Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council's Books

The Public Health Effects of Food Deserts

Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Food and Nutrition Board

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The Public Health Effects of Food Deserts

Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Food and Nutrition Board

In the United States, people living in low-income neighborhoods frequently do not have access to affordable healthy food venues, such as supermarkets. Instead, those living in "food deserts" must rely on convenience stores and small neighborhood stores that offer few, if any, healthy food choices, such as fruits and vegetables. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC) convened a two-day workshop on January 26-27, 2009, to provide input into a Congressionally-mandated food deserts study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service. The workshop, summarized in this volume, provided a forum in which to discuss the public health effects of food deserts.

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114

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309137284

ISBN 13

9780309137287

Health and Behavior

The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health,Committee on Health and Behavior: Research, Practice and Policy

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Health and Behavior

The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health,Committee on Health and Behavior: Research, Practice and Policy

Health and Behavior reviews our improved understanding of the complex interplay among biological, psychological, and social influences and explores findings suggested by recent research-including interventions at multiple levels that we can employ to improve human health. The book covers three main areas: What do biological, behavioral, and social sciences contribute to our understanding of healthâ€"including cardiovascular, immune system and brain functioning, behaviors that influence health, the role of social networks and socioeconomic status, and more. What can we learn from applied research on interventions to improve the health of individuals, families, communities, organizations, and larger populations? How can we expeditiously translate research findings into application?

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396

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309187370

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9780309187374

Promoting Health

Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Capitalizing on Social Science and Behavioral Research to Improve the Public's Health

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Promoting Health

Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Capitalizing on Social Science and Behavioral Research to Improve the Public's Health

At the dawn of the twenty-first century, Americans enjoyed better overall health than at any other time in the nation's history. Rapid advancements in medical technologies, breakthroughs in understanding the genetic underpinnings of health and ill health, improvements in the effectiveness and variety of pharmaceuticals, and other developments in biomedical research have helped develop cures for many illnesses and improve the lives of those with chronic diseases. By itself, however, biomedical research cannot address the most significant challenges to improving public health. Approximately half of all causes of mortality in the United States are linked to social and behavioral factors such as smoking, diet, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, and accidents. Yet less than five percent of the money spent annually on U.S. health care is devoted to reducing the risks of these preventable conditions. Behavioral and social interventions offer great promise, but as yet their potential has been relatively poorly tapped. Promoting Health identifies those promising areas of social science and behavioral research that may address public health needs. It includes 12 papersâ€"commissioned from some of the nation's leading expertsâ€"that review these issues in detail, and serves to assess whether the knowledge base of social and behavioral interventions has been useful, or could be useful, in the development of broader public health interventions.

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507

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309132916

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9780309132916

Mining Safety and Health Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Earth Resources,Committee to Review the NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Research Program

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Mining Safety and Health Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Earth Resources,Committee to Review the NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Research Program

The U.S. mining sector has the highest fatality rate of any industry in the country. Fortunately, advances made over the past three decades in mining technology, equipment, processes, procedures, and workforce education and training have significantly improved safety and health. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Mining Safety and Health Research Program (Mining Program) has played a large role in these improvements. An assessment of the relevance and impact of NIOSH Mining Program research by a National Research Council committee reveals that the program makes essential contributions to the enhancement of health and safety in the mining industry. To further increase its effectiveness, the Mining Program should proactively identify workplace hazards and establish more challenging and innovative goals toward hazard reduction. The ability of the program to successfully expand its activities, however, depends on available funding.

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290

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309103428

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9780309103428

Respiratory Diseases Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the NIOSH Respiratory Disease Research Program

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Respiratory Diseases Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the NIOSH Respiratory Disease Research Program

Respiratory diseases caused by exposures to dangerous materials in the workplace have tremendous implications for worker health and, by extension, the national economy. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that deaths from work-related respiratory diseases and cancers account for about 70% of all occupational disease deaths. NIOSH conducts research in order to detect and reduce work-related hazardous exposures, injuries, and diseases; its Respiratory Disease Research Program (RDRP) focuses on respiratory diseases. This National Research Council book reviews the RDRP to evaluate the 1) relevance of its work to improvements in occupational safety and health and 2) the impact of research in reducing workplace respiratory illnesses. The assessment reveals that the program has made essential contributions to preventing occupational respiratory disease. The National Research Council has rated the Program a 5 out of 5 for relevance, and a 4 out of 5 for impact. To further increase its effectiveness, the Respiratory Disease Research Program should continue and expand its current efforts, provide resources for occupational disease surveillance, and include exposure assessment scientists in its activities.

