Ichiro Hori's is the first book in Western literature to portray how Shinto, Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist elements, as well as all manner of archaic magical beliefs and practices, are fused on the folk level. Folk religion, transmitted by the common people from generation to generation, has greatly conditioned the political, economic, and cultural development of Japan and continues to satisfy the emotional and religious needs of the people. Hori examines the organic relationship between the Japanese social structure—the family kinship system, village and community organizations—and folk religion. A glossary with Japanese characters is included in the index.
Ichiro Hori's is the first book in Western literature to portray how Shinto, Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist elements, as well as all manner of archaic magical beliefs and practices, are fused on the folk level. Folk religion, transmitted by the common people from generation to generation, has greatly conditioned the political, economic, and cultural development of Japan and continues to satisfy the emotional and religious needs of the people. Hori examines the organic relationship between the Japanese social structure—the family kinship system, village and community organizations—and folk religion. A glossary with Japanese characters is included in the index.
Focusing on the machining of ceramic materials such as silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and zirconia, this handbook meets the growing need in industry for a clear understanding of modern improvements in ceramic processing. The presentation is international in scope, with techniques and information represented from the USA, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdomùcountries that have made important contributions to the field. The 20 expert chapter authors explore the challenge of reducing the costs of machining operations, a continuing problem in an industry where ceramic parts must be machined into final form to achieve a proper fit. The handbook reveals that the abrasive machining of ceramic materials will always be a requirement because of the difficulty of controlling parts dimensions at the high temperatures required in their creation. The contributors then explain the properties and characteristics of ceramics, the various types of abrasive processes, and typical tests used in the procedures. An entire section of the handbook concerns grinding tools, their conditioning, lubrication, and cooling, checking for wear on the tools, and using them efficiently. The book also examines modern honing and superfinishing tools and machines, and describes advances in the technology, as well as lapping and polishing techniques using chemical compounds and ultrasound.Ceramics is a field where more advanced products are sure to appear. Many of the products will require advanced, better-controlled processing technologies; vastly improved productivity in manufacturing; and increased product reliability. The contributors to this Handbook will assist readers in the attainment of these important goals.
This book demonstrates that during Japan’s early modern Edo period (1603–1868) an ethical code existed among the merchant class comparable to that of the well-known Bushido. There is compelling evidence that contemporary merchants, who were widely and openly despised as immoral by the samurai, in fact acted in highly ethical ways in accordance with a well-articulated moral code. Japanese society was strictly stratified into four distinct and formally recognized classes: warrior, farmer, craftsman and merchant. From the warriors’ perspective, the merchants, at the base of the social order, had no virtue, and existed only to skim profits as middlemen between producers and consumers. But were these accusations correct? Were the merchants really unethical beings who engaged in unfair business practices? There is ample evidence that negates the ubiquitous slanders of the warrior class and suggests that merchants – no less than the warriors – possessed and acted in accordance with a well-developed ethical code, a spirit that may be called shonindo or “The Way of the Merchant.” This book examines whether a comparison of shonindo, depicting the ethical point of view of the merchant class, and Bushido, embodying that of the warrior class, reveals that shonindo may have in fact surpassed Bushido in some aspects. Comparing contemporarily published historical documents concerning both shonindo and Bushido, as well as Inazo Nitobe’s classic work Bushido: The Soul of Japan, published in 1900, the author examines how Bushido surpassed shonindo in that warriors were willing to die for their strict ethical code. Shonindo, however, may have surpassed Bushido in that merchants were liberal, willing to expand and extend application of their ethical beliefs into all aspects of everyday life for the overall benefit of society. This ethical code is compared with that of the conservative Bushido, which demonstrably proved not up to the task for the modernization and improved well-being of Japan. Ichiro Horide is professor emeritus of Reitaku University. Edward Yagi (Reitaku University) and Stanley J. Ziobro II (Trident Technical College) collaborated in the translation of the original Japanese manuscript into English.
