As quantum detectors evolve to become ever more sophisticated, their description in terms of a limited number of generic parameters falls short. An alternative description of the performance of a detector is provided by its positive-operator-valued measure (POVM). In this chapter we introduce a technique, quantum detector tomography, which allows us to experimentally reconstruct the POVM of the detector under test. Detailed examples on how to apply this technique to phase-insensitive detectors are given. We also discuss the challenges for the tomography of phase-sensitive detectors and possible solutions.
This chapter presents an overview of efforts to improve photon-counting detection systems through the use of hybrid detection techniques such as spatial- and time-multiplexing of conventional detectors, and frequency up-conversion. It reviews the basic operation for these methods and illustrates their utility in a number of applications showing new or improved capabilities compared with conventional methods.
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