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250

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309177871

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9780309177870

Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth

Assessing and Improving Child Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Evaluation of Children's Health

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Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth

Assessing and Improving Child Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Evaluation of Children's Health

Children's health has clearly improved over the past several decades. Significant and positive gains have been made in lowering rates of infant mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases and accidental causes, improved access to health care, and reduction in the effects of environmental contaminants such as lead. Yet major questions still remain about how to assess the status of children's health, what factors should be monitored, and the appropriate measurement tools that should be used. Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health provides a detailed examination of the information about children's health that is needed to help policy makers and program providers at the federal, state, and local levels. In order to improve children's health-and, thus, the health of future generations-it is critical to have data that can be used to assess both current conditions and possible future threats to children's health. This compelling book describes what is known about the health of children and what is needed to expand the knowledge. By strategically improving the health of children, we ensure healthier future generations to come.

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337

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309091187

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9780309091183

A Risk-Characterization Framework for Decision-Making at the Food and Drug Administration

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Ranking FDA Product Categories Based on Health Consequences, Phase II

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A Risk-Characterization Framework for Decision-Making at the Food and Drug Administration

With the responsibility to ensure the safety of food, drugs, and other products, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) faces decisions that may have public-health consequences every day. Often the decisions must be made quickly and on the basis of incomplete information. FDA recognized that collecting and evaluating information on the risks posed by the regulated products in a systematic manner would aid in its decision-making process. Consequently, FDA and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to develop a conceptual model that could evaluate products or product categories that FDA regulates and provide information on the potential health consequences associated with them. A Risk-Characterization Framework for Decision-Making at the Food and Drug Administration describes the proposed risk-characterization framework that can be used to evaluate, compare, and communicate the public-health consequences of decisions concerning a wide variety of products. The framework presented in this report is intended to complement other risk-based approaches that are in use and under development at FDA, not replace them. It provides a common language for describing potential public-health consequences of decisions, is designed to have wide applicability among all FDA centers, and draws extensively on the well-vetted risk literature to define the relevant health dimensions for decision-making at the FDA. The report illustrates the use of that framework with several case studies, and provides conclusions and recommendations.

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206

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309212804

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9780309212809

Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology

By: Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences,National Academy of Engineering

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Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology

Although the United States is currently capitalizing on its investment in science and technology effectively, there remains much room for improvement. This volume identifies the ingredients for success in capitalizing on such investments to produce national benefits, assesses current U.S. performance, and identifies future challenges. The book cites specific examples and examines several cross-cutting issues. It explores the possibility that the national research portfolio is losing diversity as a result of less long-term research in critical fields such as networking and materials. It also examines the implications of imbalances in the supply of and demand for science and engineering talent in emerging interdisciplinary fields such as bioinformatics.

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129

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309524776

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9780309524773

The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining Health in the Nation's Elderly

Evaluating Coverage of Nutrition Services for the Medicare Population

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Nutrition Services for Medicare Beneficiaries

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The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining Health in the Nation's Elderly

Evaluating Coverage of Nutrition Services for the Medicare Population

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Nutrition Services for Medicare Beneficiaries

Malnutrition and obesity are both common among Americans over age 65. There are also a host of other medical conditions from which older people and other Medicare beneficiaries suffer that could be improved with appropriate nutritional intervention. Despite that, access to a nutrition professional is very limited. Do nutrition services benefit older people in terms of morbidity, mortality, or quality of life? Which health professionals are best qualified to provide such services? What would be the cost to Medicare of such services? Would the cost be offset by reduced illness in this population? This book addresses these questions, provides recommendations for nutrition services for the elderly, and considers how the coverage policy should be approached and practiced. The book discusses the role of nutrition therapy in the management of a number of diseases. It also examines what the elderly receive in the way of nutrition services along the continuum of care settings and addresses the areas of expertise needed by health professionals to provide appropriate nutrition services and therapy.

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383

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309068460

ISBN 13

9780309068468

Gulf War and Health

Volume 1. Depleted Uranium, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Sarin, and Vaccines

By: Committee on Health Effects Associated with Exposures During the Gulf War,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Institute of Medicine

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Gulf War and Health

Volume 1. Depleted Uranium, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Sarin, and Vaccines

By: Committee on Health Effects Associated with Exposures During the Gulf War,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Institute of Medicine

The men and women who served in the Gulf War theater were potentially exposed to a wide range of biological and chemical agents. Gulf War and Health: Volume 1 assesses the scientific literature concerning the association between these agents and the adverse health effects currently experienced by a large number of veterans.

