For the sake of comparability, it is advisable not to develop new class schemes but to use old ones. Yet presenting a new class scheme - HISCLASS - is exactly what this book does. Unlike existing historical schemes, HISCLASS is international, created for the purpose of making comparisons across different periods, countries and languages. Furthermore, it is linked to an international standard classification scheme for occupations - HISCO. The chapters in the book show how historical occupational titles classified in HISCO can form the building blocks of a social class scheme for past populations. The dimensions underlying classes are discussed. How, for instance, can manual work be distinguished from non-manual work? Skilled from non-skilled? And what did 'supervision' really mean?
What relationship exists between minority status and crime? Is this relationship generalizable across different societies? Many western nations are becoming concerned with the problem of crime in general and, in particular, the role of minority groups, be they political refugees, guest workers, immigrants, or native ethnic and racial minorities. A unique cross-cultural exploration. Minorities, Migrants, and Crime highlights the empirical realities of crime and these under-studied populations. Each international expert from the United States or Europe surveys national statistical facts and research as well as political and theoretical debates critical to the issues. Revealing a number of surprising similarities and differences, original chapters examine law enforcement priorities, punishment philosophy and practices, and media coverage against the backdrop of contemporary thought and facts about race, ethnicity, migrants, crime, and criminal justice in the United States. Offering an in-depth examination of international perspectives, Minorities, Migrants, and Crime adds a viewpoint crucial to the law and policy making currently taking place in the United States. Minorities, Migrants, and Crime features state-of-the-art research in the international arena of criminal justice. A thought-provoking read, this book will prove to be an ideal resource for researchers, academics, and students in criminology, criminal justice, corrections, policing, sociology, ethnic studies, policy studies, international studies, immigration studies, and public administration.
Non-profit organizations are increasingly subjected to the forces of globalization. Although this should not come as a surprise, it is curious to note that the taxation of international philanthropy is an area where discrimination as to residence is still very obvious. Whereas domestic philanthropic flows of money enjoy substantial tax privileges throughout the democratic western world, these privileges often do not apply in situations where borders are crossed. In recent years, the importance of support from charities and social investments has increased substantially, but cross-border philanthropy still remains hampered by numerous tax issues. By comparing the relevant legal and tax systems in selected countries, and by taking into account other legal developments relevant to international philanthropy, the author attempts to find a common approach to solve the tax obstacles of international philanthropy. The book begins by defining the scope of the study including the concept of "landlock", political philosophies substantiating tax relief for philanthropic organizations and an analysis of bilateral treaties. This is followed by a comprehensive and comparative overview of the approach taken in three legal and tax systems regarding international philanthropy, i.e. Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. The work also examines whether EU law allows states (within and without the European Union) to maintain "landlocked" tax positions and, if so, under what type of conditions this may be permitted. The book concludes with a proposal of a new paradigm of non-discriminating treatment of philanthropy by examining ways to abolish landlocks.
For the sake of comparability, it is advisable not to develop new class schemes but to use old ones. Yet presenting a new class scheme - HISCLASS - is exactly what this book does. Unlike existing historical schemes, HISCLASS is international, created for the purpose of making comparisons across different periods, countries and languages. Furthermore, it is linked to an international standard classification scheme for occupations - HISCO. The chapters in the book show how historical occupational titles classified in HISCO can form the building blocks of a social class scheme for past populations. The dimensions underlying classes are discussed. How, for instance, can manual work be distinguished from non-manual work? Skilled from non-skilled? And what did 'supervision' really mean?
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