This volume addresses profound issues in international economics, with contributions from leading researchers on the implications of trade. Empirical studies address preferential trading arrangements, global imbalances and exchange rates, facilitating an understanding of how the economy functions and enabling detailed policy evaluation.
This book reappraises the Japanese employment system, characterized by such practices as the periodic recruiting of new graduates, lifetime employment and seniority-based wages, which were praised as sources of high productivity and flexibility for Japanese firms during the period of high economic growth from the middle of the 1950s until the burst of bubbles in the early 1990s. The prolonged stagnation after the bubble burst induced an increasing number of people to criticize the Japanese employment system as a barrier to the structural changes needed to allow the economy to adjust to the new environment, with detractors suggesting that such a system only serves to protect the vested interests of incumbent workers and firms. By investigating what caused the long stagnation of the Japanese economy, this book examines the validity of this currently dominant view about the Japanese employment system. The rigorous theoretical and empirical analyses presented in this book provide readers with deep insights into the nature of the current Japanese labor market and its macroeconomic impacts.
The package of Gromov’s pseudo-holomorphic curves is a major tool in global symplectic geometry and its applications, including mirror symmetry and Hamiltonian dynamics. The Kuranishi structure was introduced by two of the authors of the present volume in the mid-1990s to apply this machinery on general symplectic manifolds without assuming any specific restrictions. It was further amplified by this book’s authors in their monograph Lagrangian Intersection Floer Theory and in many other publications of theirs and others. Answering popular demand, the authors now present the current book, in which they provide a detailed, self-contained explanation of the theory of Kuranishi structures. Part I discusses the theory on a single space equipped with Kuranishi structure, called a K-space, and its relevant basic package. First, the definition of a K-space and maps to the standard manifold are provided. Definitions are given for fiber products, differential forms, partitions of unity, and the notion of CF-perturbations on the K-space. Then, using CF-perturbations, the authors define the integration on K-space and the push-forward of differential forms, and generalize Stokes' formula and Fubini's theorem in this framework. Also, “virtual fundamental class” is defined, and its cobordism invariance is proved. Part II discusses the (compatible) system of K-spaces and the process of going from “geometry” to “homological algebra”. Thorough explanations of the extension of given perturbations on the boundary to the interior are presented. Also explained is the process of taking the “homotopy limit” needed to handle a system of infinitely many moduli spaces. Having in mind the future application of these chain level constructions beyond those already known, an axiomatic approach is taken by listing the properties of the system of the relevant moduli spaces and then a self-contained account of the construction of the associated algebraic structures is given. This axiomatic approach makes the exposition contained here independent of previously published construction of relevant structures.
This is a Festschrift to honour Professor Melvin Greenhut who has long toiled on spatial economics. The book accordingly focuses on a single question: in what sense 'economic space' matters in economic theory. Space in economics is an elusive concept, apparently separating and embracing economic agents at the same time. This is why adding it to already overly complicated economic agents at the same time. This is why adding it to already overly complicated economic models may not necessarily help economics to become sufficiently realistic. In this book, leading scholars of international stature try to find ways of introducing space in economic theory which will make it simpler and more realistic, analysing theoretical and historical issues of contemporary relevance, such as land use, congestion and public goods, location theory and spatial competition.
In this paper the authors first develop various enhancements of the theory of spectral invariants of Hamiltonian Floer homology and of Entov-Polterovich theory of spectral symplectic quasi-states and quasi-morphisms by incorporating bulk deformations, i.e., deformations by ambient cycles of symplectic manifolds, of the Floer homology and quantum cohomology. Essentially the same kind of construction is independently carried out by Usher in a slightly less general context. Then the authors explore various applications of these enhancements to the symplectic topology, especially new construction of symplectic quasi-states, quasi-morphisms and new Lagrangian intersection results on toric and non-toric manifolds. The most novel part of this paper is its use of open-closed Gromov-Witten-Floer theory and its variant involving closed orbits of periodic Hamiltonian system to connect spectral invariants (with bulk deformation), symplectic quasi-states, quasi-morphism to the Lagrangian Floer theory (with bulk deformation). The authors use this open-closed Gromov-Witten-Floer theory to produce new examples. Using the calculation of Lagrangian Floer cohomology with bulk, they produce examples of compact symplectic manifolds which admits uncountably many independent quasi-morphisms . They also obtain a new intersection result for the Lagrangian submanifold in .
This is a two-volume series research monograph on the general Lagrangian Floer theory and on the accompanying homological algebra of filtered $A_\infty$-algebras. This book provides the most important step towards a rigorous foundation of the Fukaya category in general context. In Volume I, general deformation theory of the Floer cohomology is developed in both algebraic and geometric contexts. An essentially self-contained homotopy theory of filtered $A_\infty$ algebras and $A_\infty$ bimodules and applications of their obstruction-deformation theory to the Lagrangian Floer theory are presented. Volume II contains detailed studies of two of the main points of the foundation of the theory: transversality and orientation. The study of transversality is based on the virtual fundamental chain techniques (the theory of Kuranishi structures and their multisections) and chain level intersection theories. A detailed analysis comparing the orientations of the moduli spaces and their fiber products is carried out. A self-contained account of the general theory of Kuranishi structures is also included in the appendix of this volume.
