A thorough knowledge of normal radiological anatomy is necessary for detection and evaluation of pathological changes. In pediatric radiology, normal anatomy and normal proportions of anatomical structures may differ considerably from the adult, and may vary during growth. Therefore, in pediatric radiology there is a multitude of measurements, that in the individual patient is important, but that for the radiologist is not meaningful or even possible to keep in mind. This holds true both for the experienced pediatric radiologist, and for those who practise pediatric radiology only occasionally. This volume is written for both categories. In the literature, normal values are calculated and presented in many different ways, that are not always easy to compare, or easy to use in daily work. Therefore, we have revised and recalculated the data given by authors, in order to present the statistical upper and lower normal limits as between plus and minus two standard deviations (± 2SD). This means that about 2% of a normal population will be assessed as abnormally large and around 2% abnormally small with respect to the parameter assessed. In this way, the presentation throughout the book is uniform, and hopefully easy to use. All figures have been redrawn and computed in an attempt to make them as clear as possible.
The present volume in the series of WHO manuals in diagnostic imaging, the Radiographic Anatomy and Interpretation of the Chest provides an exhaustive description of radiographic normal anatomy as well as the most common pathologic changes seen in the chest, focusing specifically on pulmonary and cardiac problems. The text aims to provide an aid to the interpretation of the chest radiograph (CXR). It is not a comprehensive account of all possible chest diseases but a descriptive text to help identify the way in which chest pathology is manifest and diagnosed on CXR. The initial chapters deal with interpretive skills and pattern recognition and the later chapters demonstrate specific pathologies. Backed by high-quality reproduction of radiographs, this manual will prove essential reading to general practitioners, medical specialists, radiographers, and radiologists in any medical settings, although focusing specifically on needs in small and mid-size hospitals.
This manual is part of a WHO series on diagnostic imaging and focuses on practical assistance and guidelines for exposures, projections and positioning of a patient in common radiographic examinations. It offers basic generic information, which can easily be modified according to local needs, and focuses on the needs of small and medium-sized hospitals.
During the last decade the therapeutic approach to musculoskeletal tumors has changed dramatically, from ablative surgery with ampu tation ofthe limb to reconstructive surgery with transplantation of bone and vessels combined with radio-and chemotherapy. This has changed the demands on radiologists and pathologists to a considerable degree. At the same time there has been a manifold increase in the diagnostic possibilities offered by modern radiology, with several new modalities affording a potential for morphologic depiction and tissue character ization that was unattainable a decade ago. Today, the definitive diagnostic work-up and treatment of patients with musculoskeletal tumors is most often done in tumor centers, by groups that ideally should be composed of an orthopedic surgeon, radiotherapist, oncologist, radiologist, pathologist and cytologist. It is necessary for all the members of this team to be well versed in the surgi cal and other treatment principles, in the pathologic concepts, and in the radiologic interpretation of musculoskeletal tumors. Moreover, it is important that the modern diagnostic approach to musculoskeletal tumors is well known also at the referring center, be it a private practi tioner's office or a large hospital. This will avoid unnecessary biopsies, and repetition of radiologic and other diagnostic procedures that have already been performed at the referring center.
A thorough knowledge of normal radiological anatomy is necessary for detection and evaluation of pathological changes. In pediatric radiology, normal anatomy and normal proportions of anatomical structures may differ considerably from the adult, and may vary during growth. Therefore, in pediatric radiology there is a multitude of measurements, that in the individual patient is important, but that for the radiologist is not meaningful or even possible to keep in mind. This holds true both for the experienced pediatric radiologist, and for those who practise pediatric radiology only occasionally. This volume is written for both categories. In the literature, normal values are calculated and presented in many different ways, that are not always easy to compare, or easy to use in daily work. Therefore, we have revised and recalculated the data given by authors, in order to present the statistical upper and lower normal limits as between plus and minus two standard deviations (± 2SD). This means that about 2% of a normal population will be assessed as abnormally large and around 2% abnormally small with respect to the parameter assessed. In this way, the presentation throughout the book is uniform, and hopefully easy to use. All figures have been redrawn and computed in an attempt to make them as clear as possible.
This manual is part of a WHO series on diagnostic imaging and focuses on practical assistance and guidelines for exposures, projections and positioning of a patient in common radiographic examinations. It offers basic generic information, which can easily be modified according to local needs, and focuses on the needs of small and medium-sized hospitals.
During the last decade the therapeutic approach to musculoskeletal tumors has changed dramatically, from ablative surgery with ampu tation ofthe limb to reconstructive surgery with transplantation of bone and vessels combined with radio-and chemotherapy. This has changed the demands on radiologists and pathologists to a considerable degree. At the same time there has been a manifold increase in the diagnostic possibilities offered by modern radiology, with several new modalities affording a potential for morphologic depiction and tissue character ization that was unattainable a decade ago. Today, the definitive diagnostic work-up and treatment of patients with musculoskeletal tumors is most often done in tumor centers, by groups that ideally should be composed of an orthopedic surgeon, radiotherapist, oncologist, radiologist, pathologist and cytologist. It is necessary for all the members of this team to be well versed in the surgi cal and other treatment principles, in the pathologic concepts, and in the radiologic interpretation of musculoskeletal tumors. Moreover, it is important that the modern diagnostic approach to musculoskeletal tumors is well known also at the referring center, be it a private practi tioner's office or a large hospital. This will avoid unnecessary biopsies, and repetition of radiologic and other diagnostic procedures that have already been performed at the referring center.
