This study analyses the newly available statistical evidence on income distribution in the former Soviet Union both by social group and by republic, and considers the significance of inequalities as a factor contributing to the demise of the Communist regime. Among the topics covered are wage distribution (interbranch and skill differentials and distribution in terms of gender, education, and age), income distribution for the former USSR as a whole, and wage and income distribution patterns for each republic, with analysis of regional differences.
This book, consisting of eight related articles, deals with several dimensions of socialism in the 1980s just before the beginning of the great changes which took place in Eastern Europe. Profound changes in the political economy of the world in the 1970s led to a decline of over-confidence and over-optimism characteristic of the earlier times both in the West and in the East. The painful experience of stagnation ended the grand Keynesian dream and led to the return of neo-conservatism in the West. The disappointing pace of industrial and technological progress during the Brezhnev era and increasing shortages of productivity of communism in the East. With both sides in the grip of political and economic uncertainties, the ideological confrontation seemed to have lost much of its sharp edge. No longer did the accepted dogmas and ideologies of the past appear either valid or convincing. The presupposition of the debate on comparative economic systems were in need of fundamental revisions. It was in this perspective that the Political Economy Workshop at York University undertook to feature a series of lectures on socialism in its 1988 sessions. Of about a dozen presentations by York University scholars and invited speakers, eight were subsequently made available in the form of articles and are published in this volume. These articles cover a wide range of issues, both theoretical and practical, and from both the Western and the Eastern perspective. It is recognized by all authors that neither the East European experiments in communism nor the Western process into social democracy have been a great success. The clue to what might lie beyond the socialist dilemmas in the age of perestroika will be found only by going through once again to the circumstances which led to the failure of socialism thus far.
This is the second volume in the author's ongoing inquiry into the extent of income inequality in the East European socialist countries and the effect of market-oriented reforms on patterns of income distribution. Although there has been remarkably little empirical research on this question (in part because of the problem of obtaining reliable data), both proponents and opponents of reforms voice strong views on this subject, with both sides, however, tending to grant the assumption that decentralization and the increased use of market mechanisms will increase inequality. In this study as in the preceding volume, "Economic Reform and Income Distribution: A Case Study of Hungary and Poland", Henryk Flakierski undertakes a study of the data in order to shed light on this question - this time with reference to the most decentralized of the East European economics and the one in which marketization of the economy has been most advanced.
This is the second volume in the author's ongoing inquiry into the extent of income inequality in the East European socialist countries and the effect of market-oriented reforms on patterns of income distribution. Although there has been remarkably little empirical research on this question (in part because of the problem of obtaining reliable data), both proponents and opponents of reforms voice strong views on this subject, with both sides, however, tending to grant the assumption that decentralization and the increased use of market mechanisms will increase inequality. In this study as in the preceding volume, "Economic Reform and Income Distribution: A Case Study of Hungary and Poland", Henryk Flakierski undertakes a study of the data in order to shed light on this question - this time with reference to the most decentralized of the East European economics and the one in which marketization of the economy has been most advanced.
This book, consisting of eight related articles, deals with several dimensions of socialism in the 1980s just before the beginning of the great changes which took place in Eastern Europe. Profound changes in the political economy of the world in the 1970s led to a decline of over-confidence and over-optimism characteristic of the earlier times both in the West and in the East. The painful experience of stagnation ended the grand Keynesian dream and led to the return of neo-conservatism in the West. The disappointing pace of industrial and technological progress during the Brezhnev era and increasing shortages of productivity of communism in the East. With both sides in the grip of political and economic uncertainties, the ideological confrontation seemed to have lost much of its sharp edge. No longer did the accepted dogmas and ideologies of the past appear either valid or convincing. The presupposition of the debate on comparative economic systems were in need of fundamental revisions. It was in this perspective that the Political Economy Workshop at York University undertook to feature a series of lectures on socialism in its 1988 sessions. Of about a dozen presentations by York University scholars and invited speakers, eight were subsequently made available in the form of articles and are published in this volume. These articles cover a wide range of issues, both theoretical and practical, and from both the Western and the Eastern perspective. It is recognized by all authors that neither the East European experiments in communism nor the Western process into social democracy have been a great success. The clue to what might lie beyond the socialist dilemmas in the age of perestroika will be found only by going through once again to the circumstances which led to the failure of socialism thus far.
This study analyses the newly available statistical evidence on income distribution in the former Soviet Union both by social group and by republic, and considers the significance of inequalities as a factor contributing to the demise of the Communist regime. Among the topics covered are wage distribution (interbranch and skill differentials and distribution in terms of gender, education, and age), income distribution for the former USSR as a whole, and wage and income distribution patterns for each republic, with analysis of regional differences.
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This story by Henryk Sienkiewicz, is of interest as it can be considered the germ, so to speak, of Quo Vadis, which is among one of the most noteworthy of novels and has won a large audience as well in Europe as in America. It is the tale of Cains Septimus Cunia, a Roman patrician, rich, splendid, luxury-loving; who, sated with the life of Rome, travels to Alexandria, and there loves and weds a beautiful woman - Autea, daughter of Timon the sage. The intense and all-possessing passion of Cunia for his wife revolutionizes his life and nature. Autea falls ill, and in the hope of cure they journey to Jerusalem, arriving on the eve of the Crucifixion. It is a strange, beautiful little story, full of suggestion and pictures, and of possibilities, with the peculiar charm of which Sienkiewicz only of his generation possesses the secret.
THE work of Henryk Sienkiewicz naturally falls into two distinct classes: the purely historical novels which became so famous "Quo Vadis"; and the modern character analyses, among the most notable of which were "Without Dogma," "The Children of the Soil" and "The Family of Polanyetski." It was in commenting on "The Children of the Soil" that the late Charles Dudley Warner wrote: "This author I regard as the greatest of living novelists, both in range, in grasp of historical situations and in intuition and knowledge of human nature."Henryk Sienkiewicz's book, "Whirlpools," has been translated by Max A. Drezmal, deals exclusively with conditions of modern life in Poland. It is full of brilliant dialogue and keen dissection of human motives besides showing the author to be a very close observer of recent agrarian troubles and socialistic politics in Poland. The translation seems to be very well done. In connection with a socialist uprising, Sienkiewicz has portrayed the keen suffering and struggles of warring elements. Poland, "buried beneath the whirlpools of sand, possesses a bottomless depth of suffering," — also a loyalty which says: "We will set our teeth and will continue to suffer for Thee, and will not renounce Thee nor Hope." The story is told with the author's customary power and directness; the dialog is often brilliant, and a searching light is shed on the motives and actions of an interesting group of characters in the development of an absorbing love story to its inevitable conclusion.
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