even within the parameters of Sharia. The objective of this textbook is to provide the opportunity to learn the basics of zakat and its contemporary application by highlighting the innovative practices of zakat with issues and challenges.
Metal Chalcogenide Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications provides an overview of advances in materials development of chalcogenides for use in biosensing and sensing applications. The metal chalcogenides discussed include highly reactive metals, noble metals and transition metals. Particular attention is given to the morphology, porosity, structure and fabrication of materials for biosensing applications. The connection between the chalcogenides' physical and chemical properties and device performance is explored. Key parameters for biosensor devices are investigated such as thermodynamics, kinetics, selectivity, sensitivity, efficiency and durability to aid in materials selection. Finally, a range of biosensor devices are addressed including gas biosensors, chemical biosensors, environment biosensors and biological molecule sensors. This book is suitable for those in the fields of materials science and engineering, chemistry and physics. - Reviews the latest advances in fabrication methods for metal chalcogenide-based biosensors - Discusses the parameters of biosensor devices to aid in materials selection - Provides readers with a look at the chemical and physical properties of reactive metals, noble metals and transition metals chalcogenides and their connection to biosensor device performance
Pilot Scale Microalgae Cultivation: Challenges and Practical Solutions to Pond Crash brings together the latest research on microalgae cultivation for biofuels and proposes methods for tackling the critical issue of sudden pond crash in both pilot and demonstration scale cultivation. Engaging the challenges in both academic research and industrial applications, this book provides routes to identify signs of imminent pond crash, control damage where possible, and prevent future crashes through environmental control and early detection. Chapters outline microalgae cultivation at pilot scale, showing methods for upstream and down-stream processing of microalgae and outlining different applications for microalgae biomass, along with potential challenges. - Provides the first comprehensive reference combining all past research on microalgae cultivation and the challenges surrounding sudden pond crashes - Focuses on case studies drawn from two decades of experimentation, providing practical solutions to key problems in cultivation, along with a clear roadmap for moving forward at larger scales - Considers cultivation from a techno-economic perspective, examining the particular challenges this adds to scaling up the process successfully
Md Saidul Islam and Md Ismail Hossain investigate how neoliberal globalization generates unique conditions, contradictions, and confrontations in labor, gender and environmental relations; and how a broader global social justice can mitigate the tensions and improve the conditions.
This book, “Islamic Wealth Planning & Management: The Practice of Personal Finance” focuses on personal financial management with applications of Shariah principles that suit both students and working people for entertaining applications. It begins with introducing wealth management, explaining how wealth can be created, accumulated, mobilized, preserved and purified. This book guides readers on investing their surplus income in the stock, bond, property and commodity markets that comply with Shariah principles. It describes how important it is for readers to have personal financial planning in their retirement, estate, and inheritance. It will plans that could provide regular returns and avoid the risk of losing their pension or EPF money. It concludes how easy it is to have their set of personal finance in terms of personal assets, personal, debts and personal income as a practical way to control expenses and hence avoid becoming bankrupt at the young ages of 25-40 years.
This monograph provides full and detailed information about the ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan from ancient times until the present day and clarifies a number of disputed questions. This book is intended for students, lecturers and non-specialists working in the educational system as well as for the general reader with an interest in Azerbaijan.
Religion and Politics in Iraq features four chapters that outline the major political developments faced by Iraq's Muslim clerics from the end of the 19th century, under the ailing Ottoman empire, to the 1980s. This crucial period saw fierce internal struggles, foreign intervention and bloody persecution of the political opposition, as well as the emergence of a totalitarian one-party system with absolute control over all sectors of social and religious life. During this period, Baathist Iraq attacked its Muslim neighbours Kuwait and Iran and used poison gas in its "ethnic cleansing" campaign against the Kurds. This book focuses on the dilemma of Iraq's clerics within this setting, caught between political activism and quietism. It addresses also major developments in neighbouring Iran insofar as they had a bearing on Iraq.
The global threat of war, terrorism, the increased gap between poor and rich, famine, malnutrition, global warming and pollution, and many other social and cultural problems, pose a real challenge for present citizens of the globe. Intellectuals and politicians take these challenges as their primary concerns. Despite the existence of some pessimists, there are a number of initiatives working for the common good and expending great effort to solve these problems. The Hizmet (Gulen) Movement is one of the most influential initiatives that should be taken into consideration in this context. Fethullah Gulen is a Turkish Muslim scholar whose ideas have inspired and influenced many Turkish intellectuals, educators, students, businessmen, politicians and journalists inside and outside Turkey to establish schools, educational and intercultural centers, and humanitarian aid organizations in more than one hundred fifty countries. Yucel and Albayrak cover the Hizmet Movement under the leadership of Fethullah Gulen from various perspectives in order to shed lights on current discussions.
This book of testimonies is about the sharing of experiences of those people who has come searching for knowledge of Allah , searching for the truth. You will see the sincerity of the people who wants to learn the knowledge of and Syahadah, and in return, ALLAH rewards them with spiritual openings and gifts of peace and tranquility.
