Institute of Medicine and National Research Council's Books

Reducing the Burden of Injury

Advancing Prevention and Treatment

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Injury Prevention and Control

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Reducing the Burden of Injury

Advancing Prevention and Treatment

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Injury Prevention and Control

Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability among people under age 35 in the United States. Despite great strides in injury prevention over the decades, injuries result in 150,000 deaths, 2.6 million hospitalizations, and 36 million visits to the emergency room each year. Reducing the Burden of Injury describes the cost and magnitude of the injury problem in America and looks critically at the current response by the public and private sectors, including: Data and surveillance needs. Research priorities. Trauma care systems development. Infrastructure support, including training for injury professionals. Firearm safety. Coordination among federal agencies. The authors define the field of injury and establish boundaries for the field regarding intentional injuries. This book highlights the crosscutting nature of the injury field, identifies opportunities to leverage resources and expertise of the numerous parties involved, and discusses issues regarding leadership at the federal level.

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336

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309065666

ISBN 13

9780309065665

Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Committee on Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates

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Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Committee on Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates

The field of occupational health and safety constantly changes, especially as it pertains to biomedical research. New infectious hazards are of particular importance at nonhuman-primate facilities. For example, the discovery that B virus can be transmitted via a splash on a mucous membrane raises new concerns that must be addressed, as does the discovery of the Reston strain of Ebola virus in import quarantine facilities in the U.S. The risk of such infectious hazards is best managed through a flexible and comprehensive Occupational Health and Safety Program (OHSP) that can identify and mitigate potential hazards. Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates is intended as a reference for vivarium managers, veterinarians, researchers, safety professionals, and others who are involved in developing or implementing an OHSP that deals with nonhuman primates. The book lists the important features of an OHSP and provides the tools necessary for informed decision-making in developing an optimal program that meets all particular institutional needs.

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180

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309167949

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9780309167949

To Improve Human Health

A History of the Institute of Medicine

By: Institute of Medicine,Edward D. Berkowitz

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To Improve Human Health

A History of the Institute of Medicine

By: Institute of Medicine,Edward D. Berkowitz

Since its founding in 1970, the Institute of Medicine has become an internationally recognized source of independent advice and expertise on a broad spectrum of topics and issues related to the advancement of the health sciences and education and public health. Institute activities, reports, and policy statements have gained a wide audience both in the United States and throughout the world. In this first formal history of the Institute, Professor Edward D. Berkowitz describes many of the important individuals and events associated with the Institute's creation, operation, development, and accomplishments since its founding, as well as the issues and challenges the Institute has confronted over the years that have helped shape it and to which it has contributed potential solutions and responses.

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322

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309061881

ISBN 13

9780309061889

Improving America's Diet and Health

From Recommendations to Action

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on Dietary Guidelines Implementation

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Improving America's Diet and Health

From Recommendations to Action

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on Dietary Guidelines Implementation

Written and organized to be accessible to a wide range of readers, Improving America's Diet and Health explores how Americans can be persuaded to adopt healthier eating habits. Moving well beyond the "pamphlet and public service announcement" approach to dietary change, this volume investigates current eating patterns in this country, consumers' beliefs and attitudes about food and nutrition, the theory and practice of promoting healthy behaviors, and needs for further research. The core of the volume consists of strategies and actions targeted to sectors of societyâ€"government, the private sector, the health professions, the education communityâ€"that have special responsibilities for encouraging and enabling consumers to eat better. These recommendations form the basis for three principal strategies necessary to further the implementation of dietary recommendations in the United States.

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256

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309041392

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9780309041393

Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee to Review the NIOSH Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research Program

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Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee to Review the NIOSH Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research Program

The agriculture, forestry, and fishing sectors are the cornerstone of industries that produce food, fiber, and biofuel. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research in order to improve worker safety and health in these sectors. This National Research Council book reviews the NIOSH Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Program to evaluate the 1) relevance of its work to improvements in occupational safety and health and 2) the impact of research in reducing workplace illnesses and injuries. The assessment reveals that the program has made meaningful contributions to improving worker safety and health in these fields. To enhance the relevance and impact of its work and fulfill its mission, the NIOSH Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Program should provide national leadership, coordination of research, and activities to transfer findings, technologies, and information into practice. The program will also benefit from establishing strategic goals and implementing a comprehensive surveillance system in order to better identify and track worker populations at risk.

