This book covers a wide range of issues in fire safety engineering in tunnels, describes the phenomena related to tunnel fire dynamics, presents state-of-the-art research, and gives detailed solutions to these major issues. Examples for calculations are provided. The aim is to significantly improve the understanding of fire safety engineering in tunnels. Chapters on fuel and ventilation control, combustion products, gas temperatures, heat fluxes, smoke stratification, visibility, tenability, design fire curves, heat release, fire suppression and detection, CFD modeling, and scaling techniques all equip readers to create their own fire safety plans for tunnels. This book should be purchased by any engineer or public official with responsibility for tunnels. It would also be of interest to many fire protection engineers as an application of evolving technical principles of fire safety.
Strategic planning is the starting point for projects and often the primary reason for a project’s success or failure. It has the potential to enable every organisation to realise its ideals and actualise its values, whether it be a small start-up business, a large international company or even an entire society. Project leaders and project-orientated organisations need to understand strategic planning to recognise their position and environment, and make rational decisions when selecting and defining their projects and programs. But, those same principles can have broader, more profound, and more ambitious applications too. Project: Strategy is a practical handbook that enables organisations of any size, and employees at all levels within them, to form strategic plans and actively contribute to them throughout a project’s development. Rather than focus on superficial exercises, this book draws from knowledge outside of business and management – humanities, philosophy, psychology, technology, and engineering – to create a holistic view and a depth of understanding you would never achieve with SWOT analysis alone. Taking the reader on a pragmatic journey, it teaches self-reflexion, social responsibility and creative thinking with application to their projects and plans, but also to their working relationships and to their organisations. This book is also an ideal introductory book to progressive programs on strategic planning, with a focus on collaborative work, open strategy, and open strategic planning on a social level. It provides a wealth of learning tools and case studies to demonstrate best practice. This is the ideal guide to project planning for anyone that wants their planning decisions to be as wise as they are savvy.
How relevant is ethics to project management? The book - which aims to demystify the field of ethics for project managers and managers in general - takes both a critical and a practical look at project management in terms of success criteria, and ethical opportunities and risks. The goal is to help the reader to use ethical theory to further identify opportunities and risks within their projects and thereby to advance more directly along the path of mature and sustainable managerial practice. Project Ethics opens with an investigation of the critical success factors in project management. It then illustrates how situations can arise within projects where values can compete, and looks at how ethical theories on virtue, utility, duty and rights can be used as competence eye-openers to evaluate projects. The reader is challenged to think of their project management experiences where questions of competing values surfaced, and mirror them in short vignettes taken from real practice from all round the globe. Finally, a new method is introduced, based on classical ethical theory, which can help project owners, project managers, project teams and stakeholders, to identify, estimate and evaluate ethical opportunities and risks in projects.
Strategic planning is the starting point for projects and often the primary reason for a project’s success or failure. Project leaders and project-orientated organisations need to understand strategic planning to understand their position and environment, and make rational decisions when selecting and defining their projects and programmes. The authors provide the reader with a straightforward, comprehensive understanding of the basics of project management, including the present status of the discipline, its history, and theoretical foundations. With emphasis on the project life cycle, it is designed to support the IPMA D, C, or B level qualifications, and IPMA Competence Baseline 4.0, providing you with all the information needed to pursue certification. Project: Execution is also an ideal introductory textbook to progressive programmes on strategic planning, with a focus on collaborative work, open strategy, and an exploration of open strategic planning on a social level. It provides a wealth of learning tools and case studies to demonstrate best practice. This is the ideal guide to project planning for anyone that wants their planning decisions to be as wise as they are savvy.
This report describes measurements of heat release rates in tunnel fires by using the oxygen consumption technique. This technique is commonly used in fire laboratories to measure heat release rates up to 10 MW. Measured heat release rates from fire tests with vehicles (a train, a bus, a subway coach and a simulated truck load) and wood cribs are presented. The total heat release rate was determined by measuring oxygen concentrations and mass flow rates over the tunnel cross section at both sides of the fire. The convective fraction of the heat release rate was determined by measuring the temperature and the mass flow rate. The technique is found to work reasonably well for tunnel fires. However, the measured convective fraction of the heat release rate need to be corrected for heat losses from the hot ceiling jet to the cold walls. The total heat release rate need to be corrected for high yields of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the exhaust gases and for vitiation of the inflowing air in the lower part of the cross section. The study is a joint project between a number of European countries with a project name EUREKA EU 499 Firetun.