This book is the outcome of research into cultural awareness that has spanned over a considerable period of time. It will help those who work within education, or those working with the Muslim community in general. The aim is to provide introduction for non-Muslims who would like to know more about Islam and Muslims. The book also discuss equal opportunities, anti-racism, multi-culturalism, educational research and a variety of other topics related to education and training. It will be a useful document for all those who would like to know more about these subjects. The book was part of a research conducted at The University of Sheffield for an M.Ed. Programme. The language has been simplified in order to make it useful for a wider group of readers.
An anthropologist's groundbreaking account of how Islamic religious authority is assembled through the unceasing labor of community building on the island of Java This compelling book draws on Ismail Fajrie Alatas's unique insights as an anthropologist to provide a new understanding of Islamic religious authority, showing how religious leaders unite diverse aspects of life and contest differing Muslim perspectives to create distinctly Muslim communities. Taking readers from the eighteenth century to today, Alatas traces the movements of Muslim saints and scholars from Yemen to Indonesia and looks at how they traversed complex cultural settings while opening new channels for the transmission of Islamic teachings. He describes the rise to prominence of Indonesia's leading Sufi master, Habib Luthfi, and his rivalries with competing religious leaders, revealing why some Muslim voices become authoritative while others don't. Alatas examines how Habib Luthfi has used the infrastructures of the Sufi order and the Indonesian state to build a durable religious community, while deploying genealogy and hagiography to present himself as a successor of the Prophet Muḥammad. Challenging prevailing conceptions of what it means to be Muslim, What Is Religious Authority? demonstrates how the concrete and sustained labors of translation, mobilization, collaboration, and competition are the very dynamics that give Islam its power and diversity.
Among the countless blessings of my Creator upon me is that I have been twice granted the means and opportunity to visit the Holy cities of Makkah and al-Madinah. May Allah grant this earthly Mi’raj to all our brothers and sisters. The second time was between completion of my medical degree at the University of Oxford and starting work as a doctor. In preparation I did some research and bought two books, Imam Jazuli’s Dala’il al-Khayrat, and Khazeena-e-Darood Sharif – a large collection of litanies for sending peace and blessings upon the Prophet (peace be upon him). My intention was to recite these while seated as a guest at the illuminated shrine of the chosen one (peace be upon him). The experience was sublime and while reflecting upon these written manifestations of the deep love the Salaf had for our Prophet (peace be upon him), I too felt a yearning to write something. After returning, during Ramadan 2010 I began work on this project. Since then it has undergone a continual cycle of expansion, editing and refinement based on my own (limited) spiritual development under the guidance of my teachers. Dr Hafiz Ather Hussain al-Azhari very kindly edited and proofread the completed work for me. I pray to the Almighty that He accepts the humble words and sentiments expressed within these pages and makes them a means of earning His pleasure and drawing closer to His Prophet (peace be upon him), for the one who has written and the one who reads, Ameen.
Natural Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester and Vinyl Polymer Composites: Characterization, Properties and Applications discusses recent advances on the development, characterization and application of natural fiber vinyl ester and vinyl polymers composites. Various types of vinyl ester and vinyl based polymers, such as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), low and high density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) are discussed. Chapters focus on different composite fabrication processes, such as compression moulding, hand lay-up, and pultrusion processes. Key themes covered include the properties and characterization of vinyl ester and vinyl polymers composites reinforced by natural fibers. The effect of fiber treatment and coupling agents on mechanical and physical properties of these materials is also evaluated. In addition to a determination of physical and mechanical properties, studies on thermal, degradation, swelling behavior, and the morphological properties of natural fiber reinforced vinyl ester and vinyl polymer composites is also presented. - Presents the importance of vinyl ester and vinyl-based polymers as matrices in natural fiber composites - Provides a detailed and comprehensive review on the development, characterization and applications of natural fiber vinyl ester and vinyl polymers composites - Looks at recent fabrication techniques and the mechanical properties of materials - Contains contributions from leading experts in the field
Can we know God or does he reside beyond our ken? In Ibn ʿArabī and ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī’s Metaphysics of the Divine, Ismail Lala conducts a forensic analysis of the nature of God and His interaction with creation. Looking mainly at the exegetical works of the influential mystic, Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240), and one of his chief disseminators, ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 736/1335?), Lala employs the term huwiyya, literally “He-ness,” as an aperture into the metaphysical worldview of both mystics. Does Al-Qāshānī agree with Ibn ʿArabī’s conception of God? Does he agree with Ibn ʿArabī on how God relates to us and how we relate to Him? Or is this where Sufi master and his disciple part ways?
This textbook, "The History of Azerbaijan" was written in accordance with the existing academic-thematic programme in this area of study. The history of the country is described starting from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. The maps in this book were originally published in the work "The Historical Geography of Azerbaijan" (Baku, 1986). This textbook is intended for students, lecturers and non-specialists working in the educational system as well as for the general reader with an interest in Azerbaijan.
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