For twenty-six years, civil war tore Sri Lanka apart. Despite numerous peace talks, cease-fires, and external military and diplomatic pressure, war raged on between the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Sinhala-dominated Sri Lankan government. Then, in 2009, the Sri Lankan military defeated the insurgents. The win was unequivocal, but the terms of victory were not. The first successful counterinsurgency campaign of the twenty-first century left the world with many questions. How did Sri Lanka ultimately win this seemingly intractable war? Will other nations facing insurgencies be able to adopt Sri Lanka's methods without encountering accusations of human rights violations? Ahmed S. Hashim—who teaches national security strategy and helped craft the U.S. counterinsurgency campaign in Iraq—investigates those questions in the first book to analyze the final stage of the Sri Lankan civil war. When Counterinsurgency Wins traces the development of the counterinsurgency campaign in Sri Lanka from the early stages of the war to the later adaptations of the Sri Lankan government, leading up to the final campaign. The campaign itself is analyzed in terms of military strategy but is also given political and historical context—critical to comprehending the conditions that give rise to insurgent violence. The tactics of the Tamil Tigers have been emulated by militant groups in Palestine, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somalia. Whether or not the Sri Lankan counterinsurgency campaign can or should be emulated in kind, the comprehensive, insightful coverage of When Counterinsurgency Wins holds vital lessons for strategists and students of security and defense.
The military victories of the Islamic State have completely overturned the geopolitical map of the Middle East. Media attention has focused almost exclusively on Islamic State's savage treatment of its enemies and its ability to attract foreign fighters. In 2011, the first effort to build an Islamic State in Iraq was defeated by US and Iraqi forces. The second attempt to establish themselves, beginning in 2014, has been considerably more successful and that success calls for deeper investigation. In order to explain the successes of Islamic State, The Caliphate at War brings together a dispassionate and objective account of the significant innovations in insurgency, ideology, and governance. By focusing their ideology first and foremost on extreme anti-Shia sectarianism - rather than on Western "infidels" - the Islamic State's founders are able to present themselves as the saviors of what they see as the embattled Sunni "nation" in Iraq. Its success in taking and holding major cities, including Mosul, demonstrates its innovative tactics and skill at exploiting tribal and sectarian rivalries. By going beyond the often starkly unpleasant current affairs of the Islamic State, The Caliphate at War undertakes an essential investigation into the successes of the group, to better understand how the movement is surviving, thriving, and reshaping the Middle East.
Academic Paper from the year 2018 in the subject Engineering - Robotics, grade: 100, , language: English, abstract: This paper is about a new trend in Stylistics called “Robotic Stylistics” whose subject matter is the linguistic outcome of robots. It investigates the possibility of making the robotic linguistic outcome the subject matter of stylistics, since robots are able to choose what they want to say due to their algorithms that enable them to make a choice. The field of artificial intelligence has developed and prospered in the recent years and entered the linguistic domain introducing a whole new sub-discipline of linguistics knows as Computational Linguistics. It helps linguists increase their knowledge of how the human brain works and how it processes language. Robotic stylistics will be concerned with the analysis and study of the style of robotic linguistic outcome using the same linguistic techniques that are used in the ordinary stylistic investigation of human literary and non-literary texts in order to discover the kind of style a robot has, how recurrent it is, and what it reveals about robots or artificial intelligence in general. However, there are many problems in this field especially in the case of obtaining the adequate data for analysis.
Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject Speech Science / Linguistics, grade: 100, Thi-Qar University, language: English, abstract: This study intends to investigate language performance and impairment elicited in the speech sample of some Iraqi patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. The aim of this study is to see whether Alzheimer’s disease affects patients’ language, and if so, what areas of language it affects. In addition, it inspects and explains both language performance and impairment of Alzheimer’s patients during the disease. It is hypothesized that Alzheimer’s patients suffer from sound substitution and omission on the phonological level, that the patients’ language is affected on both the denotative and connotative sides, that the patients break the rules of turn taking when they engage in conversations, and that Alzheimer’s patients then suffer from language impairment in these areas. The prominent outcome of this study is that Alzheimer’s patients suffer from language impairment in the phonological, semantic, and pragmatic areas of language.
