Reform of the United States tax system has become a central political issue. Assessing Tax Reform is a concise, nontechnical book to help general readers and students understand the tax reform issues Congress is now debating. Henry Aaron and Harvey Galper lay out the major alternative proposals and analyze principles of taxation that can be used for judging them. They explore the issues surrounding a move to a comprehensive income tax, a cash-flow tax, and the value-added tax or other consumption-based taxes. They show the conflicts and opportunities resulting from large current government deficits and the move for tax reform. In addition to clarifying the problems that must be solved if large-scale, long-term reform is to be achieved, the authors describe alternative strategies for increasing revenues quickly. They also present their own program for a fair, efficient, and less complex tax structure. They conclude with an examination of the political pitfalls that continue to make any major improvements in the tax system hard to enact.
The social security system affects people throughout most of their lives, at work and in retirement. The supposed effects of social security on saving, labor supply, and the distribution of income figure prominently in current debates about whether and how to change the system. Theorists have developed alternative analytical frameworks for studying social security, but all involve extreme assumptions introduced for the sake of analytical tractability. Each study seems to describe the behavior of some, but not all or even most people. The shortcomings of available data have created additional roadblocks. As a result, the effects of social security on saving and labor supply are difficult to measure, and how such a complex system influences behavior is not at all well understood. Yet decisions on social security cannot be avoided. If analysts cannot agree, policymakers are likely to increase the weight they attach to perceptions of equity, adequacy of benefits, fairness of taxes, and similar qualitative considerations. Hence it is desirable for lay observers to understand the framework that analysts use and the reasons why there is so much uncertainty. This book sheds light on social security issues by examining evidence from economic studies about how the system affects saving, labor supply, and income distribution. It shows that these studies provide little evidence to support or refute assertions that social security has reduced saving, but they do indicate that it has contributed to the trend toward early retirement. The author finds that the aged are now about as well off on the average as the general population and that social security has played a considerable role in bringing about this equality. This volume is the sixteenth in the second series of Brookings Studies of Government Finance.
For Secretary of State Henry Clay and the Adams administration, 1827 is a year of crisis. Turbulent relations with Latin America are marked by the seizure of American trading vessels off Montevideo. Border strife with Britain threatens in northern Maine, while American retaliation for the closing of the British West Indies to U.S. trade provokes warnings of war from the opposition in Congress. With the campaign for the next presidency in full swing, Clay is again forced to defend himself against Andrew Jackson's charges of "bribery and corruption." Opposition gains in the fall elections foreshadow Jackson's 1828 victory, but at year's end, the resilient Clay continues to hope. Publication of this book was assisted by a grant from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
Highly readable, well illustrated, and easy to understand, Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies remains your go-to choice for authoritative guidance on managing today’s obstetric patient. Reflecting the expertise of internationally recognized authorities, this bestselling obstetrics reference has been thoroughly revised to bring you up to date on everything from ultrasound assessment of fetal anatomy and growth, to medical complications in pregnancy, to fetal therapy...and much more! Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located. Benefit from the knowledge and experience of international experts in obstetrics. Gain a new perspective on a wide range of today’s key issues - all evidence based and easy to read. Stay current with new coverage of fetal origins of adult disease, evidence-based medicine, quality assessment, nutrition, and global obstetric practices. Find the information you need quickly with bolded key statements, additional tables, flow diagrams, and bulleted lists for easy reference. Zero in on "Key Points" in every chapter - now made more useful than ever with the inclusion of related statistics. View new ultrasound nomograms in the Normal Values in Pregnancy appendix.
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