The effects of ventilation on heat release rate of pool fires in a model tunnel were investigated. The fuels used were heptane. methanol and xylen. The air supply to the fire source was established by natural and forced ventilation. The air flow created by natural ventilation was varied by varying the size of an inlet opening at one end of the tunnel. The forced ventilation was accomplished by a fan. Air flows were varied from slightly less than stoichiometric requirements to extremely air rich conditions with oxygen concentration an order of magnitude above the stoichiometric requirements. The heat release rate is directly proportional to the mass burning rate. The experiments showed a significant difference in the mass burning rate and flame characteristics at air flows close to the stoichiometric requirements. The decrease of mass burning rate is attributed to effects of low oxygen concentration (vitiated air) in the immediate vicinity of the flames. Low oxygen concentration affects the soot formation in the flame and thus the flame radiation to the fuel surface. No significant change in production of CO were observed in the tests. At air flows greater than about 2.5 times the stoichiometric requirements the mass burning rate was found to be similar to that found in the literature for model tunnel tests. There was a tendency for the mass burning rate to decrease with increasing wind velocity at the fire place.
A survey of the present state of the art on the modelling of interaction between sprinklers and fire vents is presented. Currently the main activities appear to be focused on improvements of sprinkler spray-droplet sub-models which can be implemented in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. These models can predict the interaction of spray droplets and the flow field created by the fire although the models are not yet fully validated. Further efforts are required in reducing the droplet input data to avoid excessive computing time but still getting realistic delivery patterns. It appears though that many of the models are sufficiently advanced to produce practical answers in the near future. There has been some progress in the simulation of extinction of gas phase fuels by a sprinkler spray. This is a complex and challenging area for the CFD technique where more work is required to make the models more general. This includes the effect of sprinkler spray on the fire source and the influence of vitiation. Other related areas where research activities have taken place are smoke logging and sprinkler skipping. The understanding of these phenomena are important for elucidating the overall problem of interaction of sprinklers and fire vents. There is still a lack of good experimental data for comparison and validation of available models. Only few minor experimental activities have taken place in recent years, mainly in the area of droplet size measurements. No recent large scale experimental activities have been undertaken but some proposals for conducting large scale test series have been put forward. Over the last few years there has been relatively little effort on improving zone-type models in the area of simulating sprinkler/vent interactions. Nevertheless. it is reasonable to expect that, with appropriate advances, such models can provide important practical tools for understanding the sprinkler/vent interaction phenomena and for use in the design and evaluation of practical sprinkler/vent systems. Compared to CFD, the zone model approach has inherent limitations as to the spatial resolution of the flow field. In a short term perspective the CFD technique appears to be the most promising approach to get practical answers to the question of sprinkler/vent interaction. To fully solve the controversies set out by a combined use of sprinkler and fire vents (here is also a need for large scale experimental data. Such experiments will be so expensive that they will probably not be realised in the near future. Therefore. a realistic way to proceed today is to conduct well defined experiments in reduced scale. Such experiments should be designed to give data for validation of both zone and CFD models. With validated models it should be possible to resolve at least part of the interaction problem and get useful engineering solutions.
A theoretical model to predict mass flow rate, temperature, velocity and flame height in a two dimensional rack storage has been developed. Experiments have been carried out using inert boxes and a diffusion propane line burner located at the bottom of the rack. A reasonable good correlation is found between the model and the experiments. The theoretical model developed calculates the flow within the rack with the aid of the equations of continuity, momentum and energy. The model distributes fractions of the total convective heat from the burner along a calculated flame height in accordance with an empirical relationship obtained from measured convective heat at each tier. The flame height is calculated by comparing the amount of available air flow rate and fuel rate at each tier for different heat release rates and widths of the flues. The results were compared to experiments with an approximately two dimensional, 4 tier rack storage with height ranging from 1.14 m to 1.34 m and with a 0.59 m long diffusion line burner placed at the bottom of the vertical flue. The size of the rack is about 1/3 of what can be expected in a real rack storage.
Värmereaktion på glödlampsprinklers har studerats med avseende på värmereaktionsparametrar. Kombinationen av en, två eller tre parametrar har använts för att förutse reaktionstider för olika test. Innehåll: Introduktion (med bl a förklaring till tre-parametermodellen) -- Experimentupsättning -- Vindtunnel-test -- All teori om reaktionsmodellen -- Analys av testresultaten -- Termisk analys av glödlampan.