A world expert's introduction to the controversial subject of Islamic law Providing a comprehensive and accessible examination of Shari’ah Law, this well considered introduction examines the sources, characteristic features, and schools of thought of a system often stereotyped for its severity in the West. In a progressive and graduated fashion, Mohammad Hashim Kamali discusses topics ranging from juristic disagreement to independent reasoning. Also broaching more advanced topics such as the principle of legality and the role and place of Shari’ah-oriented policy, Kamali controversially questions whether Islam is as much of a law-based religion as it has often been made out to be. Complete with a bibliography and glossary, and both a general index and an index of Arabic quotations, this wide-ranging exploration will prove an indispensable resource for Islamic students and scholars, and an informative guide to a complex topic for the general reader.
China’s foreign policy in the Arab world is important because it reflects China’s general foreign policy. In this study, first published in 1981, the author draws upon a wealth of previously unpublished and inaccessible material to analyse Chinese attitudes in three cases: the two Arab liberation movements, the Palestine Resistance Movement and the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Oman, and the established and independent State of Kuwait. Since the Arab liberation movements played a significant political role within their fields of operation, it was necessary for China to decide whether these movements did actually fit in with Chinese foreign policy objectives. Dr Behbehani’s analysis of these two case studies provides the basis for a discussion of whether China’s motives in supporting the liberation movements are theoretical or purely practical. China’s support for Kuwait’s political internal continuity is related to the stability of the whole Gulf region. The author analyses Chinese support for Kuwait and the surrounding conservative states on two main bases, political and economic, in the form of trade. It is through these channels, particularly the economic one, that China has sought to establish itself in the Gulf and the Arabian peninsula.
Abu Dhabi’s urban development path contrasts sharply with its exuberant neighbour, Dubai. As Alamira Reem puts it, Abu Dhabi, capital of the United Arab Emirates since 1971, ‘has been quietly devising its own plans ... to manifest its role and stature as a capital city’. Alamira Reem, a native Abu Dhabian and urban planner and researcher who has studied the emirate’s development for more than a decade, is uniquely placed to write its urban history. Following the introduction and description of Abu Dhabi’s early modern history, she focuses on three distinct periods dating from the discovery of oil in 1960, and coinciding with periods in power of the three rulers since then: Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1960–1966), Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1966–2004), and Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan (2004–). Based on archival research, key interviews and spatial mapping, she analyses the different approaches of each ruler to development; investigates the role of planning consultants, architects, developers, construction companies and government agencies; examines the emergence of comprehensive development plans and the policies underlying them; and assesses the effects of these many and varied influences on Abu Dhabi’s development. She concludes that, while much still needs to be done, Abu Dhabi’s progress towards becoming a global, sustainable city provides lessons for cities elsewhere.
This book investigates the relevance of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation, whilst taking into account variances in culture and individual experiences and perspectives. Focussing on higher education, the book responds to the call for providing alternative conceptual models, other than those originating from the Anglo-Saxon world. The authors take a contextual approach and use the case of Saudi Arabia to understand motivation in a collectivist, highly religious and conservative society of the Middle East. Providing empirical findings from a study carried out at two Saudi universities differing in their religious outlook, this book reveals a hierarchy of needs that is significantly different from the theory proposed by Maslow. Religion, culture and gender are explored in detail as the authors investigate the relevance of Maslow’s theory in a region that is of growing interest to policy-makers and practitioners in North America and Europe, offering a truly insightful read to an international audience.
In Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation, Mohammad Kamali considers problems associated with and proposals for reform of the hudud punishments prescribed by Islamic criminal law, and other topics related to crime and punishment in Shariah. He examines what the Qur'an and hadith say about hudud punishments, as well as just retaliation (qisas), and discretionary punishments (ta'zir), and looks at modern-day applications of Islamic criminal law in 15 Muslim countries. Particular attention is given to developments in Malaysia, a multi-religious society, federal state, and self-described democracy, where a lively debate about hudud has been on-going for the last three decades. Malaysia presents a particularly interesting case study of how a reasonably successful country with a market economy, high levels of exposure to the outside world, and a credible claim to inclusivity, deals with Islamic and Shariah-related issues. Kamali concludes that there is a significant gap between the theory and practice of hudud in the scriptural sources of Shariah and the scholastic articulations of jurisprudence of the various schools of Islamic law, arguing that literalism has led to such rigidity as to make Islamic criminal law effectively a dead letter. His goal is to provide a fresh reading of the sources of Shariah and demonstrate how the Qur'an and Sunnah can show the way forward to needed reforms of Islamic criminal law.