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354

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309177693

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9780309177696

Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers

A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers

A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

The concept of postdoctoral training came to science and engineering about a century ago. Since the 1960s, the performance of research in the United States has increasingly relied on these recent PhDs who work on a full-time, but on a temporary basis, to gain additional research experience in preparation for a professional research career. Such experiences are increasingly seen as central to careers in research, but for many, the postdoctoral experience falls short of expectations. Some postdocs indicate that they have not received the recognition, standing or compensation that is commensurate with their experience and skills. Is this the case? If so, how can the postdoctoral experience be enhanced for the over 40,000 individuals who hold these positions at university, government, and industry laboratories? This new book offers its assessment of the postdoctoral experience and provides principles, action points, and recommendations for enhancing that experience.

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210

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309171997

ISBN 13

9780309171991

Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany

Lessons and Perspectives

By: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research,National Academy of Engineering

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Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany

Lessons and Perspectives

By: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research,National Academy of Engineering

This book explores major similarities and differences in the structure, conduct, and performance of the national technology transfer systems of Germany and the United States. It maps the technology transfer landscape in each country in detail, uses case studies to examine the dynamics of technology transfer in four major technology areas, and identifies areas and opportunities for further mutual learning between the two national systems.

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444

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309522935

ISBN 13

9780309522939

Adolescent Health Services

Missing Opportunities

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Adolescent Health Care Services and Models of Care for Treatment, Prevention, and Healthy Development

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Adolescent Health Services

Missing Opportunities

Adolescence is a time of major transition, however, health care services in the United States today are not designed to help young people develop healthy routines, behaviors, and relationships that they can carry into their adult lives. While most adolescents at this stage of life are thriving, many of them have difficulty gaining access to necessary services; other engage in risky behaviors that can jeopardize their health during these formative years and also contribute to poor health outcomes in adulthood. Missed opportunities for disease prevention and health promotion are two major problematic features of our nation's health services system for adolescents. Recognizing that health care providers play an important role in fostering healthy behaviors among adolescents, Adolescent Health Services examines the health status of adolescents and reviews the separate and uncoordinated programs and services delivered in multiple public and private health care settings. The book provides guidance to administrators in public and private health care agencies, health care workers, guidance counselors, parents, school administrators, and policy makers on investing in, strengthening, and improving an integrated health system for adolescents.

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366

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309114675

ISBN 13

9780309114677

Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology

Although the United States is currently capitalizing on its investment in science and technology effectively, there remains much room for improvement. This volume identifies the ingredients for success in capitalizing on such investments to produce national benefits, assesses current U.S. performance, and identifies future challenges. The book cites specific examples and examines several cross-cutting issues. It explores the possibility that the national research portfolio is losing diversity as a result of less long-term research in critical fields such as networking and materials. It also examines the implications of imbalances in the supply of and demand for science and engineering talent in emerging interdisciplinary fields such as bioinformatics.

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128

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309173205

ISBN 13

9780309173209

Emergency Medical Services for Children

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medical Services

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Emergency Medical Services for Children

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medical Services

How can we meet the special needs of children for emergency medical services (EMS) when today's EMS systems are often unprepared for the challenge? This comprehensive overview of EMS for children (EMS-C) provides an answer by presenting a vision for tomorrow's EMS-C system and practical recommendations for attaining it. Drawing on many studies and examples, the volume explores why emergency care for childrenâ€"from infants through adolescentsâ€"must differ from that for adults and describes what seriously ill or injured children generally experience in today's EMS systems. The book points the way to integrating EMS-C into current emergency programs and into broader aspects of health care for children. It gives recommendations for ensuring access to emergency care through the 9-1-1 system; training health professionals, from paramedics to physicians; educating the public; providing proper equipment, protocols, and referral systems; improving communications among EMS-C providers; enhancing data resources and expanding research efforts; and stimulating and supporting leadership in EMS-C at the federal and state levels. For those already deeply involved in EMS efforts, this volume is a convenient, up-to-date, and comprehensive source of information and ideas. More importantly, for anyone interested in improving the emergency services available to childrenâ€"emergency care professionals from emergency medical technicians to nurses to physicians, hospital and EMS administrators, public officials, health educators, children's advocacy groups, concerned parents and other responsible adultsâ€"this timely volume provides a realistic plan for action to link EMS-C system components into a workable structure that will better serve all of the nation's children.

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415

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309048885

ISBN 13

9780309048880

Mining Safety and Health Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Earth Resources,Committee to Review the NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Research Program

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Mining Safety and Health Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Earth Resources,Committee to Review the NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Research Program

The U.S. mining sector has the highest fatality rate of any industry in the country. Fortunately, advances made over the past three decades in mining technology, equipment, processes, procedures, and workforce education and training have significantly improved safety and health. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Mining Safety and Health Research Program (Mining Program) has played a large role in these improvements. An assessment of the relevance and impact of NIOSH Mining Program research by a National Research Council committee reveals that the program makes essential contributions to the enhancement of health and safety in the mining industry. To further increase its effectiveness, the Mining Program should proactively identify workplace hazards and establish more challenging and innovative goals toward hazard reduction. The ability of the program to successfully expand its activities, however, depends on available funding.

