Economics went through great development in the 20th century. This development, which was based mainly on mathematical methods, is not an appropriate method of analyzing markets that change every hour and every day. In a stock market, prices constantly change depending on speculation. U-Mart, a manmade market, has been proposed in order to study such instantly moving markets. Although the U-Mart system is internationally acclaimed for being at the forefront of market research, its use is by no means limited to a small number of researchers on the fringe. The whole system, including its source code, is open and is distributed without charge, testifying to a philosophy of creating and providing a common test bed for research into financial markets.
This book deals with advanced methods for adaptive phase I dose-finding clinical trials for combination of two agents and molecularly targeted agents (MTAs) in oncology. It provides not only methodological aspects of the dose-finding methods, but also software implementations and practical considerations in applying these complex methods to real cancer clinical trials. Thus, the book aims to furnish researchers in biostatistics and statistical science with a good summary of recent developments of adaptive dose-finding methods as well as providing practitioners in biostatistics and clinical investigators with advanced materials for designing, conducting, monitoring, and analyzing adaptive dose-finding trials. The topics in the book are mainly related to cancer clinical trials, but many of those topics are potentially applicable or can be extended to trials for other diseases. The focus is mainly on model-based dose-finding methods for two kinds of phase I trials. One is clinical trials with combinations of two agents. Development of dose-finding methods for two-agent combination trials requires reasonable models that can adequately capture joint toxicity probabilities for two agents, taking into consideration possible interactions of the two agents on toxicity probability such as synergistic or antagonistic effects. Another is clinical trials for evaluating both efficacy and toxicity outcomes in single- and two-agent combination trials. These methods are often applied to the phase I trials including MTAs because the toxicity and efficacy for a MTA does not monotonically increase with dose, but the efficacy often increases initially with the dose and then plateaus. Successful software implementations for several dose-finding methods are introduced in the book, and their operating characteristics in practice are discussed. Recent advance of the adaptive dose-finding methods in drug developments are also provided.
Economics went through great development in the 20th century. This development, which was based mainly on mathematical methods, is not an appropriate method of analyzing markets that change every hour and every day. In a stock market, prices constantly change depending on speculation. U-Mart, a manmade market, has been proposed in order to study such instantly moving markets. Although the U-Mart system is internationally acclaimed for being at the forefront of market research, its use is by no means limited to a small number of researchers on the fringe. The whole system, including its source code, is open and is distributed without charge, testifying to a philosophy of creating and providing a common test bed for research into financial markets.
This book deals with advanced methods for adaptive phase I dose-finding clinical trials for combination of two agents and molecularly targeted agents (MTAs) in oncology. It provides not only methodological aspects of the dose-finding methods, but also software implementations and practical considerations in applying these complex methods to real cancer clinical trials. Thus, the book aims to furnish researchers in biostatistics and statistical science with a good summary of recent developments of adaptive dose-finding methods as well as providing practitioners in biostatistics and clinical investigators with advanced materials for designing, conducting, monitoring, and analyzing adaptive dose-finding trials. The topics in the book are mainly related to cancer clinical trials, but many of those topics are potentially applicable or can be extended to trials for other diseases. The focus is mainly on model-based dose-finding methods for two kinds of phase I trials. One is clinical trials with combinations of two agents. Development of dose-finding methods for two-agent combination trials requires reasonable models that can adequately capture joint toxicity probabilities for two agents, taking into consideration possible interactions of the two agents on toxicity probability such as synergistic or antagonistic effects. Another is clinical trials for evaluating both efficacy and toxicity outcomes in single- and two-agent combination trials. These methods are often applied to the phase I trials including MTAs because the toxicity and efficacy for a MTA does not monotonically increase with dose, but the efficacy often increases initially with the dose and then plateaus. Successful software implementations for several dose-finding methods are introduced in the book, and their operating characteristics in practice are discussed. Recent advance of the adaptive dose-finding methods in drug developments are also provided.
This book is a contemporary review of selected subjects in liquid chromatography, especially of the technical development, rather than the applications. The subjects are focused in the biomedical and environmental fields. This is also a troubleshooting record. Complex analytical problems such as sensitivity (sensitive detection by chemiluminescence, coulometric detection, laser based detection, necessity of degassing the system for sensitive detection), difficulty (free radical detection by Electron Spin Resonance, Polarimeter for chiral recognition) and reproducibility (packings for chiral separation and stable bonded silica gels) are solved. Theoretically and environmentally important miniaturizations are described. Individual chapters written by specialists provide information beyond what can be found in general textbooks of liquid chromatography.
