A sweeping history of the often-violent conflict between Islam and the West, shedding a revealing light on current hostilities The West and Islam -- the sword and scimitar -- have clashed since the mid-seventh century, when, according to Muslim tradition, the Roman emperor rejected Prophet Muhammad's order to abandon Christianity and convert to Islam, unleashing a centuries-long jihad on Christendom. Sword and Scimitar chronicles the decisive battles that arose from this ages-old Islamic jihad, beginning with the first major Islamic attack on Christian land in 636, through the Muslim occupation of nearly three-quarters of Christendom which prompted the Crusades, followed by renewed Muslim conquests by Turks and Tatars, to the European colonization of the Muslim world in the 1800s, when Islam largely went on the retreat -- until its reemergence in recent times. Using original sources in Arabic and Greek, preeminent historian Raymond Ibrahim describes each battle in vivid detail and explains how these wars and the larger historical currents of the age reflect the cultural fault lines between Islam and the West. The majority of these landmark battles -- including the battles of Yarmuk, Tours, Manzikert, the sieges at Constantinople and Vienna, and the crusades in Syria and Spain--are now forgotten or considered inconsequential. Yet today, as the West faces a resurgence of this enduring Islamic jihad, Sword and Scimitar provides the needed historical context to understand the current relationship between the West and the Islamic world -- and why the Islamic State is merely the latest chapter of an old history.
Were it simply a collection of fascinating, previously unpublished folktales, Speak, Bird, Speak Again: Palestinian Arab Folktales would merit praise and attention because of its cultural rather than political approach to Palestinian studies. But it is much more than this. By combining their respective expertise in English literature and anthropology, Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana bring to these tales an integral method of study that unites a sensitivity to language with a deep appreciation for culture. As native Palestinians, the authors are well-suited to their task. Over the course of several years they collected tales in the regions of the Galilee, Gaza, and the West Bank, determining which were the most widely known and appreciated and selecting the ones that best represented the Palestinian Arab folk narrative tradition. Great care has been taken with the translations to maintain the original flavor, humor, and cultural nuances of tales that are at once earthy and whimsical. The authors have also provided footnotes, an international typology, a comprehensive motif index, and a thorough analytic guide to parallel tales in the larger Arab tradition in folk narrative. Speak, Bird, Speak Again is an essential guide to Palestinian culture and a must for those who want to deepen their understanding of a troubled, enduring people.
Synthetic Engineering Materials and Nanotechnology covers the latest research and developments of synthetic processes, materials, applications and technologies. In addition, innovations in synthetic engineering materials techniques are analyzed. Each chapter addresses key concepts, properties and applications of important categories of synthetic materials, including metals alloys, polymers, composites, rubbers, oils and foams. Advances in nanomaterials produced by synthetic engineering methods are also considered, including ceramic, carbon, metal oxide, composite, and membrane-derived nanomaterials. The primary synthetic engineering materials techniques covered include thermo-mechanical, chemical, physiochemical, electrochemical, bottom-up, hybrid and biological methods. This book is suitable for early career researchers in academia and R&D in areas such as materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering. - Provides the fundamentals on materials produced through synthetic engineering methods, including their properties, experimental and characterization techniques, and applications - Reviews the advances of synthetic engineering methods for nanomaterials applications, including electrospinning, atomic layer deposition, ion implantation, bottom-up, hybrid strategies, and more - Includes numerous, real-world examples and case studies to apply the fundamental concepts to experiments and real-world applications
This book provides a review of Azerbaijan’s water reserves and main economic deposits (both hydrocarbon and hard) and describes the integrated application of geophysical methods (land, airborne, shipborne and satellite) for studying near-surface and environmental features and regional tectonic-geophysical zonation as well as the study of deep structures in the search for hydrocarbon and hard (polymetallic, copper, gold-bearing, iron-ore, magnetite, etc.) deposits. It particularly focuses on the geophysical examination of seismic activity in the region related to the interaction of the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates. It is aimed at scientists, engineers and students interested in the commercial potential of Azerbaijan’s deposits and the application of different geophysical methodologies (gravity, magnetic, seismic, thermal, electric, electromagnetic, etc.) for analyzing mud volcanism, identifying subsurface structures (including the analysis of hydrogeological problems, the examination of past climates and archaeological inspection) revealing the deep tectono-structural peculiarities of the region under study, mining and oil & gas geophysics, development of 3D physical-geological models and advanced seismological prognosis.