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290

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309103428

ISBN 13

9780309103428

The Public Health Effects of Food Deserts

Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Food and Nutrition Board

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The Public Health Effects of Food Deserts

Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Food and Nutrition Board

In the United States, people living in low-income neighborhoods frequently do not have access to affordable healthy food venues, such as supermarkets. Instead, those living in "food deserts" must rely on convenience stores and small neighborhood stores that offer few, if any, healthy food choices, such as fruits and vegetables. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC) convened a two-day workshop on January 26-27, 2009, to provide input into a Congressionally-mandated food deserts study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service. The workshop, summarized in this volume, provided a forum in which to discuss the public health effects of food deserts.

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114

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309137284

ISBN 13

9780309137287

A Risk-Characterization Framework for Decision-Making at the Food and Drug Administration

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Ranking FDA Product Categories Based on Health Consequences, Phase II

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A Risk-Characterization Framework for Decision-Making at the Food and Drug Administration

With the responsibility to ensure the safety of food, drugs, and other products, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) faces decisions that may have public-health consequences every day. Often the decisions must be made quickly and on the basis of incomplete information. FDA recognized that collecting and evaluating information on the risks posed by the regulated products in a systematic manner would aid in its decision-making process. Consequently, FDA and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to develop a conceptual model that could evaluate products or product categories that FDA regulates and provide information on the potential health consequences associated with them. A Risk-Characterization Framework for Decision-Making at the Food and Drug Administration describes the proposed risk-characterization framework that can be used to evaluate, compare, and communicate the public-health consequences of decisions concerning a wide variety of products. The framework presented in this report is intended to complement other risk-based approaches that are in use and under development at FDA, not replace them. It provides a common language for describing potential public-health consequences of decisions, is designed to have wide applicability among all FDA centers, and draws extensively on the well-vetted risk literature to define the relevant health dimensions for decision-making at the FDA. The report illustrates the use of that framework with several case studies, and provides conclusions and recommendations.

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206

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309212804

ISBN 13

9780309212809

Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth

Assessing and Improving Child Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Evaluation of Children's Health

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Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth

Assessing and Improving Child Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Evaluation of Children's Health

Children's health has clearly improved over the past several decades. Significant and positive gains have been made in lowering rates of infant mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases and accidental causes, improved access to health care, and reduction in the effects of environmental contaminants such as lead. Yet major questions still remain about how to assess the status of children's health, what factors should be monitored, and the appropriate measurement tools that should be used. Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health provides a detailed examination of the information about children's health that is needed to help policy makers and program providers at the federal, state, and local levels. In order to improve children's health-and, thus, the health of future generations-it is critical to have data that can be used to assess both current conditions and possible future threats to children's health. This compelling book describes what is known about the health of children and what is needed to expand the knowledge. By strategically improving the health of children, we ensure healthier future generations to come.

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337

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309091187

ISBN 13

9780309091183

Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults

Workshop Summary

By: Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Institute of Medicine,National Research Council

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Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults

Workshop Summary

By: Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Institute of Medicine,National Research Council

Young adults are at a significant and pivotal time of life. They may seek higher education, launch their work lives, develop personal relationships and healthy habits, and pursue other endeavors that help set them on healthy and productive pathways. However, the transition to adulthood also can be a time of increased vulnerability and risk. Young adults may be unemployed and homeless, lack access to health care, suffer from mental health issues or other chronic health conditions, or engage in binge drinking, illicit drug use, or driving under the influence. Young adults are moving out of the services and systems that supported them as children and adolescents, but adult services and systems--for example, the adult health care system, the labor market, and the justice system--may not be well suited to supporting their needs. Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults is the summary of a workshop hosted by the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Research Council (NRC) in May, 2013. More than 250 researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and young adults presented and discussed research on the development, health, safety, and well-being of young adults. This report focuses on the developmental characteristics and attributes of this age group and its placement in the life course; how well young adults function across relevant sectors, including, for example, health and mental health, education, labor, justice, military, and foster care; and how the various sectors that intersect with young adults influence their health and well-being. Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults provides an overview of existing research and identifies research gaps and issues that deserve more intensive study. It also is meant to start a conversation aimed at a larger IOM/NRC effort to guide research, practices, and policies affecting young adults.

