Cosmopolitan Elites narrates the birth, everyday life, and fracturing of a Western-dominated global order from its margins. It offers a critical sociological examination of the elite Indian Foreign Service and its members, many of whom were present at the founding of this order. Kira Huju explores how these diplomats set out to remake the service in the name of a radically anti-colonial global subaltern, but often ended up seeking status within its hierarchies through social mimicry of its most powerful actors. This is a book about the struggles of belonging: it revisits what it takes to be a recognized member of international society and asks what the experience of historically marginalized actors inside the diplomatic club can tell us about the evident woes of global order today. In interrogating how Indian diplomats learned to live under a Westernized world order, it also offers a sociologically grounded reading of what might happen in spaces like India as the world transitions past Western domination. An awkward balancing act animates the order-making of India's cosmopolitan diplomats: despite a genuine desire to strive toward a postcolonial world founded on diversity, difference, and the symbolic representation of a global subaltern, there is a strong sense of a lingering caricature-like notion of a white, European-dominated homogenous club, to which Indian diplomats feel a deep-rooted and colonially embedded desire to belong. Cosmopolitanism operates inside this balancing act not as an international ethic upholding an equal, tolerant, or liberal global order, but rather as an elite aesthetic which presumes cultural compliance, diplomatic accommodation, and social assimilation into Western mores. Based on 85 interviews with Indian diplomats, politicians, and foreign policy experts, as well as archival work in New Delhi, the book asks what the experience of historically marginalized actors inside the diplomatic club tells us about the social hierarchies of race, class, religion, gender, and caste under global order.
This paper examines one dimension of the overall state of financial preparedness for retirement in Canada by assessing the adequacy of households' private saving. This study also assesses a potential risk of undersaving for different categories of Canadian households. The adequacy threshold is defined as a point in the wealth distribution above which the actual saving exceeds the simulated target and below which saving falls short of the simulated target.--Document.
This Economic Insights article presents a range of estimates, using different scenarios, of the impact on the Canadian economy of the travel restrictions imposed to contain the spread of COVID-19. These scenarios represent several possibilities based on when travel restrictions are lifted and the speed of recovery.
This paper examines the patterns of firm entry and exit across provinces in Canada, the relationship of these patterns to differences in industrial structure and the response of firm entry and exit to changes in the economic environment, from 2000 to 2009. The results show that in many provinces the patterns of firm entry and exit are similar to those found at the national level. For example, the entry rate calculated using the number of firms was higher than the exit rate using the same measure. The entry and exit rates when calculated using the number of firms were negatively correlated with each other.
Understanding women's business ownership and the performance of women-owned enterprises is important for designing policies to promote gender equality in leadership, economic empowerment of women and inclusive growth. However, evidence on business ownership by gender remains scarce because of the lack of comprehensive data. The study, Women-owned Enterprises in Canada (Grekou, Li and Liu, 2018), fills the data gap by identifying business ownership by gender using a newly developed administrative dataset--the Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD). The dataset contains business owner information for all unincorporated enterprises and private corporations in Canada. This paper discusses the methodology adopted to establish the gender structure of business ownership. It then presents estimates of business ownership by gender (men or women majority ownership and equal ownership). Finally, it analyzes the sensitivity of these estimates and compares them with those calculated using other data sources"--Abstract, p. 5.
This article in the Economic Insights series presents new estimates for women-owned and men-owned enterprises in Canada. It uses a unique employer-employee matched database developed using administrative data that covers both business owners and their businesses. A private enterprise is defined as women-owned if women have a majority interest (at least 51%) in the enterprise. From 2005 to 2013, the number of women-owned enterprises grew from about 233,000 to 309,000. However, the number of women-owned enterprises remained a fraction of the number of men-owned enterprises"--Document.
This study identifies gig workers based on characteristics of their work arrangements and how these are reported in tax data. It introduces a definition of gig work specific to the way work arrangements are reported in the Canadian tax system and estimates the size of the gig economy in Canada using administrative data. The share of gig workers among all workers rose from 5.5% in 2005 to 8.2% in 2016. Some of this increase coincided with the introduction and proliferation of online platforms. The analysis highlights gender differences in the trends and characteristics of gig workers. By linking administrative data to 2016 Census microdata, this study also examines educational and occupational differences in the prevalence of gig workers.
The dispersion of earnings among workers may come from multiple sources. It may reflect differences in workers' characteristics, such as education and experience. It may also be because workers are employed at different firms that pay differently. Recent studies from other countries have found that firms play an important role in explaining earnings disparities among workers, often through the link between productivity and pay. However, there has been no Canadian evidence on the link between the earnings dispersion and firm differences because of a lack of matched employer-employee data. This paper presents developments in the dispersion of individuals' earnings in Canada and examines the potential of firm characteristics to account for this dispersion and changes in this dispersion in the post-2000 period using the Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database.
This paper provides, for the first time, an overview of immigrant business ownership and the associated employment in Canada. The focus is on ownership of private incorporated firms and on the unincorporated self-employed. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly describes the data sources used in the analysis. Section 3 provides a snapshot of immigrant-owned private incorporated companies in 2010. Section 4 looks at the immigrant ownership dynamics during the first 10 years in Canada. Unincorporated self-employment among immigrants is discussed in Section 5. Section 6 documents self-employment trajectories of immigrants who arrived in Canada in 2004. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the main findings and offers conclusions.--Document.
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