This book is devoted to highly polished and potentiated novel C couplings developed by our group (M. Suzuki) in the course of a long-term, tight collaboration of chemistry, biology, and medicine experts, focusing on advanced organometallic techniques for the construction of a whole prostaglandin (PG) framework and new methodology for introducing short-lived 11C radionuclide into carbon frameworks. The book is written to attract the interest of scientists working in chemistry and interdisciplinary research areas such as medicinal chemistry, radiochemistry, chemical biology, molecular imaging, and related industries.
This book is devoted to highly polished and potentiated novel C couplings developed by our group (M. Suzuki) in the course of a long-term, tight collaboration of chemistry, biology, and medicine experts, focusing on advanced organometallic techniques for the construction of a whole prostaglandin (PG) framework and new methodology for introducing short-lived 11C radionuclide into carbon frameworks. The book is written to attract the interest of scientists working in chemistry and interdisciplinary research areas such as medicinal chemistry, radiochemistry, chemical biology, molecular imaging, and related industries.
Although studies on multiobjective mathematical programming under uncertainty have been accumulated and several books on multiobjective mathematical programming under uncertainty have been published (e.g., Stancu-Minasian (1984); Slowinski and Teghem (1990); Sakawa (1993); Lai and Hwang (1994); Sakawa (2000)), there seems to be no book which concerns both randomness of events related to environments and fuzziness of human judgments simultaneously in multiobjective decision making problems. In this book, the authors are concerned with introducing the latest advances in the field of multiobjective optimization under both fuzziness and randomness on the basis of the authors’ continuing research works. Special stress is placed on interactive decision making aspects of fuzzy stochastic multiobjective programming for human-centered systems under uncertainty in most realistic situations when dealing with both fuzziness and randomness. Organization of each chapter is briefly summarized as follows: Chapter 2 is devoted to mathematical preliminaries, which will be used throughout the remainder of the book. Starting with basic notions and methods of multiobjective programming, interactive fuzzy multiobjective programming as well as fuzzy multiobjective programming is outlined. In Chapter 3, by considering the imprecision of decision maker’s (DM’s) judgment for stochastic objective functions and/or constraints in multiobjective problems, fuzzy multiobjective stochastic programming is developed. In Chapter 4, through the consideration of not only the randomness of parameters involved in objective functions and/or constraints but also the experts’ ambiguous understanding of the realized values of the random parameters, multiobjective programming problems with fuzzy random variables are formulated. In Chapter 5, for resolving conflict of decision making problems in hierarchical managerial or public organizations where there exist two DMs who have different priorities in making decisions, two-level programming problems are discussed. Finally, Chapter 6 outlines some future research directions.
This is Yukawa's autobiography of his early years, written in Japanese when he was fifty years old. It describes his family background and the education and experience, both social and intellectual, that helped to form his character and direct his career. Especially valuable to the historian of science are his discussions of scientific relationships with his colleague Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, with his teacher Yoshio Nishina, and with his students (who later became his collaborators): Sakata, Taketani, and Kobayashi. The Story ends with the writing of his first scientific paper in English, being the birth of the meson theory of nuclear forces.Also included are the original paper of the meson theory by Prof H Yukawa and an introduction by Prof L M Brown.
This book introduces recent progress in the study of species diversity and community structures in terrestrial organisms conducted by three groups at Kyoto University. First, it explains species diversity and the functioning of fungi in Asian regions as outlined by metagenomic approaches using next-generation sequencing technology. The advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies accelerate the speed of species inventorying, especially for microorganisms. Second, the study of complex interactions between herbivorous insects and plants in the community and ecosystem contexts is presented. Recent studies in community and ecosystem genetics shed light on these complex interactions with novel approaches incorporating genetic perspectives including genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in plant defenses against herbivores. Finally, recent studies on speciation processes in insects are described, processes that are related to the evolution of particular life history strategies. Included is an examination of two hypotheses that may be important in understanding diversification of insect species in heterogeneous environments in space and time. This book is a valuable resource especially for ecologists who are interested in species diversity and community structure.
This is an advanced textbook for graduate students and researchers wishing to learn about high temperature superconductivity in copper oxides, in particular the Kamimura-Suwa (K-S) model. Because a number of models have been proposed since the discovery of high temperature superconductivity by Bednorz and Müller in 1986, the book first explains briefly the historical development that led to the K-S model. It then focuses on the physical background necessary to understand the K-S model and on the basic principles behind various physical phenomena such as electronic structures, electrical, thermal and optical properties, and the mechanism of high temperature superconductivity.
This book explores the range and the utility of supercritical fluid system in a variety of diverse chemical applications. The book highlighted the green process and served the necessary background and details about separation, material processing, and reaction regarding technique, mechanism, protocol, and potential applications; hence it can appeal to academics and industrialists. Both from a chemical as well as engineering scene, the book updates the recent advances in supercritical fluid technology and other pressurized-solvent system (subcritical water technology). The most wide-spread use of supercritical CO2 as a solvent has been in supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation processes. Other applications are recrystallization of pharmaceuticals, metal nanoparticles generation, and polymer processing. Sub or supercritical water is a unique green solvent which can serve a high solubility for many weakly-polar organics and light inorganic gases. This solvent denotes very high reactivity for biomass processing.
Maximizing readers’ insights into urban and architectural environmental planning with consideration for the thermal environment, this work highlights how various urban heat-island strategies have been developed and their effectiveness in urban areas. Specific measures to combat the urban heat-island phenomenon, including improvement of surface cover, reduction of exhaust heat, improvement of ventilation are summarized and various heat-island measurement technologies, which have been proposed in recent years, are organized systematically based on surface- heat budget and surface boundary layer models. With suggestions for the selection of appropriate heat-island technologies depending on the location, this book elucidates the relationship between the thermal environment and urban block form characteristics. Covering the latest research findings, this book is of interest for all those concerned with environmentally friendly urban and architectural planning.
This is the long-awaited second edition of this highly regarded comparative overview of corporate law. This edition has been comprehensively updated to reflect profound changes in corporate law. It now includes consideration of additional matters such as the highly topical issue of enforcement in corporate law, and explores the continued convergence of corporate law across jurisdictions. The authors start from the premise that corporate (or company) law across jurisdictions addresses the same three basic agency problems: (1) the opportunism of managers vis-à-vis shareholders; (2) the opportunism of controlling shareholders vis-à-vis minority shareholders; and (3) the opportunism of shareholders as a class vis-à-vis other corporate constituencies, such as corporate creditors and employees. Every jurisdiction must address these problems in a variety of contexts, framed by the corporation's internal dynamics and its interactions with the product, labor, capital, and takeover markets. The authors' central claim, however, is that corporate (or company) forms are fundamentally similar and that, to a surprising degree, jurisdictions pick from among the same handful of legal strategies to address the three basic agency issues. This book explains in detail how (and why) the principal European jurisdictions, Japan, and the United States sometimes select identical legal strategies to address a given corporate law problem, and sometimes make divergent choices. After an introductory discussion of agency issues and legal strategies, the book addresses the basic governance structure of the corporation, including the powers of the board of directors and the shareholders meeting. It proceeds to creditor protection measures, related-party transactions, and fundamental corporate actions such as mergers and charter amendments. Finally, it concludes with an examination of friendly acquisitions, hostile takeovers, and the regulation of the capital markets.
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