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129

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309285631

ISBN 13

9780309285636

Respiratory Diseases Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the NIOSH Respiratory Disease Research Program

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Respiratory Diseases Research at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the NIOSH Respiratory Disease Research Program

Respiratory diseases caused by exposures to dangerous materials in the workplace have tremendous implications for worker health and, by extension, the national economy. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that deaths from work-related respiratory diseases and cancers account for about 70% of all occupational disease deaths. NIOSH conducts research in order to detect and reduce work-related hazardous exposures, injuries, and diseases; its Respiratory Disease Research Program (RDRP) focuses on respiratory diseases. This National Research Council book reviews the RDRP to evaluate the 1) relevance of its work to improvements in occupational safety and health and 2) the impact of research in reducing workplace respiratory illnesses. The assessment reveals that the program has made essential contributions to preventing occupational respiratory disease. The National Research Council has rated the Program a 5 out of 5 for relevance, and a 4 out of 5 for impact. To further increase its effectiveness, the Respiratory Disease Research Program should continue and expand its current efforts, provide resources for occupational disease surveillance, and include exposure assessment scientists in its activities.

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250

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309177871

ISBN 13

9780309177870

Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment

A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Sciences Policy,Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine,Christine Coussens,Kathi Hanna

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Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment

A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century

By: Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Sciences Policy,Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine,Christine Coussens,Kathi Hanna

This is a summary of the workshop Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment: A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century. The goal of this workshop was to emphasize the connection between human health and the natural, built, and social environments. This workshop integrated talks from many fields and created a dialogue among various environmental health stakeholders. The language presented in this respect should not be viewed as an endorsement by the Environmental Health Sciences Roundtable or the Institute of Medicine of what action is needed for the future, but rather as an effort to synthesize the various perspectives presented.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030907259X

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9780309072595

Enhancing Food Safety

The Role of the Food and Drug Administration

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on the Review of the Food and Drug Administration's Role in Ensuring Safe Food

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Enhancing Food Safety

The Role of the Food and Drug Administration

Recent outbreaks of illnesses traced to contaminated sprouts and lettuce illustrate the holes that exist in the system for monitoring problems and preventing foodborne diseases. Although it is not solely responsible for ensuring the safety of the nation's food supply, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees monitoring and intervention for 80 percent of the food supply. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's abilities to discover potential threats to food safety and prevent outbreaks of foodborne illness are hampered by impediments to efficient use of its limited resources and a piecemeal approach to gathering and using information on risks. Enhancing Food Safety: The Role of the Food and Drug Administration, a new book from the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, responds to a congressional request for recommendations on how to close gaps in FDA's food safety systems. Enhancing Food Safety begins with a brief review of the Food Protection Plan (FPP), FDA's food safety philosophy developed in 2007. The lack of sufficient detail and specific strategies in the FPP renders it ineffectual. The book stresses the need for FPP to evolve and be supported by the type of strategic planning described in these pages. It also explores the development and implementation of a stronger, more effective food safety system built on a risk-based approach to food safety management. Conclusions and recommendations include adopting a risk-based decision-making approach to food safety; creating a data surveillance and research infrastructure; integrating federal, state, and local government food safety programs; enhancing efficiency of inspections; and more. Although food safety is the responsibility of everyone, from producers to consumers, the FDA and other regulatory agencies have an essential role. In many instances, the FDA must carry out this responsibility against a backdrop of multiple stakeholder interests, inadequate resources, and competing priorities. Of interest to the food production industry, consumer advocacy groups, health care professionals, and others, Enhancing Food Safety provides the FDA and Congress with a course of action that will enable the agency to become more efficient and effective in carrying out its food safety mission in a rapidly changing world.

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588

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309152739

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9780309152730

State Science and Technology Policy Advice

Issues, Opportunities, and Challenges: Summary of a National Convocation

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine

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State Science and Technology Policy Advice

Issues, Opportunities, and Challenges: Summary of a National Convocation

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine

The federal government plays the predominant role in supporting research and development (R&D) and in establishing public policies that affect science and technology (S&T) in the United States. However, the federal government is no longer the sole focus of R&D funding and S&T policy making. State and local policy makers are unquestionably making more and more decisions that affect all of us on a daily basis. With this shift, states have also assumed an increasing responsibility for developing, formalizing, and institutionalizing policies and programs that support R&D and enable S&T evidence and expertise to be incorporated into policy making. These issues were explored during a first-of-its-kind National Convocation organized by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine in collaboration with the National Association of Academies of Science and the California Council on Science and Technology. Scientists, engineers, state policy makers, experts from state regulatory agencies, representatives from foundations, and experts in scientific communication from 20 states and the District of Columbia participated in this event. This report highlights the major themes from the Convocation that emerged from the presentations and from the rich discussions that occurred in both plenary and breakout sessions.