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426

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309171628

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9780309171625

Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany

Lessons and Perspectives

By: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research,National Academy of Engineering

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Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany

Lessons and Perspectives

By: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research,National Academy of Engineering

This book explores major similarities and differences in the structure, conduct, and performance of the national technology transfer systems of Germany and the United States. It maps the technology transfer landscape in each country in detail, uses case studies to examine the dynamics of technology transfer in four major technology areas, and identifies areas and opportunities for further mutual learning between the two national systems.

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444

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ISBN 10

0309522935

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9780309522939

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Does Sex Matter?

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences

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Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Does Sex Matter?

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences

It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

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288

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309072816

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9780309072816

America's Health Care Safety Net

Intact but Endangered

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on the Changing Market, Managed Care, and the Future Viability of Safety Net Providers

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America's Health Care Safety Net

Intact but Endangered

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on the Changing Market, Managed Care, and the Future Viability of Safety Net Providers

America's Health Care Safety Net explains how competition and cost issues in today's health care marketplace are posing major challenges to continued access to care for America's poor and uninsured. At a time when policymakers and providers are urgently seeking guidance, the committee recommends concrete strategies for maintaining the viability of the safety netâ€"with innovative approaches to building public attention, developing better tools for tracking the problem, and designing effective interventions. This book examines the health care safety net from the perspectives of key providers and the populations they serve, including: Components of the safety netâ€"public hospitals, community clinics, local health departments, and federal and state programs. Mounting pressures on the systemâ€"rising numbers of uninsured patients, decline in Medicaid eligibility due to welfare reform, increasing health care access barriers for minority and immigrant populations, and more. Specific consequences for providers and their patients from the competitive, managed care environmentâ€"detailing the evolution and impact of Medicaid managed care. Key issues highlighted in four populationsâ€"children with special needs, people with serious mental illness, people with HIV/AIDS, and the homeless.

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303

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309172853

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9780309172851

Implementing the Government Performance and Results Act for Research

A Status Report

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Implementing the Government Performance and Results Act for Research

A Status Report

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

As requested by Congress and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), this report assists federal agencies in crafting plans and reports that are responsive to the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), OMB Guidance, and agency missions. Using a case study approach, the report identifies best practices used by individual agencies to evaluate the performance and results of their science and technology programs. The report takes into account individual agencies' missions and how science and technology programs and human resource needs are factored into agency GPRA plans. Specific applications of recommendations are included from COSEPUP's earlier report entitled Evaluating Federal Research Programs: Research and the Government Performance and Results Act.

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209

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309075572

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9780309075572

Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections

Assessing the Capabilities of the Public and Private Sectors: Workshop Summary

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Sciences Policy,Forum on Emerging Infections

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Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections

Assessing the Capabilities of the Public and Private Sectors: Workshop Summary

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Sciences Policy,Forum on Emerging Infections

The Forum on Emerging Infections was created in 1996 in response to a request from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health. The goal of the forum is to provide structured opportunities for representatives from academia, industry, professional and interest groups, and government to examine and discuss scientific and policy issues that relate to research, prevention, detection, and management of emerging infectious diseases. A critical part of this mission has been the convening of a series of workshops. Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections summarizes the fourth in a series of five workshops. With a focus on our knowledge and understanding of the role of private and public health sectors in emerging infectious disease surveillance and response, the participants explored the effects of privatization of public health laboratories and the modernization of public health care. The issues discussed included epidemiological investigation, surveillance, communication, coordination, resource allocations, and economic support.

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128

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309068290

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9780309068291

Adolescent Health Services

Missing Opportunities

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Adolescent Health Care Services and Models of Care for Treatment, Prevention, and Healthy Development

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Adolescent Health Services

Missing Opportunities

Adolescence is a time of major transition, however, health care services in the United States today are not designed to help young people develop healthy routines, behaviors, and relationships that they can carry into their adult lives. While most adolescents at this stage of life are thriving, many of them have difficulty gaining access to necessary services; other engage in risky behaviors that can jeopardize their health during these formative years and also contribute to poor health outcomes in adulthood. Missed opportunities for disease prevention and health promotion are two major problematic features of our nation's health services system for adolescents. Recognizing that health care providers play an important role in fostering healthy behaviors among adolescents, Adolescent Health Services examines the health status of adolescents and reviews the separate and uncoordinated programs and services delivered in multiple public and private health care settings. The book provides guidance to administrators in public and private health care agencies, health care workers, guidance counselors, parents, school administrators, and policy makers on investing in, strengthening, and improving an integrated health system for adolescents.