Strategic planning is the starting point for projects and often the primary reason for a project’s success or failure. Project leaders and project-orientated organisations need to understand strategic planning to understand their position and environment, and make rational decisions when selecting and defining their projects and programmes. The authors provide the reader with a straightforward, comprehensive understanding of the basics of project management, including the present status of the discipline, its history, and theoretical foundations. With emphasis on the project life cycle, it is designed to support the IPMA D, C, or B level qualifications, and IPMA Competence Baseline 4.0, providing you with all the information needed to pursue certification. Project: Execution is also an ideal introductory textbook to progressive programmes on strategic planning, with a focus on collaborative work, open strategy, and an exploration of open strategic planning on a social level. It provides a wealth of learning tools and case studies to demonstrate best practice. This is the ideal guide to project planning for anyone that wants their planning decisions to be as wise as they are savvy.
All teamwork is grounded on effective communication. Project Communication enables project managers, leaders of project teams and team members to get their ideas heard, facilitate effective teamwork, create a culture of openness and creative thinking--in short, a culture of effective communication within their team. . The book opens with an orientation on what group dynamics and interpersonal communication entail, particularly in terms of management teams. It then guides the reader on a personal journey whereby different theories and concepts in group dynamics, communication and project team management are gradually introduced. Readers are encouraged to use the book to explore and improve their personal communication style, with the aim of sustaining growth and development within project teams and their respective organisations. Project Communication is an ideal companion to professionals, specialists, and project managers who are leading or working in teams within all types of organisations, businesses, NGO ́s and governmental and transnational institutions. The book should be of interest to all those who want to use psychological knowledge to improve their teams. It is also a practical guide that can be used as a training course in interpersonal communication in general, with a special focus on project teams.
How relevant is ethics to project management? The book - which aims to demystify the field of ethics for project managers and managers in general - takes both a critical and a practical look at project management in terms of success criteria, and ethical opportunities and risks. The goal is to help the reader to use ethical theory to further identify opportunities and risks within their projects and thereby to advance more directly along the path of mature and sustainable managerial practice. Project Ethics opens with an investigation of the critical success factors in project management. It then illustrates how situations can arise within projects where values can compete, and looks at how ethical theories on virtue, utility, duty and rights can be used as competence eye-openers to evaluate projects. The reader is challenged to think of their project management experiences where questions of competing values surfaced, and mirror them in short vignettes taken from real practice from all round the globe. Finally, a new method is introduced, based on classical ethical theory, which can help project owners, project managers, project teams and stakeholders, to identify, estimate and evaluate ethical opportunities and risks in projects.
Dr Haukur Ingi Jonasson is a professor at Reykjavik University, a consultant and Certified Stanford Project Manager. His background is in theology, philosophy, and psychology, which he applies to engineering and management. He is the author of several books on leadership and management. Dr Helgi Thor Ingason is a professor at Reykjavik University, a consultant, and a Certified Senior Project Manager. He is the author of several books on management and his work has been published in the Project Management Journal, International Journal of Project Management, and Journal of Metals.
This book covers a wide range of issues in fire safety engineering in tunnels, describes the phenomena related to tunnel fire dynamics, presents state-of-the-art research, and gives detailed solutions to these major issues. Examples for calculations are provided. The aim is to significantly improve the understanding of fire safety engineering in tunnels. Chapters on fuel and ventilation control, combustion products, gas temperatures, heat fluxes, smoke stratification, visibility, tenability, design fire curves, heat release, fire suppression and detection, CFD modeling, and scaling techniques all equip readers to create their own fire safety plans for tunnels. This book should be purchased by any engineer or public official with responsibility for tunnels. It would also be of interest to many fire protection engineers as an application of evolving technical principles of fire safety.
Strategic planning is the starting point for projects and often the primary reason for a project’s success or failure. It has the potential to enable every organisation to realise its ideals and actualise its values, whether it be a small start-up business, a large international company or even an entire society. Project leaders and project-orientated organisations need to understand strategic planning to recognise their position and environment, and make rational decisions when selecting and defining their projects and programs. But, those same principles can have broader, more profound, and more ambitious applications too. Project: Strategy is a practical handbook that enables organisations of any size, and employees at all levels within them, to form strategic plans and actively contribute to them throughout a project’s development. Rather than focus on superficial exercises, this book draws from knowledge outside of business and management – humanities, philosophy, psychology, technology, and engineering – to create a holistic view and a depth of understanding you would never achieve with SWOT analysis alone. Taking the reader on a pragmatic journey, it teaches self-reflexion, social responsibility and creative thinking with application to their projects and plans, but also to their working relationships and to their organisations. This book is also an ideal introductory book to progressive programs on strategic planning, with a focus on collaborative work, open strategy, and open strategic planning on a social level. It provides a wealth of learning tools and case studies to demonstrate best practice. This is the ideal guide to project planning for anyone that wants their planning decisions to be as wise as they are savvy.
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