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100

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309117119

ISBN 13

9780309117111

Rising Above the Gathering Storm

Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century: An Agenda for American Science and Technology

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Rising Above the Gathering Storm

Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future

In a world where advanced knowledge is widespread and low-cost labor is readily available, U.S. advantages in the marketplace and in science and technology have begun to erode. A comprehensive and coordinated federal effort is urgently needed to bolster U.S. competitiveness and pre-eminence in these areas. This congressionally requested report by a pre-eminent committee makes four recommendations along with 20 implementation actions that federal policy-makers should take to create high-quality jobs and focus new science and technology efforts on meeting the nation's needs, especially in the area of clean, affordable energy: 1) Increase America's talent pool by vastly improving K-12 mathematics and science education; 2) Sustain and strengthen the nation's commitment to long-term basic research; 3) Develop, recruit, and retain top students, scientists, and engineers from both the U.S. and abroad; and 4) Ensure that the United States is the premier place in the world for innovation. Some actions will involve changing existing laws, while others will require financial support that would come from reallocating existing budgets or increasing them. Rising Above the Gathering Storm will be of great interest to federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, public decision makers, research sponsors, regulatory analysts, and scholars.

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590

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309187583

ISBN 13

9780309187589

Health and Safety Needs of Older Workers

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on the Health and Safety Needs of Older Workers

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Health and Safety Needs of Older Workers

Mirroring a worldwide phenomenon in industrialized nations, the U.S. is experiencing a change in its demographic structure known as population aging. Concern about the aging population tends to focus on the adequacy of Medicare and Social Security, retirement of older Americans, and the need to identify policies, programs, and strategies that address the health and safety needs of older workers. Older workers differ from their younger counterparts in a variety of physical, psychological, and social factors. Evaluating the extent, causes, and effects of these factors and improving the research and data systems necessary to address the health and safety needs of older workers may significantly impact both their ability to remain in the workforce and their well being in retirement. Health and Safety Needs of Older Workers provides an image of what is currently known about the health and safety needs of older workers and the research needed to encourage social polices that guarantee older workers a meaningful share of the nation's work opportunities.

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319

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030909111X

ISBN 13

9780309091114

Priority Areas for National Action

Transforming Health Care Quality

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Identifying Priority Areas for Quality Improvement

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Priority Areas for National Action

Transforming Health Care Quality

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Identifying Priority Areas for Quality Improvement

A new release in the Quality Chasm Series, Priority Areas for National Action recommends a set of 20 priority areas that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and other groups in the public and private sectors should focus on to improve the quality of health care delivered to all Americans. The priority areas selected represent the entire spectrum of health care from preventive care to end of life care. They also touch on all age groups, health care settings and health care providers. Collective action in these areas could help transform the entire health care system. In addition, the report identifies criteria and delineates a process that DHHS may adopt to determine future priority areas.

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159

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309133173

ISBN 13

9780309133173

The National Children's Study 2014

An Assessment

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on the Design of the National Children's Study and Implications for the Generalizability of Results

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The National Children's Study 2014

An Assessment

The National Children's Study (NCS) was authorized by the Children's Health Act of 2000 and is being implemented by a dedicated Program Office in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The NCS is planned to be a longitudinal observational birth cohort study to evaluate the effects of chronic and intermittent exposures on child health and development in the U.S.. The NCS would be the first study to collect a broad range of environmental exposure measures for a national probability sample of about 100,000 children, followed from birth or before birth to age 21. Detailed plans for the NCS were developed by 2007 and reviewed by a National Research Council / Institute of Medicine panel. At that time, sample recruitment for the NCS Main Study was scheduled to begin in 2009 and to be completed within about 5 years. However, results from the initial seven pilot locations, which recruited sample cases in 2009-2010, indicated that the proposed household-based recruitment approach would be more costly and time consuming than planned. In response, the Program Office implemented a number of pilot tests in 2011 to evaluate alternative recruitment methods and pilot testing continues to date. At the request of Congress, The National Children's Study 2014 reviews the revised study design and proposed methodologies for the NCS Main Study. This report assesses the study's plan to determine whether it is likely to produce scientifically sound results that are generalizable to the United States population and appropriate subpopulations. The report makes recommendations about the overall study framework, sample design, timing, content and need for scientific expertise and oversight. The National Children's Study has the potential to add immeasurably to scientific knowledge about the impact of environmental exposures, broadly defined, on children\'s health and development in the United States. The recommendations of this report will help the NCS will achieve its intended objective to examine the effects of environmental influences on the health and development of American children.