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366

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309114675

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9780309114677

Community Programs to Promote Youth Development

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Community-Level Programs for Youth

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Community Programs to Promote Youth Development

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Community-Level Programs for Youth

After-school programs, scout groups, community service activities, religious youth groups, and other community-based activities have long been thought to play a key role in the lives of adolescents. But what do we know about the role of such programs for today's adolescents? How can we ensure that programs are designed to successfully meet young people's developmental needs and help them become healthy, happy, and productive adults? Community Programs to Promote Youth Development explores these questions, focusing on essential elements of adolescent well-being and healthy development. It offers recommendations for policy, practice, and research to ensure that programs are well designed to meet young people's developmental needs. The book also discusses the features of programs that can contribute to a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. It examines what we know about the current landscape of youth development programs for America's youth, as well as how these programs are meeting their diverse needs. Recognizing the importance of adolescence as a period of transition to adulthood, Community Programs to Promote Youth Development offers authoritative guidance to policy makers, practitioners, researchers, and other key stakeholders on the role of youth development programs to promote the healthy development and well-being of the nation's youth.

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432

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309072751

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9780309072755

Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment

A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Sciences Policy,Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine,Christine Coussens,Kathi Hanna

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Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment

A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Sciences Policy,Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine,Christine Coussens,Kathi Hanna

This is a summary of the workshop Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment: A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century. The goal of this workshop was to emphasize the connection between human health and the natural, built, and social environments. This workshop integrated talks from many fields and created a dialogue among various environmental health stakeholders. The language presented in this respect should not be viewed as an endorsement by the Environmental Health Sciences Roundtable or the Institute of Medicine of what action is needed for the future, but rather as an effort to synthesize the various perspectives presented.

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ISBN 10

030907259X

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9780309072595

Rising Above the Gathering Storm

Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century: An Agenda for American Science and Technology

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Rising Above the Gathering Storm

Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future

In a world where advanced knowledge is widespread and low-cost labor is readily available, U.S. advantages in the marketplace and in science and technology have begun to erode. A comprehensive and coordinated federal effort is urgently needed to bolster U.S. competitiveness and pre-eminence in these areas. This congressionally requested report by a pre-eminent committee makes four recommendations along with 20 implementation actions that federal policy-makers should take to create high-quality jobs and focus new science and technology efforts on meeting the nation's needs, especially in the area of clean, affordable energy: 1) Increase America's talent pool by vastly improving K-12 mathematics and science education; 2) Sustain and strengthen the nation's commitment to long-term basic research; 3) Develop, recruit, and retain top students, scientists, and engineers from both the U.S. and abroad; and 4) Ensure that the United States is the premier place in the world for innovation. Some actions will involve changing existing laws, while others will require financial support that would come from reallocating existing budgets or increasing them. Rising Above the Gathering Storm will be of great interest to federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, public decision makers, research sponsors, regulatory analysts, and scholars.

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590

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309100399

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9780309100397

Enhancing Food Safety

The Role of the Food and Drug Administration

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on the Review of the Food and Drug Administration's Role in Ensuring Safe Food

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Enhancing Food Safety

The Role of the Food and Drug Administration

Recent outbreaks of illnesses traced to contaminated sprouts and lettuce illustrate the holes that exist in the system for monitoring problems and preventing foodborne diseases. Although it is not solely responsible for ensuring the safety of the nation's food supply, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees monitoring and intervention for 80 percent of the food supply. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's abilities to discover potential threats to food safety and prevent outbreaks of foodborne illness are hampered by impediments to efficient use of its limited resources and a piecemeal approach to gathering and using information on risks. Enhancing Food Safety: The Role of the Food and Drug Administration, a new book from the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, responds to a congressional request for recommendations on how to close gaps in FDA's food safety systems. Enhancing Food Safety begins with a brief review of the Food Protection Plan (FPP), FDA's food safety philosophy developed in 2007. The lack of sufficient detail and specific strategies in the FPP renders it ineffectual. The book stresses the need for FPP to evolve and be supported by the type of strategic planning described in these pages. It also explores the development and implementation of a stronger, more effective food safety system built on a risk-based approach to food safety management. Conclusions and recommendations include adopting a risk-based decision-making approach to food safety; creating a data surveillance and research infrastructure; integrating federal, state, and local government food safety programs; enhancing efficiency of inspections; and more. Although food safety is the responsibility of everyone, from producers to consumers, the FDA and other regulatory agencies have an essential role. In many instances, the FDA must carry out this responsibility against a backdrop of multiple stakeholder interests, inadequate resources, and competing priorities. Of interest to the food production industry, consumer advocacy groups, health care professionals, and others, Enhancing Food Safety provides the FDA and Congress with a course of action that will enable the agency to become more efficient and effective in carrying out its food safety mission in a rapidly changing world.