A Concise History of the Middle East provides a comprehensive introduction to the history of this region. Spanning from the pre-Islamic era to the present, it explores the evolution of Middle Eastern institutions and culture, the influence of European colonialism and Western imperialism, regional modernization efforts, the struggle of various peoples for political independence, the Arab–Israeli conflict, the reassertion of Islamist values and power, the issues surrounding the Palestinian Question, and the Middle East following 9/11, the 2011 Arab uprisings, and the regional crisis that erupted after 7 October 2023. The thirteenth edition has been fully revised to reflect the most recent events in, and concerns of, the region, including its future in the face of climate change and challenges in Iraq, and developments in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In addition, the important role of Middle Eastern women in the history of the region is woven into the narrative. New parts and part timelines will help students grasp and contextualize the long and complicated history of the region. With updated biographical sketches and a new concluding chapter, this book remains the quintessential text for students of Middle East history.
Each and every human being in history has been created to make the world a better place. Some of us have been blessed with more health, wealth, wisdom, and security. But all of us have a unique ability to make a difference. There is a compelling Quran verse informing us that all living beings have been chosen by God as his khalifas (agents and inheritors) on earth. The question that constantly whispers in my ear and drives my every action is In what specific ways can I be Gods khalifa? With so much chaos surrounding us, where would I start? I had recently felt confused. I wanted to do something, but I didnt know what. And so this book emerged. Writing it has been a process to overcome my paralysis and start the momentum. Through this self-reflection, I have come up with a five-step formula to living happily forever. Firstly, I hope this book will inspire others to determine their ultimate destiny as Ive attempted to do. Secondly, I hope to provide a roadmap for others toward an eternal life of happiness by helping those less fortunate, utilizing our unique skills and interests. Thirdly, I hope to bridge the gap between the American and Saudi cultures. Extremists have created unjustified distrust on both sides. Most Americans feel Saudis are violent, backward, and unapproachable, while many Saudis see Americans as imperialistic warmongers. Having lived most of my life between both cultures, I will highlight the similar values and beliefs Americans and Saudis share. I aim to outvoice the extremists, who have thus far dominated the conversation, and to provide a realistic picture of both cultures.
This series of volumes on the manifold facets of Islamic culture is intended to acquaint a very wide public with the theological bases of its faith; the status of the individual and of society in the Islamic world; its expansion since the revelation; its cultural manifestations in literature and the arts; and finally, Islam today between loyalty to its past and the new challenges of modernity.
A book containing the fullest coverage as to why Islam does not oblige Muslim women to cover their hair. Compiled by Omar Hussein Ibrahim, based in London, using the best academic material and press commentary available today.
In the past decade, many scientific studies were conducted on pomegranates, revealing that pomegranate fruit, flowers, bark, and leaves contain bioactive phytochemicals that are antimicrobial, reduce blood pressure, and act against diseases such as diabetes and cancer. This book presents up-to-date scientific and theoretically viable information ab
Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Applications Provides students and engineers with up-to-date information on methods, models, and approaches in thermal energy storage systems and their applications in thermal management and elsewhere Thermal energy storage (TES) systems have become a vital technology for renewable energy systems and are increasingly being used in commercial and industrial applications including space and water heating, cooling, and air conditioning. TES technology has the potential to be a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for facilitating more effective use of thermal equipment and correcting the imbalance that can occur between the supply and demand of energy. The Third Edition of Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications contains detailed coverage of new methodologies, models, experimental works, and methods in the rapidly growing field. Extensively revised and updated throughout, this comprehensive volume covers integrated systems with energy storage options, environmental impact and sustainability, design, analysis, assessment criteria, advanced tools in exergy and extended exergy, and more. New and expanded chapters address topics such as renewable energy systems in which thermal energy storage is essential, sensible and latent TES systems, and numerical modelling, simulation, and analysis of TES systems. Integrating academic research and practical information, this new edition: Discusses a variety of practical TES applications, their technical features, and potential benefits Explores recent developments and future directions in energy storage technologies Covers the latest generation of thermal storage systems and a wide range of applications Features new chapters, case studies, and chapter problems throughout the text Includes pertinent background information on thermodynamics, fluid flow, and heat transfer Contains numerous illustrative examples, full references, and appendices with conversion factors and thermophysical properties of various materials Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications, Third Edition is the perfect textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering, and a highly useful reference for energy engineers and researchers.