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222

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309306922

ISBN 13

9780309306928

Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

In 1995, the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council issued a report entitled Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, which recommended tracking of federal investments in the creation of new knowledge and technologiesâ€"what the report referred to as the federal science and technology (FS&T) budget. Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget, the third annual report, identifies potential impacts of the President's proposed FS&T budget. This report does not make recommendations about specific spending levels, but rather identifies aspects of the proposed budget as they affect the health of the nation's research enterprise.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030906984X

ISBN 13

9780309069847

Seafood Safety

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products

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Seafood Safety

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products

Can Americans continue to add more seafood to their diets without fear of illness or even death? Seafood-caused health problems are not widespread, but consumers are at risk from seafood-borne microbes and toxinsâ€"with consequences that can range from mild enteritis to fatal illness. At a time when legislators and consumer groups are seeking a sound regulatory approach, Seafood Safety presents a comprehensive set of practical recommendations for ensuring the safety of the seafood supply. This volume presents the first-ever overview of the field, covering seafood consumption patterns, where and how seafood contamination occurs, and the effectiveness of regulation. A wealth of technical information is presented on the sources of contaminationâ€"microbes, natural toxins, and chemical pollutantsâ€"and their effects on human health. The volume evaluates methods used for risk assessment and inspection sampling.

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449

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309043875

ISBN 13

9780309043878

Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

How can the federal government gauge the overall health of scientific researchâ€"as a whole and in its partsâ€"and determine whether national funding adequately supports national research objectives? It is feasible to monitor US performance with field-by-field peer assessments. This might be done through the establishment of independent panels consisting of researchers who work in a field, individuals who work in closely related fields, and research "users" who follow the field closely. Some of these individuals should be outstanding foreign scientists in the field being examined. This technique of comparative international assessments is also known as international benchmarking. Experiments in International Benchmarking of U.S. Research Fields evaluates the feasibility and utility of the benchmarking technique. In order to do this, the report internationally benchmarks three fields: mathematics, immunology, and materials science and engineering, then summarizes the results of these experiments.

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316

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309172187

ISBN 13

9780309172189

National Issues in Science and Technology 1993

By: National Research Council,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine

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National Issues in Science and Technology 1993

By: National Research Council,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine

This volume consists of four "white papers," prepared for the Clinton administration as it took office, on important national policy issues in which science and technology play a central role. Topics covered are science and technology leadership, climate change policy, technology policy and industrial innovation, and health care reform. Also included are brief summaries of ten potentially high impact reports issued by various committees of the National Research Council.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309048826

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9780309048828

Working Families and Growing Kids

Caring for Children and Adolescents

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Family and Work Policies

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Working Families and Growing Kids

Caring for Children and Adolescents

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Family and Work Policies

An informative mix of data and discussion, this book presents conclusions and recommendations for policies that can respond to the new conditions shaping America's working families. Among the family and work trends reviewed: Growing population of mothers with young children in the workforce. Increasing reliance of nonparental child care. Growing challenges of families on welfare. Increased understanding of child and adolescent development. Included in this comprehensive review of the research and data on family leave, child care, and income support issues are: the effects of early child care and school age child care on child development, the impacts of family work policies on child and adolescent well-being and family functioning, the impacts of family work policies on child and adolescent well-being and family functioning the changes to federal and state welfare policy, the emergence of a 24/7 economy, the utilization of paid family leave, and an examination of the ways parental employment affects children as they make their way through childhood and adolescence. The book also evaluates the support systems available to working families, including family and medical leave, child care options, and tax policies. The committee's conclusions and recommendations will be of interest to anyone concerned with issues affecting the working American family, especially policy makers, program administrators, social scientists, journalist, private and public sector leaders, and family advocates.

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367

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087031

ISBN 13

9780309087032

Resources for Teaching Middle School Science

By: Smithsonian Institution,National Academy of Engineering,National Science Resources Center of the National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine

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Resources for Teaching Middle School Science

By: Smithsonian Institution,National Academy of Engineering,National Science Resources Center of the National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine

With age-appropriate, inquiry-centered curriculum materials and sound teaching practices, middle school science can capture the interest and energy of adolescent students and expand their understanding of the world around them. Resources for Teaching Middle School Science, developed by the National Science Resources Center (NSRC), is a valuable tool for identifying and selecting effective science curriculum materials that will engage students in grades 6 through 8. The volume describes more than 400 curriculum titles that are aligned with the National Science Education Standards. This completely new guide follows on the success of Resources for Teaching Elementary School Science, the first in the NSRC series of annotated guides to hands-on, inquiry-centered curriculum materials and other resources for science teachers. The curriculum materials in the new guide are grouped in five chapters by scientific areaâ€"Physical Science, Life Science, Environmental Science, Earth and Space Science, and Multidisciplinary and Applied Science. They are also grouped by typeâ€"core materials, supplementary units, and science activity books. Each annotation of curriculum material includes a recommended grade level, a description of the activities involved and of what students can be expected to learn, a list of accompanying materials, a reading level, and ordering information. The curriculum materials included in this book were selected by panels of teachers and scientists using evaluation criteria developed for the guide. The criteria reflect and incorporate goals and principles of the National Science Education Standards. The annotations designate the specific content standards on which these curriculum pieces focus. In addition to the curriculum chapters, the guide contains six chapters of diverse resources that are directly relevant to middle school science. Among these is a chapter on educational software and multimedia programs, chapters on books about science and teaching, directories and guides to science trade books, and periodicals for teachers and students. Another section features institutional resources. One chapter lists about 600 science centers, museums, and zoos where teachers can take middle school students for interactive science experiences. Another chapter describes nearly 140 professional associations and U.S. government agencies that offer resources and assistance. Authoritative, extensive, and thoroughly indexedâ€"and the only guide of its kindâ€"Resources for Teaching Middle School Science will be the most used book on the shelf for science teachers, school administrators, teacher trainers, science curriculum specialists, advocates of hands-on science teaching, and concerned parents.

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496

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309057817

ISBN 13

9780309057813

Nutrition During Pregnancy

Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation

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Nutrition During Pregnancy

Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation

In Part I of Nutrition During Pregnancy, the authors call for revisions in recommended weight gains for pregnant women. They explore relationships between weight gain during pregnancy and a variety of factors (e.g., the mother's weight for height before pregnancy) and places this in the context of the health of the infant and the mother. They present specific target ranges for weight gain during pregnancy and guidelines for proper measurement. Part II addresses vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy, examining the adequacy of diet in meeting nutrient needs during pregnancy and recommending specific amounts of supplements for special circumstances. It also covers the effects of caffeine, alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and cocaine use and presents specific research recommendations.

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481

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309041384

ISBN 13

9780309041386

Major Award Decisionmaking at the National Science Foundation

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on NSF Decisionmaking for Major Awards

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Major Award Decisionmaking at the National Science Foundation

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on NSF Decisionmaking for Major Awards

As part of its mission to foster high-quality scientific and engineering research, the National Science Foundation (NSF) plans, grants, and administers major awards to universities and other research institutions for national research facilities, multidisciplinary research centers, and other large-scale research projects. Although few in number, less than 100, such projects account for about 30 percent of NSF's annual research budget. This book provides a useful overview of how such projects are planned, reviews proposals for merit, and evaluates ongoing projects for renewal awards. The panel makes a series of recommendations for strengthening major award decisionmaking.

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175

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309050294

ISBN 13

9780309050296

The Health Hazard Evaluation Program at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Committee to Review the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program

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The Health Hazard Evaluation Program at NIOSH

Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

By: Institute of Medicine,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Committee to Review the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program

It is the unique mission of the Health Hazard Evaluation Program within the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to respond to requests to investigate potential occupational health hazards. In contrast to other NIOSH programs, the Health Hazard Evaluation Program is not primarily a research program. Rather, it investigates and provides advice to workplaces in response to requests from employers, employees and their representatives, and federal agencies. The National Research Council was charged with evaluating the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program and determining whether program activities resulted in improvements in workplace practices and decreases in hazardous exposures that cause occupational illnesses. The program was found to play a key role in addressing existing widespread or emerging occupational health issues. This book makes several recommendations that could improve a very strong program including more systematic use of surveillance data to facilitate priority setting, and greater interaction with a broader array of workers, industries, and other government agencies.

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226

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309126479

ISBN 13

9780309126472

Improving Breast Imaging Quality Standards

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,National Cancer Policy Board,Committee on Improving Mammography Quality Standards

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Improving Breast Imaging Quality Standards

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,National Cancer Policy Board,Committee on Improving Mammography Quality Standards

Mammography is an important tool for detecting breast cancer at an early stage. When coupled with appropriate treatment, early detection can reduce breast cancer mortality. At the request of Congress, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) commissioned a study to examine the current practice of mammography and breast cancer detection, with a focus on the FDA's oversight via the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA), to identify areas in need of improvement. Enacted in 1993, MQSA provides a general framework for ensuring national quality standards in facilities performing screening mammography, requires that each mammography facility be accredited and certified, and mandates that facilities will undergo annual inspections. This book recommends strategies for achieving continued progress in assuring mammography quality, including changes to MQSA regulation, as well as approaches that do not fall within the purview of MQSA. Specifically, this book provides recommendations aimed at improving mammography interpretation; revising MQSA regulations, inspections, and enforcement; ensuring an adequate workforce for breast cancer screening and diagnosis; and improving breast imaging quality beyond mammography.