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588

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309152739

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9780309152730

Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2002 Federal Science and Technology Budget

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on the Federal Science and Technology Budget

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Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2002 Federal Science and Technology Budget

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on the Federal Science and Technology Budget

Fourth in a series of annual reports, this study provides observations on the Administration's FY 2002 budget proposal for federal science and technology (FS&T) programs. The report comments first on approaches to tabulating federal spending on FS&T and endorses the Administration's method for developing an FS&T budget cross-tabulation for inclusion in its budget proposal. The report then provides observations on the FY 2002 FS&T budget proposal, identifying changes in FS&T investments by federal agencies from the prior year; and assessing the longer-term impacts of these FS&T proposals in various fields.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309170613

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9780309170611

The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do

Enhancing Diversity in the Health Professions -- Summary of the Symposium on Diversity in Health Professions in Honor of Herbert W. Nickens, M.D.

By: Association of Academic Health Centers,Clyde H. Evans,Association of American Medical Colleges,Lois Colburn,Institute of Medicine,Adrienne Y. Stith,Brian D. Smedley

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The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do

Enhancing Diversity in the Health Professions -- Summary of the Symposium on Diversity in Health Professions in Honor of Herbert W. Nickens, M.D.

By: Association of Academic Health Centers,Clyde H. Evans,Association of American Medical Colleges,Lois Colburn,Institute of Medicine,Adrienne Y. Stith,Brian D. Smedley

The Symposium on Diversity in the Health Professions in Honor of Herbert W. Nickens, M.D., was convened in March 2001 to provide a forum for health policymakers, health professions educators, education policymakers, researchers, and others to address three significant and contradictory challenges: the continued under-representation of African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans in health professions; the growth of these populations in the United States and subsequent pressure to address their health care needs; and the recent policy, legislative, and legal challenges to affirmative action that may limit access for underrepresented minority students to health professions training. The symposium summary along with a collection of papers presented are to help stimulate further discussion and action toward addressing these challenges. The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do: Enhancing Diversity in Health Professions illustrates how the health care industry and health care professions are fighting to retain the public's confidence so that the U.S. health care system can continue to be the world's best.

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377

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309076145

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9780309076142

Fostering Rapid Advances in Health Care

Learning from System Demonstrations

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Rapid Advance Demonstration Projects: Health Care Finance and Delivery Systems

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Fostering Rapid Advances in Health Care

Learning from System Demonstrations

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Rapid Advance Demonstration Projects: Health Care Finance and Delivery Systems

In response to a request from the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Institute of Medicine convened a committee to identify possible demonstration projects that might be implemented in 2003, with the hope of yielding models for broader health system reform within a few years. The committee is recommending a substantial portfolio of demonstration projects, including chronic care and primary care demonstrations, information and communications technology infrastructure demonstrations, health insurance coverage demonstrations, and liability demonstrations. As a set, the demonstrations address key aspects of the health care delivery system and the financing and legal environment in which health care is provided. The launching of a carefully crafted set of demonstrations is viewed as a way to initiate a "building block" approach to health system change.

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108

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309087074

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9780309087070

Successes and Difficulties of Small Innovative Firms in Russian Nuclear Cities

Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop

By: Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, Obninsk, Russia,National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Small Innovative Firms in Russian Nuclear Cities

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Successes and Difficulties of Small Innovative Firms in Russian Nuclear Cities

Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop

This workshop report focuses on successes and failures of small innovative firms in five science cities in Russia. The workshop was organized by the NRC with the cooperation of Minatom.

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256

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309084210

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9780309084215

Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

In 1995, the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council issued a report entitled Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, which recommended tracking of federal investments in the creation of new knowledge and technologiesâ€"what the report referred to as the federal science and technology (FS&T) budget. Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget, the third annual report, identifies potential impacts of the President's proposed FS&T budget. This report does not make recommendations about specific spending levels, but rather identifies aspects of the proposed budget as they affect the health of the nation's research enterprise.