This book studies the industrial development of Japan since the mid-nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on how the various industries built technological capabilities. The Japanese were extraordinarily creative in searching out and learning to use modern technologies, and the authors investigate the emergence of entrepreneurs who began new and risky businesses, how the business organizations evolved to cope with changing technological conditions, and how the managers, engineers, and workers acquired organizational and technological skills through technology importation, learning-by-doing, and their own R & D activities. The book investigates the interaction between private entrepreneurial activities and public policy, through a general examination of economic and industrial development, a study of the evolution of management systems, and six industrial case studies: textile, iron and steel, electrical and communications equipment, automobiles, shipbuilding and aircraft, and pharmaceuticals. The authors show how the Japanese government has played an important supportive role in the continuing innovation, without being a substitute for aggressive business enterprise constantly venturing into unfamiliar terrains.
The manufacture of silicon single crystals is one of the most important processes in the information technology industry. This book explains the details of liquid metal convection, providing a guide for the elegant operation and control of Czochralski crystal growth, including the effect of magnetic control. Also covered is the newly emerging research field of the application of strong magnetic field using a superconducting magnet. Model equations for the phenomena in the magnetic field are treated in detail, which will be of much use to researchers and engineers in the field.The coverage includes the effect of the Lorentz force in materials processing and the magnetic force of recently developed superconducting magnets. It examines heat, mass and momentum transfer in electro-conducting and non-conducting fluids under normal and very strong magnetic fields. The book also treats the Czochralski single crystal growth process and continuous steel casting process as the most important current applications of magnetic fields. Numerical approaches are compared with the corresponding experimental measurements./a
This expanded version to the 2010 edition features quantum annealing algorithm and its application for optimization problems. Recent progress on quantum computing, especially, advanced topics such as Shor's algorithm, quantum search, quantum cryptography and architecture of quantum bit are also included.Book is self-contained and unified in its description of the cross-disciplinary nature of this field. It is not strictly mathematical, but aims to provide intuitive and transparent ideas of the subjects. The book starts from basic quantum mechanics and EPR pair and its measurements. Fundamental concepts of classical computer are given in order to extend it to quantum computer. Classical information theory is also explained in detail such as Shannon and Von Neumann entropy. Then quantum algorithm is introduced starting from Dutch-Josza and ending up with Shor's factorization algorithms. Quantum cryptography is also introduced such as BB84 Protocol, B92 protocol and E91 protocol. Eventually quantum search algorithm is explained.In summary, the book starts from basic quantum mechanics and eventually comes up to state-of-the art quantum algorithm of quantum computations and computers. Students can obtain practical problem-solving ability by attempting the exercises at the end of each chapter. Detailed solutions to all problems are provided.
This volume explores the changing process of evaluating objects during the period of Japan’s rapid modernization. Originally published in Japanese, Antiquarians of Nineteenth-Century Japan looks at the approach toward object-based research across the late Tokugawa and early Meiji periods, which were typically kept separate, and elucidates the intellectual continuities between these eras. Focusing on the top-down effects of the professionalizing of academia in the political landscape of Meiji Japan, which had advanced by attacking earlier modes of scholarship by antiquarians, Suzuki shows how those outside the government responded, retracted, or challenged new public rules and values. He explores the changing process of evaluating objects from the past in tandem with the attitudes and practices of antiquarians during the period of Japan’s rapid modernization. He shows their roots in the intellectual sphere of the late Tokugawa period while also detailing how they adapted to the new era. Suzuki also demonstrates that Japan's antiquarians had much in common with those from Europe and the United States. Art historian Maki Fukuoka provides an introduction to the English translation that highlights the significance of Suzuki’s methodological and intellectual analyses and shows how his ideas will appeal to specialists and nonspecialists alike.
This book provides an introduction to the basic ideas and concepts of quantum computation and information for both undergraduate and graduate students. The book starts with the quantum bits and the entangled states which turn out to bring revolutionary ideas in information theory. This book is self-contained and unified in its description of the cross-disciplinary nature of this field. The book aims to provide intuitive and transparent ideas of the subjects, and is not strictly mathematical. Quantum mechanics and mathematical tools (especially, number theory) are explained with many examples and illustrations. The students can obtain practical problem-solving ability by solving the exercises at the end of each chapter. Detailed solutions to all problems are provided at the end of the book.
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