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241

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309096480

ISBN 13

9780309096485

The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study

A Radiological Risk and Ethical Analysis

By: Committee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine-131,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Commission on Life Sciences,Polar Research Board,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute of Medicine,National Research Council

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The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study

A Radiological Risk and Ethical Analysis

During the 1950s, with the Cold War looming, military planners sought to know more about how to keep fighting forces fit and capable in the harsh Alaskan environment. In 1956 and 1957, the U.S. Air Force's former Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory conducted a study of the role of the thyroid in human acclimatization to cold. To measure thyroid function under various conditions, the researchers administered a radioactive medical trace, Iodine-131, to Alaska Natives and white military personnel; based on the study results, the researchers determined that the thyroid did not play a significant role in human acclimatization to cold. When this study of thyroid function was revisited at a 1993 conference on the Cold War legacy in the Arctic, serious questions were raised about the appropriateness of the activity--whether it posed risks to the people involved and whether the research had been conducted within the bounds of accepted guidelines for research using human participants. In particular, there was concern over the relatively large proportion of Alaska Natives used as subjects and whether they understood the nature of the study. This book evaluates the research in detail, looking at both the possible health effects of Iodine-131 administration in humans and the ethics of human subjects research. This book presents conclusions and recommendations and is a significant addition to the nation's current reevaluation of human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War.

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117

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309588847

ISBN 13

9780309588843

Exposure of the American People to Iodine-131 from Nevada Nuclear-Bomb Tests

Review of the National Cancer Institute Report and Public Health Implications

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute of Medicine,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Exposure of the American People to I-131 from the Nevada Atomic Bomb Tests,Committee on Thyroid Screening Related to I-131 Exposure

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Exposure of the American People to Iodine-131 from Nevada Nuclear-Bomb Tests

Review of the National Cancer Institute Report and Public Health Implications

In 1997, after more than a decade of research, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) released a report which provided their assessment of radiation exposures that Americans may have received from radioactive iodine released from the atomic bomb tests conducted in Nevada during the 1950s and early 1960s. This book provides an evaluation of the soundness of the methodology used by the NCI study to estimate: Past radiation doses. Possible health consequences of exposure to iodine-131. Implications for clinical practice. Possible public health strategiesâ€"such as systematic screening for thyroid cancerâ€"to respond to the exposures. In addition, the book provides an evaluation of the NCI estimates of the number of thyroid cancers that might result from the nuclear testing program and provides guidance on approaches the U.S. government might use to communicate with the public about Iodine-131 exposures and health risks.

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289

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030906175X

ISBN 13

9780309061759

Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin

Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin

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Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin

Workshop Summary

One of the biggest threats today is the uncertainty surrounding the emergence of a novel pathogen or the re-emergence of a known infectious disease that might result in disease outbreaks with great losses of human life and immense global economic consequences. Over the past six decades, most of the emerging infectious disease events in humans have been caused by zoonotic pathogens-those infectious agents that are transmitted from animals to humans. In June 2008, the Institute of Medicine's and National Research Council's Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin convened a workshop. This workshop addressed the reasons for the transmission of zoonotic disease and explored the current global capacity for zoonotic disease surveillance.

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152

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309178142

ISBN 13

9780309178143

Large-Scale Biomedical Science

Exploring Strategies for Future Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute of Medicine,National Cancer Policy Board,Committee on Large-Scale Science and Cancer Research

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Large-Scale Biomedical Science

Exploring Strategies for Future Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute of Medicine,National Cancer Policy Board,Committee on Large-Scale Science and Cancer Research

The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that make it easier to study the vast complexity of biological systems have led to the initiation of projects with a larger scale and scope. In many cases, these large-scale analyses may be the most efficient and effective way to extract functional information from complex biological systems. Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Research looks at the role of these new large-scale projects in the biomedical sciences. Though written by the National Academies' Cancer Policy Board, this book addresses implications of large-scale science extending far beyond cancer research. It also identifies obstacles to the implementation of these projects, and makes recommendations to improve the process. The ultimate goal of biomedical research is to advance knowledge and provide useful innovations to society. Determining the best and most efficient method for accomplishing that goal, however, is a continuing and evolving challenge. The recommendations presented in Large-Scale Biomedical Science are intended to facilitate a more open, inclusive, and accountable approach to large-scale biomedical research, which in turn will maximize progress in understanding and controlling human disease.

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297

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309089123

ISBN 13

9780309089128

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