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030906984X

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9780309069847

Seafood Safety

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products

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Seafood Safety

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products

Can Americans continue to add more seafood to their diets without fear of illness or even death? Seafood-caused health problems are not widespread, but consumers are at risk from seafood-borne microbes and toxinsâ€"with consequences that can range from mild enteritis to fatal illness. At a time when legislators and consumer groups are seeking a sound regulatory approach, Seafood Safety presents a comprehensive set of practical recommendations for ensuring the safety of the seafood supply. This volume presents the first-ever overview of the field, covering seafood consumption patterns, where and how seafood contamination occurs, and the effectiveness of regulation. A wealth of technical information is presented on the sources of contaminationâ€"microbes, natural toxins, and chemical pollutantsâ€"and their effects on human health. The volume evaluates methods used for risk assessment and inspection sampling.

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449

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309043875

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9780309043878

Nutrition During Pregnancy

Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation

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Nutrition During Pregnancy

Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation

In Part I of Nutrition During Pregnancy, the authors call for revisions in recommended weight gains for pregnant women. They explore relationships between weight gain during pregnancy and a variety of factors (e.g., the mother's weight for height before pregnancy) and places this in the context of the health of the infant and the mother. They present specific target ranges for weight gain during pregnancy and guidelines for proper measurement. Part II addresses vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy, examining the adequacy of diet in meeting nutrient needs during pregnancy and recommending specific amounts of supplements for special circumstances. It also covers the effects of caffeine, alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and cocaine use and presents specific research recommendations.

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481

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309041384

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9780309041386

Working Families and Growing Kids

Caring for Children and Adolescents

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Family and Work Policies

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Working Families and Growing Kids

Caring for Children and Adolescents

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Family and Work Policies

An informative mix of data and discussion, this book presents conclusions and recommendations for policies that can respond to the new conditions shaping America's working families. Among the family and work trends reviewed: Growing population of mothers with young children in the workforce. Increasing reliance of nonparental child care. Growing challenges of families on welfare. Increased understanding of child and adolescent development. Included in this comprehensive review of the research and data on family leave, child care, and income support issues are: the effects of early child care and school age child care on child development, the impacts of family work policies on child and adolescent well-being and family functioning, the impacts of family work policies on child and adolescent well-being and family functioning the changes to federal and state welfare policy, the emergence of a 24/7 economy, the utilization of paid family leave, and an examination of the ways parental employment affects children as they make their way through childhood and adolescence. The book also evaluates the support systems available to working families, including family and medical leave, child care options, and tax policies. The committee's conclusions and recommendations will be of interest to anyone concerned with issues affecting the working American family, especially policy makers, program administrators, social scientists, journalist, private and public sector leaders, and family advocates.

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367

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087031

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9780309087032

Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

How can the federal government gauge the overall health of scientific researchâ€"as a whole and in its partsâ€"and determine whether national funding adequately supports national research objectives? It is feasible to monitor US performance with field-by-field peer assessments. This might be done through the establishment of independent panels consisting of researchers who work in a field, individuals who work in closely related fields, and research "users" who follow the field closely. Some of these individuals should be outstanding foreign scientists in the field being examined. This technique of comparative international assessments is also known as international benchmarking. Experiments in International Benchmarking of U.S. Research Fields evaluates the feasibility and utility of the benchmarking technique. In order to do this, the report internationally benchmarks three fields: mathematics, immunology, and materials science and engineering, then summarizes the results of these experiments.

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316

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309172187

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9780309172189

National Issues in Science and Technology 1993

By: National Research Council,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine

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National Issues in Science and Technology 1993

By: National Research Council,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine

This volume consists of four "white papers," prepared for the Clinton administration as it took office, on important national policy issues in which science and technology play a central role. Topics covered are science and technology leadership, climate change policy, technology policy and industrial innovation, and health care reform. Also included are brief summaries of ten potentially high impact reports issued by various committees of the National Research Council.