Manitoba Muslims: A History of Resiliance and Growth is both a look back at the history of Muslims in the province of Manitoba, and a look forward into the future. The Muslims of Manitoba have a presence that reaches back beyond a century. They are a fast-growing demographic and continue to make many positive contributions to their community and country. The history of Manitoba Muslims is an integral part of the history of Manitoba and Canada; with a better collective understanding of our history, all Canadians can work together to create a more respectful, tolerant, and welcoming nation. This book opens with a history of the community, beginning in 1900. The second section examines some of the issues and challenges facing the Islamic community in Manitoba. The author examines the challenges faced by specific segments of the community, such as women, youth, and converts. In addition, address affiliations, controversies, social issues, halal alternatives, integration, and Islamophobia. This book will appeal to members of the public interested in learning about Islam and the Muslim community in Manitoba. It will also serve as an informative resource for historians, faith groups, and governing bodies.
Blood and Rose is a story set in India and Canada. It is the thought-provoking and dramatic depiction of a young man named Amir who is caught up with the violence and insurgency in Kashmir, India. The story brings together the village life in the Kashmir Valley, where Amir grew up, the political tension and the military occupation in the region, and the exile period in Canada. Amir arrives in Toronto to stay with his uncle, Sajjad, also a refugee from Kashmir, who becomes an alcoholic out of frustration and anger. He abuses Amir and makes him work long hours in his convenience store in Toronto. Amir, though grateful to him, has other ambitions. He becomes a graduate student in political science and catches the eyes of a young professor Celia McKinnon. Celia falls in love with him but is unable to tell him because Amir suddenly travels to Kashmir to see his sick mother, where he is caught in an illegal demonstration and is thrown in the military prison in Jheel. Celia McKinnon, an authority in international law, goes to Kashmir to defend Amir. Her arrival in Kashmir marks the beginning of a game of intrigue, love, treachery, and deception. She has to negotiate Amirs release with General Pawar, the dictator who rules with an iron fist. What compromises will he make? The last thing he wanted was Amirs release. Old scores have to be settled.
With remarkable breath of vision, Dr. Gehan S. A. Ibrahim background, not with the outer appearance of things, but with their inner reality, the meaning of Islamic ethical culture. Ranging across the literature of the Muslim era, Islamic art objects, and Islamic architecture, Dr. Ibrahim penetrates to the inner dimension of Islamic moral values and shows the role culture plays in the life of the individual Muslims - the role of the formation of the code of morals of the Muslim era. By rediscovering the root of the moral concepts in the Islamic tradition, Dr. Gehan S. A. Ibrahim opens doors to new dimensions of the unity and variety in form and meaning of the moral values since the dawn of the Muslim era.
What is so unique about Islam's scripture, the Quran? Who wrote it, and when? Can we trust its statements to be from Muhammad? Why was it written in Arabic? Does it command Muslims to fight Christians? These are a few of the thirty questions answered in this clear and concise guide to the history and contents of the Quran. Ayman Ibrahim grew up in the Muslim world and has spent many years teaching various courses on Islam. Using a question-and-answer format, Ibrahim covers critical questions about the most sacred book for Muslims. He examines Muslim and non-Muslim views concerning the Quran, shows how the Quran is used in contemporary expressions of Islam, answers many of the key questions non-Muslims have about the Quran and Islam, and reveals the importance of understanding the Quran for Christian-Muslim and Jewish-Muslim interfaith relations. This introductory guide is written for anyone with little to no knowledge of Islam who wants to learn about Muslims, their beliefs, and their scripture.
In eighteenth-century Palestine, on the shores of Galilee’s Lake Tiberias, visionary political and military leader Dahir al-Umar al-Zaydani undertakes a journey toward the greatest aim anyone could hope to achieve in his day: the establishment of an autonomous Arab state. To do so he must challenge the rule of the greatest power in the world at the time—the Ottoman Empire—while translating the ideals of human dignity, justice, and religious tolerance into concrete daily realities. In this compelling story of love and loss, victory and defeat, loyalty and betrayal, award-winning poet and novelist Ibrahim Nasrallah, author of the Arabic Booker shortlisted Time of White Horses, once again brings Palestinian history alive with a set of characters and events both real and imagined to capture the essence of a rich and dramatic epoch in the turbulent annals of a land that has been fought over for millennia.