Novel magnetotransport phenomena appear when magnet sizes become nanoscale. Typical examples of such phenomena are giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in magnetic multilayers, tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) in ferromagnetic tunnel junctions, and ballistic magnetoresistance (BMR) in magnetic nanocontacts. In this chapter, we first briefly review the relationship between spin-dependent resistivity and electronic structures in metals and alloys, and describe microscopic methods for investigating electrical transport. We then review the essential aspects of GMR, TMR, and BMR, emphasizing the role of the electronic structures of the constituent metals of these junctions and the effects of roughness on the electrical resistivity (or resistance). The important factors that control GMR are shown to be the spin-dependent random potential at interfaces and band matching/mismatching between magnetic and nonmagnetic layers. For TMR, several factors are shown to be important in determining the MR ratio, including the shape of the Fermi surface of the electrodes, the symmetry of the wave functions, electron scattering at interfaces, and spin-slip tunneling. An interpretation of TMR in Fe/MgO/Fe and of an oscillation of TMR is presented. TMR in granular films and in the Coulomb-blockade regime is also described. We also provide a brief explanation for other MR effects, such as normal MR, anisotropic MR (AMR) and colossal MR (CMR) in order to clarify the essential difference between these MRs and GMR, TMR, and BMR. These MR effects are attributed to the spin-dependent electrical currents produced in metallic ferromagnets. After the discovery of these different MR effects, the role of spin current was proposed, for example, spin Hall effect and the effects of spin transfer torque, which will be briefly explained in this chapter. The former orginates from the spin–orbit interaction, and can be observed even in nonmagnetic metals and semiconductors. It is closely related to the anomalous Hall effect observed in ferromagnetic metals. The spin transfer torque is an inverse effect of the MR. The MR is the resistivity change produced by magnetization rotation in ferromagnetic junctions, while the spin transfer torque is an effect in which spin-polarized current makes the magnetization rotate. Finally, we briefly introduce the coupled effects of spin, charge, and heat transport, which are called spin caloritronics.
• Readers will gain an understanding of the optical technology, material science, and semiconductor device technology behind image acquisition devices • Research on image information is stable but slowly growing and several universities globally teach related courses for which this is valuable supplementary reading • This book offers a unique focus on the devices used in image sensors and displays
This book presents an agent-based macroeconomic model developed on the Keynesian principle of effective demand and the Wicksellian theory of cumulative process. The main purpose of the book is to demystify inherent forces that revive an economy from a long-run downturn. The model has three types of bounded-rational agents: firm, household, and bank. To highlight the autonomous revival mechanisms, the model is assumed to be completely closed and free from any external influences such as changes in management of aggregate demand or supply/demand shocks. The key finding of the book is that diversity of firms is a crucial element in reviving investment activities. While a production sector is represented by a single firm in a conventional model, this model has introduced a large number of heterogeneous firms that confront diverse constraints both at the firm and aggregate levels. The behaviours of these firms may vary despite being exposed to the same aggregate environment. For example, economic downturns usually precipitate a fall in real wages as a response to decreased aggregate demand. Most firms reduce their employment focusing on the reduction in aggregate demand. However, some firms identify a reduction in real wage as a sign of improving profitability hence they may expand employment. This could result in an increased aggregate demand and benefit other firms with further employment. It could even reverse the trend to an upslope, thereby ultimately achieving full of near full employment. This book details further on: (1) the rigidity of prices and wages in a stable economy (2) the fundamental factors to establish a robust and high-performing economy, with the focus on the importance of a stable and equitable macroeconomic environment.
Kakizaki re-examines the real image of the Thai-Japanese alliance during the Second World War by focusing on the incidents and accidents that occurred during the passage through, or the stationing, of the Japanese army in Thailand. The book reveals the grassroots relations between Thais and Japanese by utilizing the records of incidents/accidents between Thais and Japanese during the war. The results show that although the number of incidents/accidents was large at the initial and the last stages of war, those caused by Thais were skyrocketing at the last stage of war while those caused by Japanese reached their peak at the initial stage of war before decreasing. Therefore, the real image of the Thai-Japanese alliance was the alliance of endurance that both Thais and Japanese had to be forced to endure the frequently-occurred incidents/accidents. A book for students and academics interested in the Thai/Southeast Asian war history during the Second World War.
How do crystals nucleate and grow? Why and how do crystals form such a wide variety of morphologies, from polyhedral to dendritic and spherulitic forms? These are questions that have been posed since the seventeenth century, and are still of vital importance today both for modern technology, and to understand the Earth's interior and the formation of minerals by living organisms. In this book, Ichiro Sunagawa sets out clearly the atomic processes behind crystal growth, and describes case studies of complex systems from diamond, calcite and pyrite, to crystals formed through biomineralization, such as the aragonite of shells, and apatite of teeth. Essential reading for advanced graduates and researchers in mineralogy and materials science.
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