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ISBN 10

0309048826

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9780309048828

Design of the National Children's Study

A Workshop Summary

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics

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Design of the National Children's Study

A Workshop Summary

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics

The Children's Health Act mandated the National Children's Study (NCS) in 2000 with one of its purposes being to authorize the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to study the environmental influences (including physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial) on children's health and development. The NCS examines all aspects of the environment including air, water, diet, noise, family dynamics, and genetics, on the growth, development, and health of children across the United States, for a period of 21 years. The purpose of NCS is to improve the health and well-being of children and to contribute to understanding the role of these factors on health and disease. The research plan for the NCS was developed from 2005 to 2007 in collaboration among the Interagency Coordinating Committee, the NCS Advisory Committee, the NCS Program Office, Westat, the Vanguard Center principal investigators, and federal scientists. The current design of the study, however, uses a separate pilot to assess quality of scientific output, logistics, and operations and a "Main Study" to examine exposure-outcome relationships. The NCS proposed the use of a multilayered cohort approach for the Main Study, which was one of the topics for discussion at the workshop that is the subject of this publication. In the fall of 2012, NICHD requested that the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) of the NRC and the IOM convene a joint workshop, to be led by CNSTAT. The workshop was to focus on issues related to the overall design (including the framework for implementation) of the NCS. The committee was provided a background paper which it used to select the challenges that were discussed at the workshop. Design of the National Children's Study: A Workshop Summary presents an overview of the workshop held on January 11, 2013. The publication includes summaries of the four sessions of the workshop, a list of participants, and the agenda.

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0309288436

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9780309288439

Resources for Teaching Middle School Science

By: Smithsonian Institution,National Academy of Engineering,National Science Resources Center of the National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine

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Resources for Teaching Middle School Science

By: Smithsonian Institution,National Academy of Engineering,National Science Resources Center of the National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine

With age-appropriate, inquiry-centered curriculum materials and sound teaching practices, middle school science can capture the interest and energy of adolescent students and expand their understanding of the world around them. Resources for Teaching Middle School Science, developed by the National Science Resources Center (NSRC), is a valuable tool for identifying and selecting effective science curriculum materials that will engage students in grades 6 through 8. The volume describes more than 400 curriculum titles that are aligned with the National Science Education Standards. This completely new guide follows on the success of Resources for Teaching Elementary School Science, the first in the NSRC series of annotated guides to hands-on, inquiry-centered curriculum materials and other resources for science teachers. The curriculum materials in the new guide are grouped in five chapters by scientific areaâ€"Physical Science, Life Science, Environmental Science, Earth and Space Science, and Multidisciplinary and Applied Science. They are also grouped by typeâ€"core materials, supplementary units, and science activity books. Each annotation of curriculum material includes a recommended grade level, a description of the activities involved and of what students can be expected to learn, a list of accompanying materials, a reading level, and ordering information. The curriculum materials included in this book were selected by panels of teachers and scientists using evaluation criteria developed for the guide. The criteria reflect and incorporate goals and principles of the National Science Education Standards. The annotations designate the specific content standards on which these curriculum pieces focus. In addition to the curriculum chapters, the guide contains six chapters of diverse resources that are directly relevant to middle school science. Among these is a chapter on educational software and multimedia programs, chapters on books about science and teaching, directories and guides to science trade books, and periodicals for teachers and students. Another section features institutional resources. One chapter lists about 600 science centers, museums, and zoos where teachers can take middle school students for interactive science experiences. Another chapter describes nearly 140 professional associations and U.S. government agencies that offer resources and assistance. Authoritative, extensive, and thoroughly indexedâ€"and the only guide of its kindâ€"Resources for Teaching Middle School Science will be the most used book on the shelf for science teachers, school administrators, teacher trainers, science curriculum specialists, advocates of hands-on science teaching, and concerned parents.

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496

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ISBN 10

0309057817

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9780309057813

Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults

Workshop Summary

By: Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Institute of Medicine,National Research Council

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Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults

Workshop Summary

By: Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Institute of Medicine,National Research Council

Young adults are at a significant and pivotal time of life. They may seek higher education, launch their work lives, develop personal relationships and healthy habits, and pursue other endeavors that help set them on healthy and productive pathways. However, the transition to adulthood also can be a time of increased vulnerability and risk. Young adults may be unemployed and homeless, lack access to health care, suffer from mental health issues or other chronic health conditions, or engage in binge drinking, illicit drug use, or driving under the influence. Young adults are moving out of the services and systems that supported them as children and adolescents, but adult services and systems--for example, the adult health care system, the labor market, and the justice system--may not be well suited to supporting their needs. Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults is the summary of a workshop hosted by the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Research Council (NRC) in May, 2013. More than 250 researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and young adults presented and discussed research on the development, health, safety, and well-being of young adults. This report focuses on the developmental characteristics and attributes of this age group and its placement in the life course; how well young adults function across relevant sectors, including, for example, health and mental health, education, labor, justice, military, and foster care; and how the various sectors that intersect with young adults influence their health and well-being. Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults provides an overview of existing research and identifies research gaps and issues that deserve more intensive study. It also is meant to start a conversation aimed at a larger IOM/NRC effort to guide research, practices, and policies affecting young adults.