The main aim of this book is to bridge the gap between aerobic and anaerobic waste treatments by concentrating on studies of earthworms. In particular, vermicomposting is being discussed as well as its properties and applications. Other subjects touch on the treatment of palm oil mill effluents, the various importance of earthworms, its scope and future aspects of earthworm research, and the impact of waste management practices on human health.
This book provides a detailed analysis of absorption refrigeration systems, covering single effect to multi-effect systems and their applications. Both the first and second laws of thermodynamics are discussed in relation to refrigeration systems to show how system performance differs from one law to another. Comparative energy and exergy analyses and assessments of single effect, double effect, triple effect and quadruple effect absorption refrigeration system are performed to illustrate the impact of an increase in the number of effects on system performance. In particular, the second law (exergy) formulation for absorption refrigeration systems, rarely discussed by other works, is covered in detail. Integrated Absorption Refrigeration Systems will help researchers, students and instructors in the formulation of energy and exergy efficiency equations for absorption refrigeration systems.
Discover a concise yet comprehensive overview of the foundations of management accounting in Canada from three leading voices in their field The newly revised Sixth Canadian Edition of Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision-Making delivers a thoroughly revised exploration of the foundations and fundamentals of management accounting in a uniquely Canadian context. Along with this series’ hallmark features, including DO IT! Exercises, chapter review and practice sections, educational infographics, real-world Business Insight sections, Decision Tools, and a suite of Digital Tools, this new edition includes a fresh treatment of data analytics in the real world. The book analyzes the impact of data analytics on decision-making and shows readers how to put data analytics into practice in real-world situations. Each chapter also contains brand-new changes, like new highlighted applications of standard costing and new case studies. Online solution walkthrough videos, interactive tutorials, adaptive practice exercises, and comprehensive Excel-based homework material round out the book’s fulsome and educational package. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to cost concepts for decision makers, including job-order cost accounting, process cost accounting, and activity-based costing An exploration of decision-making concepts, including incremental analysis and alternative inventory costing methods Discussions of planning and control concepts, including budgetary planning, budgetary control and responsibility accounting, and standard costs and the Balanced Scorecard A suite of digital tools, including real-world company videos Perfect for undergraduate students about to begin an accounting program, Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision-Making will also earn a place in the libraries of undergraduate business and MBA students seeking a one-stop reference to the basic principles of management accounting.
Advanced Hybrid Composite Materials and Their Applications provides a basic understanding of the engineering of hybrid composite materials. The main topics covered include the fundamental principles of hybrid composite materials, their properties, chemistry, fabrication, and applications. New and modern ways of synthetic engineering are also discussed in detail. The book brings together two very important classes of engineering materials and explains their properties in an easy-to-understand manner. It also covers the latest research outcomes and new technologies from synthetic processes right though to recent applications in different industrial sectors. This book will benefit those with no previous background knowledge as well as the expert working in this field. It will serve as a single comprehensive information resource on various types of engineering materials. - Covers fundamental principles, properties, fabrication and applications - Provides detailed information on various types of composite materials in a single resource - Covers the latest information and recent research outcomes
The Migration Conference 2017 hosted by Harokopio University, Athens from 23 to 26 August. The 5th conference in our series, the 2017 Conference was probably the largest scholarly gathering on migration with a global scope. Human mobility, border management, integration and security, diversity and minorities as well as spatial patterns, identity and economic implications have dominated the public agenda and gave an extra impetus for the study of movers and non-movers over the last decade or so. Throughout the program of the Migration Conference you will find various key thematic areas are covered in about 400 presentations by about 400 colleagues coming from all around the world from Australia to Canada, China to Mexico, South Africa to Finland. We are also proud to bring you opportunities to meet with some of the leading scholars in the field. Our line of keynote speakers include Saskia Sassen, Oded Stark, Giuseppe Sciortino, Neli Esipova, and Yüksel Pazarkaya.