This is a two-volume series research monograph on the general Lagrangian Floer theory and on the accompanying homological algebra of filtered A_\infty-algebras. This book provides the most important step towards a rigorous foundation of the Fukaya category in general context. In Volume I, general deformation theory of the Floer cohomology is developed in both algebraic and geometric contexts. An essentially self-contained homotopy theory of filtered A_\infty algebras and A_\infty bimodules and applications of their obstruction-deformation theory to the Lagrangian Floer theory are presented. Vo.
This is a Festschrift to honour Professor Melvin Greenhut who has long toiled on spatial economics. The book accordingly focuses on a single question: in what sense 'economic space' matters in economic theory. Space in economics is an elusive concept, apparently separating and embracing economic agents at the same time. This is why adding it to already overly complicated economic agents at the same time. This is why adding it to already overly complicated economic models may not necessarily help economics to become sufficiently realistic. In this book, leading scholars of international stature try to find ways of introducing space in economic theory which will make it simpler and more realistic, analysing theoretical and historical issues of contemporary relevance, such as land use, congestion and public goods, location theory and spatial competition.
In this paper the authors first develop various enhancements of the theory of spectral invariants of Hamiltonian Floer homology and of Entov-Polterovich theory of spectral symplectic quasi-states and quasi-morphisms by incorporating bulk deformations, i.e., deformations by ambient cycles of symplectic manifolds, of the Floer homology and quantum cohomology. Essentially the same kind of construction is independently carried out by Usher in a slightly less general context. Then the authors explore various applications of these enhancements to the symplectic topology, especially new construction of symplectic quasi-states, quasi-morphisms and new Lagrangian intersection results on toric and non-toric manifolds. The most novel part of this paper is its use of open-closed Gromov-Witten-Floer theory and its variant involving closed orbits of periodic Hamiltonian system to connect spectral invariants (with bulk deformation), symplectic quasi-states, quasi-morphism to the Lagrangian Floer theory (with bulk deformation). The authors use this open-closed Gromov-Witten-Floer theory to produce new examples. Using the calculation of Lagrangian Floer cohomology with bulk, they produce examples of compact symplectic manifolds which admits uncountably many independent quasi-morphisms . They also obtain a new intersection result for the Lagrangian submanifold in .
This is a two-volume series research monograph on the general Lagrangian Floer theory and on the accompanying homological algebra of filtered $A_\infty$-algebras. This book provides the most important step towards a rigorous foundation of the Fukaya category in general context. In Volume I, general deformation theory of the Floer cohomology is developed in both algebraic and geometric contexts. An essentially self-contained homotopy theory of filtered $A_\infty$ algebras and $A_\infty$ bimodules and applications of their obstruction-deformation theory to the Lagrangian Floer theory are presented. Volume II contains detailed studies of two of the main points of the foundation of the theory: transversality and orientation. The study of transversality is based on the virtual fundamental chain techniques (the theory of Kuranishi structures and their multisections) and chain level intersection theories. A detailed analysis comparing the orientations of the moduli spaces and their fiber products is carried out. A self-contained account of the general theory of Kuranishi structures is also included in the appendix of this volume.
The package of Gromov’s pseudo-holomorphic curves is a major tool in global symplectic geometry and its applications, including mirror symmetry and Hamiltonian dynamics. The Kuranishi structure was introduced by two of the authors of the present volume in the mid-1990s to apply this machinery on general symplectic manifolds without assuming any specific restrictions. It was further amplified by this book’s authors in their monograph Lagrangian Intersection Floer Theory and in many other publications of theirs and others. Answering popular demand, the authors now present the current book, in which they provide a detailed, self-contained explanation of the theory of Kuranishi structures. Part I discusses the theory on a single space equipped with Kuranishi structure, called a K-space, and its relevant basic package. First, the definition of a K-space and maps to the standard manifold are provided. Definitions are given for fiber products, differential forms, partitions of unity, and the notion of CF-perturbations on the K-space. Then, using CF-perturbations, the authors define the integration on K-space and the push-forward of differential forms, and generalize Stokes' formula and Fubini's theorem in this framework. Also, “virtual fundamental class” is defined, and its cobordism invariance is proved. Part II discusses the (compatible) system of K-spaces and the process of going from “geometry” to “homological algebra”. Thorough explanations of the extension of given perturbations on the boundary to the interior are presented. Also explained is the process of taking the “homotopy limit” needed to handle a system of infinitely many moduli spaces. Having in mind the future application of these chain level constructions beyond those already known, an axiomatic approach is taken by listing the properties of the system of the relevant moduli spaces and then a self-contained account of the construction of the associated algebraic structures is given. This axiomatic approach makes the exposition contained here independent of previously published construction of relevant structures.
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