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129

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309285631

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9780309285636

The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study

A Radiological Risk and Ethical Analysis

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Polar Research Board,Commission on Life Sciences,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Committee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine-131

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The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study

A Radiological Risk and Ethical Analysis

During the 1950s, with the Cold War looming, military planners sought to know more about how to keep fighting forces fit and capable in the harsh Alaskan environment. In 1956 and 1957, the U.S. Air Force's former Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory conducted a study of the role of the thyroid in human acclimatization to cold. To measure thyroid function under various conditions, the researchers administered a radioactive medical trace, Iodine-131, to Alaska Natives and white military personnel; based on the study results, the researchers determined that the thyroid did not play a significant role in human acclimatization to cold. When this study of thyroid function was revisited at a 1993 conference on the Cold War legacy in the Arctic, serious questions were raised about the appropriateness of the activityâ€"whether it posed risks to the people involved and whether the research had been conducted within the bounds of accepted guidelines for research using human participants. In particular, there was concern over the relatively large proportion of Alaska Natives used as subjects and whether they understood the nature of the study. This book evaluates the research in detail, looking at both the possible health effects of Iodine-131 administration in humans and the ethics of human subjects research. This book presents conclusions and recommendations and is a significant addition to the nation's current reevaluation of human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War.

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117

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309054281

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9780309054287

Major Award Decisionmaking at the National Science Foundation

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on NSF Decisionmaking for Major Awards

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Major Award Decisionmaking at the National Science Foundation

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on NSF Decisionmaking for Major Awards

As part of its mission to foster high-quality scientific and engineering research, the National Science Foundation (NSF) plans, grants, and administers major awards to universities and other research institutions for national research facilities, multidisciplinary research centers, and other large-scale research projects. Although few in number, less than 100, such projects account for about 30 percent of NSF's annual research budget. This book provides a useful overview of how such projects are planned, reviews proposals for merit, and evaluates ongoing projects for renewal awards. The panel makes a series of recommendations for strengthening major award decisionmaking.

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175

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309050294

ISBN 13

9780309050296

The Health Hazard Evaluation Program at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Committee to Review the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program

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The Health Hazard Evaluation Program at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Committee to Review the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program

It is the unique mission of the Health Hazard Evaluation Program within the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to respond to requests to investigate potential occupational health hazards. In contrast to other NIOSH programs, the Health Hazard Evaluation Program is not primarily a research program. Rather, it investigates and provides advice to workplaces in response to requests from employers, employees and their representatives, and federal agencies. The National Research Council was charged with evaluating the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program and determining whether program activities resulted in improvements in workplace practices and decreases in hazardous exposures that cause occupational illnesses. The program was found to play a key role in addressing existing widespread or emerging occupational health issues. This book makes several recommendations that could improve a very strong program including more systematic use of surveillance data to facilitate priority setting, and greater interaction with a broader array of workers, industries, and other government agencies.

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226

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309126479

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9780309126472

Improving Breast Imaging Quality Standards

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,National Cancer Policy Board,Committee on Improving Mammography Quality Standards

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Improving Breast Imaging Quality Standards

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,National Cancer Policy Board,Committee on Improving Mammography Quality Standards

Mammography is an important tool for detecting breast cancer at an early stage. When coupled with appropriate treatment, early detection can reduce breast cancer mortality. At the request of Congress, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) commissioned a study to examine the current practice of mammography and breast cancer detection, with a focus on the FDA's oversight via the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA), to identify areas in need of improvement. Enacted in 1993, MQSA provides a general framework for ensuring national quality standards in facilities performing screening mammography, requires that each mammography facility be accredited and certified, and mandates that facilities will undergo annual inspections. This book recommends strategies for achieving continued progress in assuring mammography quality, including changes to MQSA regulation, as well as approaches that do not fall within the purview of MQSA. Specifically, this book provides recommendations aimed at improving mammography interpretation; revising MQSA regulations, inspections, and enforcement; ensuring an adequate workforce for breast cancer screening and diagnosis; and improving breast imaging quality beyond mammography.

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