III–V compound semiconductors such as GaAs and InAs alloyed with Mn exhibit ferromagnetism. The magnetic, electrical, and optical properties of ferromagnetic III–V semiconductors are first compiled along with the way to prepare the epitaxial films and the effect of postgrowth annealing. Theories available to explain the magnetism in these alloys are then presented. Because the ferromagnetic semiconductors are compatible with epitaxial III–V heterostructures, a number of device structures have been examined and shown to reveal a wide variety of phenomena that either cannot be realized or are very difficult to observe in ferromagnetic metal structures. The unique properties revealed by ferromagnetic semiconductor structures, ranging from reversible electric field control of ferromagnetic phase transition to generating velocity versus current-density curves of current-induced domain wall motion, are then reviewed. The prospect of realizing high-transition temperature is discussed in the last section.
This new volume focuses on a new, exciting field of research: Spintronics, the area also known as spin-based electronics. The ultimate aim of researchers in this area is to develop new devices that exploit the spin of an electron instead of, or in addition to, its electronic charge. In recent years many groups worldwide have devoted huge efforts to research of spintronic materials, from their technology through characterization to modeling. The resultant explosion of papers in this field and the solid scientific results achieved justify the publication of this volume. Its goal is to summarize the current level of understanding and to highlight some key results and milestones that have been achieved to date. Semiconductor spintronics is expected to lead to a new generation of transistors, lasers and integrated magnetic sensors that can be used to create ultra-low power, high-speed memory, logic and photonic devices. In addition, development of novel devices such as spin-polarized light emitters, spin field effect transistors, integrated sensors and high-temperature electronics is anticipated.
III–V compound semiconductors such as GaAs and InAs alloyed with Mn exhibit ferromagnetism. The magnetic, electrical, and optical properties of ferromagnetic III–V semiconductors are first compiled along with the way to prepare the epitaxial films and the effect of postgrowth annealing. Theories available to explain the magnetism in these alloys are then presented. Because the ferromagnetic semiconductors are compatible with epitaxial III–V heterostructures, a number of device structures have been examined and shown to reveal a wide variety of phenomena that either cannot be realized or are very difficult to observe in ferromagnetic metal structures. The unique properties revealed by ferromagnetic semiconductor structures, ranging from reversible electric field control of ferromagnetic phase transition to generating velocity versus current-density curves of current-induced domain wall motion, are then reviewed. The prospect of realizing high-transition temperature is discussed in the last section.
Stay current with recent progress in the field of acute encephalopathy and encephalitis in infants with this practical resource by Drs. Hideo Yamanouchi, Solomon L. Moshé, and Akihisa Okumura. This practical resource covers key information relevant to physicians, surgeons, and nurses who often must take prompt action in the everyday clinical care of patients with these disorders. Features a wealth of information for all health care professionals who encounter these complex conditions. Covers diagnostic strategy, subtypes of acute encephalopathy, and management of acute encephalopathy and encephalitis. Consolidates today’s available information and guidance on acute encephalopathy and encephalitis in infancy, in addition to related disorders, into one convenient resource.
This book sheds light on a little-known aspect of the Imperial family of Japan: For three generations, members of the family have devoted themselves to biological research. Emperor Showa (Hirohito) was an expert on hydrozoans and slime molds. His son, Emperor Akihito, is an ichthyologist specializing in gobioid fishes, and his research is highly respected in the field. Prince Akishino, Emperor Akihito’s son, is known for his research on giant catfish and the domestication of fowl, while Prince Hitachi, Emperor Akihito’s brother, has conducted research on cancer in animals. The book shows how they became interested in biology, how seriously they were committed to their research, what their main scientific contributions are, and how their achievements are valued by experts at home and abroad. To commemorate the 60-year reign of Emperor Showa and his longtime devotion to biology, the International Prize for Biology was founded in 1985. The prize seeks to recognize and encourage researches in basic biology. A list of winners and a summary of their research are presented in the last part of the book. The author, an eminent biologist who has given lectures to the Imperial Family, explains their research and tells the fascinating story of biology and the Imperial Family of Japan. The book is a valuable resource, not only for biology students and researchers, but also for historians and anyone interested in science and the Royal and Imperial families.