Most of us have been exposed to graphene through the use of pencils since elementary school. After all, pencil leads are made out of graphite, which are graphene layers that are piled on top of each other. Graphene is an excellent material and has stimulated much research interest due to its unique structure and interesting properties. There are several unique and powerful properties exhibited by graphene that makes it suitable for various advanced applications. For example, it is the thinnest material, with a thickness of only one atomic layer. It is also very strong, flexible, has high thermal and electrical conductivity and much more. In addition, it also has special electrical conductor and insulator properties with tunable optical properties. This book covers fundamental and advanced topics related to graphene, including the introduction and history, structure and chemistry, basic properties, and the preparation methods of graphene. Furthermore, graphene nanocomposites, different characterization techniques, as well as the basic and advanced graphene applications are presented within this book in order to provide a broad reference for researchers, scientists, as well as postgraduate and undergraduate students. Additionally, this book contains a special topic related to bio-based graphene which is currently gaining a lot of attention.
Drawing on received sources of 'maqasid' (Shari'ah's practical objectives), this book demonstrates how the principles of market economics affect how markets and financial instititions actually operate under Shari'ah law. It shows where Islamic economics converges with and differs from conventional economics through the banning of usury and other Shari'ah-prohibited trade practices. Students can check their progress with learning outcomes, chapter previews, chapter summaries and revision questions.
Set in the author's own Nile-side neighborhood of Warraq, Aslan's second novel, the first to be translated and published in English, chronicles the daily rhythm of life of rural migrants to Cairo and their complex webs of familial and neighborly relations over half a century. It opens with the mysterious disappearance of the tiny grandmother, Hanem, who is over 100 years old and is last seen by her daughter-in-law Dalal. Dalal does not have the heart to tell Hanem that her grown children Nargis and Abdel Reheem have both been dead for some time. Her grandson Mr. Abdalla, who has children of his own and not a few flecks of gray in his hair, reluctantly sets out for their home village to search for her, embarking on a bittersweet odyssey into his family's past and a confrontation with his own aging. In an elliptical narrative, Aslan limns a series of vignettes that mimic the workings of memory, moving backward and forward in time and held together by a series of recurrent figures and images. There is Abdalla's father, the tragic al-Bahey Uthman; his quirky and earthy uncle Abdel Reheem; and his sweet mother, Nargis, who dies with her simplest desires unfulfilled. Aslan's moving portrait of the quotidian dramas that constitute the lives of ordinary Egyptians is untainted by populist pretensions or belittling romanticism, and full of the humor and heartbreaking pathos that have become trademarks of the author's style.
Ranked Set Sampling: 65 Years Improving the Accuracy in Data Gathering is an advanced survey technique which seeks to improve the likelihood that collected sample data presents a good representation of the population and minimizes the costs associated with obtaining them. The main focus of many agricultural, ecological and environmental studies is the development of well designed, cost-effective and efficient sampling designs, giving RSS techniques a particular place in resolving the disciplinary problems of economists in application contexts, particularly experimental economics. This book seeks to place RSS at the heart of economic study designs. - Focuses on how researchers should manipulate RSS techniques for specific applications - Discusses RSS performs in popular statistical models, such as regression and hypothesis testing - Includes a discussion of open theoretical research problems - Provides mathematical proofs, enabling researchers to develop new models
A Concise History of the Middle East provides a comprehensive introduction to the history of this turbulent region. Spanning from pre-Islam to the present day, it explores the evolution of Islamic institutions and culture, the influence of the West, modernization efforts in the Middle East, the struggle of various peoples for political independence, the Arab–Israel conflict, the reassertion of Islamic values and power, the issues surrounding the Palestinian Question, and the Middle East post-9/11 and post-Arab uprisings. The twelfth edition has been fully revised to reflect the most recent events in, and concerns of, the region, including the presence of ISIS and other non-state actors, the civil wars in Syria and Yemen, and the refugee crisis. New parts and part timelines will help students grasp and contextualize the long and complicated history of the region. With updated biographical sketches and glossary, and a new concluding chapter, this book remains the quintessential text for students of Middle East history.
INSPIRATIONAL SOLIDARITY MESSAGE FROM A FULL-BLOODED NATIVE BROTHER Go on dear brother, forward with your traverse! While in partnership I will awaken the learned, the unlearned, devoted readers of books, the untiring users of shovels and axes and the alien bearers of silver, golden and diamond stars. And if and when, you succumb to the natural realm of eternal blissful life, rest assured, great brother, your historic journey shall continue still, to the farthest land our echoes can reverberate and dwell. Still to victory or martyrdom! Sambas S Omar
The book describes the historical evolution and development of accounting theories and principles. Value and valuation have been reviewed extensively. The author provides a detailed comparison between historic and fair value accounting. A comprehensive review of the literature and researchers’ opinions about measurement, fair value, and historical cost value will enable the readers to understand the concepts in detail. Additionally, the book includes case studies evaluating the accounting practices in Turkey and Romania to illustrate how these concepts are implemented in practice. The reader will obtain a good understanding of the local nationalized accounting systems, and up to what extent countries have adapted to IFRS. The books discusses the usage of IT tools in accounting and analyses the impact of information technology such as big data, artificial intelligence, and data analytics in the field of accounting.
