This volume focuses on nine countries that have completed, or are well along in the process of carrying out, major health financing reforms. These countries have significantly expanded their people's health care coverage or maintained such coverage after prolonged political or economic shocks (e.g., following the collapse ofthe Soviet Union). In doing so, this report seeks to expand the evidence base on "good performance" in health financing reforms in low- and middle-income countries. The countries chosen for the study were Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Estonia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia, and Vietnam.
Strategic Planning for Water examines the neglected relationship between planning for water and spatial planning. It provides the background to sustainable water management and assistance to spatial planners in understanding the complex water environment. This extremely topical book examines the challenges of:how to ensure that water supplies are a
The Karkheh River Basin is the third largest basin in Iran after Karoon and Dez, and occupies a strategic position on the western boundary of the country. The basin has seen remarkable ancient feats of engineering, and has a long history of wheat and barley production, complemented by horticulture. With the growth of the modern nation-state of Iran, water development has progressed steadily in tandem with rising populations and urbanization. The report aims to understand the historical setting and present situation of water development and allocation, in relation to rural development and agrarian policy. It provides the contextual backdrop for further research on the management of water to improve livelihoods in the basin through integrated and sustainable management of land and water resources. It provides further information on the changes in surface flows out of the component subbasins and looks at the development, use and consequences of groundwater abstraction.
This report (185 pages and 2 plates) presents new and compiled geologic, geophysical, hydrologic, and hydrochemical data to delineate the regional ground-water flow system in Curlew Valley. Decreased precipitation combined with increased agricultural pumping in the central part of Curlew Valley since the late 1960s caused a steady decline in discharge at the Locomotive Springs complex. The report includes a compiled geologic map of the Curlew Valley surface-drainage basin at 1:100,000 scale and new geologic and hydrochemical data.
With a rapidly expanding economy many changes are taking place in India today. The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, which assumes the continuation of current trends of key water demand drivers, will meet the future food demand. However, it leads to a severe regional water crisis by 2050, where many river basins will reach closure, will be physically water-scarce and will have regions with severely overexploited groundwater resources. While the alternative scenarios of water demand show both optimistic and pessimistic water futures, the scenario with additional productivity growth is the most optimistic, with significant scope for reducing future water demand.
This working paper presents the results of the Pakistan Component of the Rice-Wheat Consortium Project on ‘Sustaining the rice-wheat production systems of Asia’. Rice and wheat crops are main nsources of human food and substantially contribute to feeding livestock. The advent of the green revolution in the 1960s resulted in a tremendous increase in the production of these two cereal crops and the rice-wheat cropping system emerged as a very important source of food supply in South Asia. Recent symptoms of stagnant growth rates in productivity and the degradation of the resource base pose serious challenges to future food security and natural resources management in the region. The growing scarcity of water in the region
This CD-ROM contains a 30 page report with 22 page appendix, and seven maps at 1:15,000 to 1:30,000 scale in easily readable PDF format that address ground-water quality in Castle Valley's valley-fill aquifer and provide recommendations for septic tank soil-absorption-system density based on potential water-quality degradation associated with use of these systems. The maps are described in detail in the report and show geology, valley-fill thickness, total-dissolved-solids concentration, nitrate concentration, ground-water quality class, potential containment sources, and recommended lot size."--Sticker on back of case.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is recommending that states develop Pesticide Management Plans for four agricultural chemicals – alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor, and simazine – herbicides used in Utah in the production of corn and sorghum. This report and accompanying maps are intended to be used as part of these Pesticide Management Plans to provide local, state, and federal government agencies and agricultural pesticide users with a base of information concerning sensitivity and vulnerability of ground water to agricultural pesticides in Utah. We used existing data to produce pesticide sensitivity and vulnerability maps by applying a combined process-based and index-based model specifically tailored to the Western United States using Geographic Information System analysis methods. This is a first cut at developing pesticide sensitivity and vulnerability maps; better data and tools may become available in the future so that better maps can be produced. 40 pages + 2 plates
Approximately half of the irrigated area of Iran falls under different types of salt-affected soils and average yield losses may be as high as 50 percent. Slightly and moderately salt-affected soils are mostly found on the piedmonts at the foot of the Elburz (Alborz) Mountains in the northern part of the country. The soils having severe to extreme salinity are predominantly located in the Central Plateau, the Khuzestan and Southern Coastal Plains and the Caspian Coastal Plain. The process of salinization of the surface water resources is mainly due to natural conditions, and to a lesser extent, to the discharge of drainage water into the river systems. Estimates show that about 6.7 km3 of brackish water flow annually through 12 major rivers. There is no straightforward solution to the complex problems of salt-induced soil and water resources degradation in Iran. The approaches addressing the management of these resources need to be multidimensional and must take into account biophysical and environmental conditions of the target areas as well as livelihood aspects of the associated communities.
Due to inadequate rainfall, groundwater has acquired a vital role in the development of Pakistan's agricultural economy. However, a lack of awareness concerning the use of groundwater, either by itself or combined with canal water, has added large amounts of salt to the soil. As a result, large tracts of irrigated lands are already salinized, while many others are under threat. This report presents the results of a modeling study carried out to evaluate the long-term effects of a different quality of irrigation water on root zone salinity. The simulations were performed for the Rechna Doab (sub basin of the Indus Basin) in Pakistan, by using 15 years of actual rainfall and climatic data.
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