Scope of the Book Synthetic and natural polymers exhibit a complex structural and morphological hierarchy on multiple length scales [1], which determines their performance. Thus, research aiming at visualizing structure and morphology using a multitude of microscopy techniques has received considerable attention since the early days of polymer science and technology. Various well-developed techniques such as optical microscopy and different forms of electron microscopy (Scanning Electron Micr- copy, SEM; Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM; Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, ESEM) allow one to view polymeric structure at different levels of magni?cation. These classical techniques, and their applications to po- mers, are well documented in the literature [2, 3]. The invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) inspired the devel- ment of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and other forms of scanning proximity microscopes in the late 1980s [4, 5]. AFM, unlike STM, can be used to image n- conducting specimens such as polymers. In addition, AFM imaging is feasible in liquids, which has several advantages. Using liquid imaging cells the forces between specimen and AFM probe are drastically reduced, thus sample damage is prevented. In addition, the use of water as imaging medium opened up new applications aiming at imaging, characterizing, and analyzing biologically important systems.
One of the key challenges in service-oriented systems engineering is the prediction and assurance of non-functional properties, such as the reliability and the availability of composite interorganizational services. Such systems are often characterized by a variety of inherent uncertainties, which must be addressed in the modeling and the analysis approach. The different relevant types of uncertainties can be categorized into (1) epistemic uncertainties due to incomplete knowledge and (2) randomization as explicitly used in protocols or as a result of physical processes. In this report, we study a probabilistic timed model which allows us to quantitatively reason about nonfunctional properties for a restricted class of service-oriented real-time systems using formal methods. To properly motivate the choice for the used approach, we devise a requirements catalogue for the modeling and the analysis of probabilistic real-time systems with uncertainties and provide evidence that the uncertainties of type (1) and (2) in the targeted systems have a major impact on the used models and require distinguished analysis approaches. The formal model we use in this report are Interval Probabilistic Timed Automata (IPTA). Based on the outlined requirements, we give evidence that this model provides both enough expressiveness for a realistic and modular specifiation of the targeted class of systems, and suitable formal methods for analyzing properties, such as safety and reliability properties in a quantitative manner. As technical means for the quantitative analysis, we build on probabilistic model checking, specifically on probabilistic time-bounded reachability analysis and computation of expected reachability rewards and costs. To carry out the quantitative analysis using probabilistic model checking, we developed an extension of the Prism tool for modeling and analyzing IPTA. Our extension of Prism introduces a means for modeling probabilistic uncertainty in the form of probability intervals, as required for IPTA. For analyzing IPTA, our Prism extension moreover adds support for probabilistic reachability checking and computation of expected rewards and costs. We discuss the performance of our extended version of Prism and compare the interval-based IPTA approach to models with fixed probabilities.
The proper composition of independently developed components of an embedded real- time system is complicated due to the fact that besides the functional behavior also the non-functional properties and in particular the timing have to be compatible. Nowadays related compatibility problems have to be addressed in a cumbersome integration and configuration phase at the end of the development process, that in the worst case may fail. Therefore, a number of formal approaches have been developed, which try to guide the upfront decomposition of the embedded real-time system into components such that integration problems related to timing properties can be excluded and that suitable configurations can be found. However, the proposed solutions require a number of strong assumptions that can be hardly fulfilled or the required analysis does not scale well. In this paper, we present an approach based on timed automata that can provide the required guarantees for the later integration without strong assumptions, which are difficult to match in practice. The approach provides a modular reasoning scheme that permits to establish the required guarantees for the integration employing only local checks, which therefore also scales. It is also possible to determine potential configuration settings by means of timed game synthesis.
12th International Conference, TACAS 2006, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2006, Vienna, Austria, March 25 - April 2, 2006, Proceedings
12th International Conference, TACAS 2006, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2006, Vienna, Austria, March 25 - April 2, 2006, Proceedings
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, TACAS 2005, held Austria in March/April 2006 as part of ETAPS. The 30 revised full research papers and four revised tool demonstration papers presented together with one invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 118 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections.
Since 2008, the European Union has been affected by one of the most severe crises in the history of Europe. This book builds on the work of Jürgen Habermas to answer the key question: is Europe strong enough to overcome the recent crisis? Arguing that recovery can only take place if the citizens of Europe regard themselves as members of a socially integrated European society, this volume sets out three conditions for successful European social integration: European citizens mutually respect each other as equals, accepting that all EU citizens should have equal economic, political and social rights. Those citizens objecting to the idea of European equality should not constitute a minority with potential for mobilisation that could impede the ongoing process of European social integration. Europeans act upon their equality beliefs in everyday practice – without differentiating between nationals and EU migrants. Based on a survey carried out in Germany, Spain, Poland and Turkey, the authors argue that the requirements for a socially integrated Europe are largely in place already. Their findings allow for optimism regarding the future of the EU, as the cultural foundations for a democratisation of Europe are laid. This volume develops a theoretical framework of a socially integrated European community, and will be useful for students and scholars of sociology, citizenship studies, social policy, political science and European studies.
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