Bent-Shaped Liquid Crystals: Structures and Physical Properties provides insight into the latest developments in the research on liquid crystals formed by bent-shaped mesogens. After a historical introduction, the expert authors discuss different kinds of mesophase structures formed by bent-shaped molecules. This book devotes the majority of its pages to physical properties such as polar switching, optics and non-linear optics, and behavior in restricted geometries. However, as chemistry is often highly relevant to the emergence of new phases, particularly with reflection symmetry breaking, it also involves a broad spectrum of interesting chemistry viewpoints.
Molecular Biology of DNA Topoisomerases and Its Application to Chemotherapy is based on conference proceedings from the International Symposium on DNA Topoisomerases in Chemotherapy, held in Nagoya, Japan, in November 1991. The book opens with a discussion of the structural and functional properties of various types of DNA topoisomerases identified in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, in addition to their roles as cellular targets of anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Other topics addressed include the genetics and biology of DNA topoisomerases, inhibitors of microbial DNA topoisomerases and drug resistance, inhibitors of mammalian DNA topoisomerases and drug resistance, and preclinical and clinical studies of DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. Molecular Biology of DNA Topoisomerases and Its Application to Chemotherapy will broaden the understanding of biology and genetics of DNA topoisomerases and contribute to the development of antimicrobial and anticancer agents-inhibitors of topoisomerases. It will be invaluable for oncologists, molecular biologists, cellular biologists, geneticists, biochemists, and pharmaceutical researchers.
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines : 31 August-3 September 2010, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines : 31 August-3 September 2010, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
This book provides a comprehensive account of stochastic filtering as a modeling tool in finance and economics. It aims to present this very important tool with a view to making it more popular among researchers in the disciplines of finance and economics. It is not intended to give a complete mathematical treatment of different stochastic filtering approaches, but rather to describe them in simple terms and illustrate their application with real historical data for problems normally encountered in these disciplines. Beyond laying out the steps to be implemented, the steps are demonstrated in the context of different market segments. Although no prior knowledge in this area is required, the reader is expected to have knowledge of probability theory as well as a general mathematical aptitude. Its simple presentation of complex algorithms required to solve modeling problems in increasingly sophisticated financial markets makes this book particularly valuable as a reference for graduate students and researchers interested in the field. Furthermore, it analyses the model estimation results in the context of the market and contrasts these with contemporary research publications. It is also suitable for use as a text for graduate level courses on stochastic modeling.
This book reviews the recent development of fabrication methods and various properties of lotus-type porous metals and their applications. The nucleation and growth mechanism of the directional pores in metals are discussed in comparison with a model experiment of carbon dioxide pores in ice. Three casting techniques are introduced to produce not only metals and alloys but also intermetallic compounds, semiconductors, and ceramics: mold casting, continuous zone melting, and continuous casting. The latter has merits for mass production of lotus metals to control porosity, pore size and pore direction. Furthermore, anisotropic behavior of elastic, mechanical properties, thermal and electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility are introduced as peculiar features of lotus metals.
The quark confinement mechanism is one of the most difficult problems in particle physics, and is listed as the 7 difficult mathematical problems of the new millennium. The first person who first solves this problem will be awarded a prize of US$ 1 Million by Cray Mathematics Institute. This volume is useful for the systematic understanding of quark confinement and nonperturbative aspects of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) from the wide viewpoints of mathematical physics, lattice QCD physics and quark-hadron physics. It covers the current studies of nonperturbative QCD: quark confinement mechanism; topologies in QCD (instantons, monopoles and vortices); BRS quartet mechanism for color confinement; lattice QCD calculations for quarks, gluons and hadrons; dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and hadrons.
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