Welcome to Advanced Pharmacology - II (MPL 201T). This comprehensive textbook is designed to provide students with a deep understanding of advanced concepts in pharmacology, focusing on various therapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action. In this book, we delve into the intricate molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of a wide array of drugs. From endocrine pharmacology to chemotherapy, gastrointestinal pharmacology, immunopharmacology, and free radicals pharmacology, each section offers detailed insights into the pharmacotherapy of various diseases. The syllabus covers a broad spectrum of topics, starting with Endocrine Pharmacology, where we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms of hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid hormones, insulin, and sex hormones. Additionally, we examine drugs used in the treatment of endocrine disorders, including anti-thyroid drugs, oral hypoglycemic agents, oral contraceptives, and corticosteroids. Moving on to Chemotherapy, we delve into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial agents, including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and macrolide antibiotics. Furthermore, we discuss antifungal, antiviral, and anti-TB drugs, along with strategies to combat drug resistance.
This volume showcases selected recent work presented at the 13th Regional Conference on Mathematical Physics held in Antalya, Turkey in 2010. The conference was dedicated to the memory of Faheem Hussain, one of the initiators of the Regional Conference series, and one of the organizers of the 12th Regional Conference. The OC regionOCO, originally comprised of Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, extends now to Bangladesh and Central Asia. However, the contributing researchers are not only limited to this region.Prominent contributors include B Ahmedov (Tashkent), F Ardalan (Tehran), N Dadhich (Pune), D A Demir (Izmir), R L Hall (Montreal), M Horta su (Istanbul), M Koca (Oman), C S Lim (Kobe), F Mahomed (Johannesburg), A Qadir (Rawalpindi), M A Rashid (Rawalpindi), M Sakamoto (Kobe), M Sharif (Lahore), F Toppan (Rio), N nal (Antalya), amongst others. They sample a number of topics in the formal aspects of mathematical physics, general relativity and cosmology, quantum gravity, quantum field theory, and even applied physics.
In this landmark account, Nur Amali Ibrahim paints a nuanced, detailed portrait of students seeking to reconcile some of the major social forces that inflect everyday life across the Muslim world—Islam, liberalism, radicalism, and secularism—as they strive to both find and define their place in a fast-changing, democratizing nation. Ibrahim demonstrates the critical importance of scholarly attention in both anthropology and religious studies to this vibrant country—the world’s largest Muslim nation." ―Daromir Rudnyckyj, Associate Professor, University of Victoria, and author of the award-winning Spiritual Economies Improvisational Islam is about novel and unexpected ways of being Muslim, where religious dispositions are achieved through techniques that have little or no precedent in classical Islamic texts or concepts. Nur Amali Ibrahim foregrounds two distinct autodidactic university student organizations, each trying to envision alternative ways of being Muslim independent from established religious and political authorities. One group draws from methods originating from the business world, like accounting, auditing, and self-help, to promote a puritanical understanding of the religion and spearhead Indonesia’s spiritual rebirth. A second group reads Islamic scriptures alongside the western human sciences. Both groups, he argues, show a great degree of improvisation and creativity in their interpretations of Islam. These experimental forms of religious improvisations and practices have developed in a specific Indonesian political context that has evolved after the deposal of President Suharto’s authoritarian New Order regime in 1998. At the same time, Improvisational Islam suggests that the Indonesian case study brings into sharper relief processes that are happening in ordinary Muslim life everywhere. To be a practitioner of their religion, Muslims draw on and are inspired by not only their holy scriptures, but also the non-traditional ideas and practices that circulate in their society, which importantly include those originating in the West. In the contemporary political discourse where Muslims are often portrayed as uncompromising and adversarial to the West and where bans and walls are deemed necessary to keep them out, this story about flexible and creative Muslims is an important one to tell.
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