This handbook in two volumes synthesises our knowledge about the ecology of Central Europe’s plant cover with its 7000-yr history of human impact, covering Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Based on a thorough literature review with 5500 cited references and nearly 1000 figures and tables, the two books review in 26 chapters all major natural and man-made vegetation types with their climatic and edaphic influences, the structure and dynamics of their communities, the ecophysiology of important plant species, and key aspects of ecosystem functioning. Volume I deals with the forests and scrub vegetation and analyses the ecology of Central Europe’s tree flora, whilst Volume II is dedicated to the non-forest vegetation covering mires, grasslands, heaths, alpine habitats and urban vegetation. The consequences of over-use, pollution and recent climate change over the last century are explored and conservation issues addressed.
For more than 35 years now, George B. Dantzig's Simplex-Method has been the most efficient mathematical tool for solving linear programming problems. It is proba bly that mathematical algorithm for which the most computation time on computers is spent. This fact explains the great interest of experts and of the public to understand the method and its efficiency. But there are linear programming problems which will not be solved by a given variant of the Simplex-Method in an acceptable time. The discrepancy between this (negative) theoretical result and the good practical behaviour of the method has caused a great fascination for many years. While the "worst-case analysis" of some variants of the method shows that this is not a "good" algorithm in the usual sense of complexity theory, it seems to be useful to apply other criteria for a judgement concerning the quality of the algorithm. One of these criteria is the average computation time, which amounts to an anal ysis of the average number of elementary arithmetic computations and of the number of pivot steps. A rigid analysis of the average behaviour may be very helpful for the decision which algorithm and which variant shall be used in practical applications. The subject and purpose of this book is to explain the great efficiency in prac tice by assuming certain distributions on the "real-world" -problems. Other stochastic models are realistic as well and so this analysis should be considered as one of many possibilities.
This handbook in two volumes synthesises our knowledge about the ecology of Central Europe’s plant cover with its 7000-yr history of human impact, covering Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Based on a thorough literature review with 5500 cited references and nearly 1000 figures and tables, the two books review in 26 chapters all major natural and man-made vegetation types with their climatic and edaphic influences, the structure and dynamics of their communities, the ecophysiology of important plant species, and key aspects of ecosystem functioning. Volume I deals with forests and scrub vegetation and analyses the ecology of Central Europe’s tree flora, whilst Volume II is dedicated to the non-forest vegetation covering mires, grasslands, heaths, alpine habitats and urban vegetation. The consequences of over-use, pollution and recent climate change over the last century are explored and conservation issues addressed.
Machinery Component Maintenance and Repair, Fourth Edition, Volume three in the Practical Machinery Managment for Process Plants series provides the latest research and industry approaches in easy to understand, bite-sized chunks. Extending the life of existing machinery is the name of the game in the process industries, and this classic text is still the best, most practical and comprehensive source for doing just that. This updated edition is completely revised and updated throughout, especially in sections regarding Maintenance Organization and Control for Multi-Plant Corporations, Repair and Maintenance of Rotating Equipment Components, and Protecting Machinery Parts Against Loss of Surface. Describes step-by-step procedures to guide readers through a best practices approach to machinery maintenance Helps readers optimize their maintenance plan to reduce downtime in plants and extend the service life of machinery Provides a wealth of practical technical data and advice on crucial subjects, such as machinery alignment and maintenance programming
The present volume completes the description of the interactions and chemical reactions of elemental tungsten with metallic elements, treating its reactions with antimony, bismuth, and the alkali and alkaline earth metals. The reactions of tungsten with these elements are in most cases confined to surface regions. Corrosion of tungsten and mutual solubility are usually very low. An exception is the W - Be system, in which several intermetallic phases are formed. The surface processes in some of the other systems covered in the present volume evoked considerable scientific and practical interest, documented by the large number of publications. This holds particularly for the Cs-on-W and Ba-on-W surface systems. Cs- and Ba-activated tungsten electrodes were and are used in many technical and laboratory appliances. One example is the Cs diode device for thermionic energy conversion. Surface ionization of Cs and W is widely applied in ion sources and for some time attracted great attention with respect to its potential use in ion rocket propulsion engines. Cs-on-W is also a logical system for basic research on chemisorption due to the propitious chemical, crystallographic, and atomic properties of adsorbent and adsorbate. The majority of existing models for the chemisorption bond has been experimentally checked on this system. The particular interest in the W - Cs and W - Ba systems is reflected in the large portion of the text (256 pages) devoted to these systems.
UV-VIS spectroscopy is one of the oldest methods in molecular spectroscopy. The definitive formulation of the Bouguer-Lambert Beer law in 1852 created the basis for the quantitative evaluation of absorption measurements at an early date. This led firstly to colorimetry, then to photometry and finally to spectrophotometry. This evolution ran parallel with the development of detectors for measuring light intensities, i.e. from the human eye via the photo element and photocell, to the photomultiplier and from the photo graphic plate to the present silicon-diode detector both of which allow simultaneous measurement of the complete spectrum. With the development of quantum chemistry, increasing atten tion was paid to the correlation between light absorption and the structure of matter with the result that in recent decades a number of excellent discussions of the theory of electronic spectroscopy (UV-VIS and luminescence sp,~ctroscopy) have been published. Consequently, this extremely ivteresting aspect of molecular spec troscopy has dominated the teaching of the subject both in my own lectures and those of others. However, it is often overlooked that, in addition to the theory, applications of spectroscopic methods are of particular interest to scientists. For this reason, a lecture series about electronic spectroscopy given in the Institute for Physical Chemistry at the Heinrich-Heine-University in Dusseldorf was supplemented by one about "UV-VIS spectroscopy and its applications". This formed the basis of the present book.
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