The rapid expansion of the halal industry and its markets has occurred not only in the heavily Islamic regions of Southeast Asia and the Middle East, but also in more unexpected countries such as Turkey, Japan, and South Korea, plus many others around the world. Yet despite both the increasing number of practicing Muslims and the demand for halal products worldwide, a base of scholarship on the subject has never emerged. The industry has been more market driven rather than knowledge driven. As such, industry operators have frequently drawn attention to the absence of such an authoritative text, one that would elucidate the shariah credibly of halal as well as its market presence. Mohammad Hashim Kamali's Shariah and the Halal Industry is designed to fill this gap. The first of its kind in the English language, the book is written in an accessible and reader-friendly style by a world-renowned authority on Islamic law and jurisprudence. The book serves as a reference on the shariah foundations of halal and meets the needs not only of industry operators and decision-makers, but also of students, scholars of Islam, and the many practicing Muslims who are customers of the halal industry across the globe. The book can also serve to educate the general public and non-specialist readers on Islam and shariah law at-large.
Shariah law is a subject that is misunderstood and misrepresented by many in the West. More than simply a system of law, it is concerned with a set of values and rules that are essential to the understanding and practice of Islam. In this volume, Mohammad Hashim Kamali, a world-renowned expert on Shariah, adopts a question-and-answer format to provide a clear introduction to its most salient aspects. Extending from the sources of Shariah in the Qur’an, hadith and the legal maxims of Islamic law to the discussion of issues such as freedom of religion, gender equality and human rights, Shariah Law: Questions and Answers connects the theoretical aspects of the law with how it is applied in the world today. At once scholarly and accessible, it is sure to be a vital resource for students, teachers and general readers, addressing as it does a range of contemporary concerns, including jihad, democracy, the environment, genetic engineering, human cloning, euthanasia and abortion.
Research on Just in Time (JIT), Total Quality Management (TQM), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM),Supply Chain Management (SCM), and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) generally investigate the implementation and impact of these programs in isolation. However, none of these paradigms is self sufficient and may not be powerful enough to deliver the improvements and innovations that are required nowadays to insure the survival and growth of a firm. They are not mutually exclusive and inconsistent.On the contrary, they need complementary support and may reinforce mutually to make use of their complementarily, inducement of side effects in favor of other paradigm's, mutual simulation and exploitation of shared values. More researchers have begun to discuss the importance of synergistic approaches by understanding the joint implementation and effect on manufacturing programs.
Too many people everywhere are angry with their governments. Some would even tell you they are mad. People are frustrated because they feel their elites and governments failed to provide them the basic services that governments are supposed to provide: freedom, peace and security, trusted civil service, and above all an economy and a socio-economic environment that help citizens to work, provide food, education and health services for their families. Many feel the dreams they were pursuing became nightmares. That the political elites, oftentimes beholden to their self-interest while paying lip service to the common good and to money, are bankrupting our moral capital and international goodwill. Governments, systems, and bureaucracies are perceived as incompetent, corrupt, and rigged in favor of the 1% rich, thus keeping the 99% poor hostage. In essence, many people believed that what we now have is a system of modern day slavery where the rich exploit and enslave the poor. Whence the call for revolution to fundamentally change the greed-centered ideologies of tyranny, oppression, and exploitation on which the status quo is founded. Humanity is at a crossroads. We either climb to the mountaintop or slide down to the valleys of death. ere would be hope if we revisit and critically evaluate the official narrative of history imposed by "the victors". There would be hope if we start a genuine conversation about narratives. There would be hope if we start a culture of careful listening. There would be hope if we seek to attain a deeper human understanding of life and the real meaning of the pursuit of happiness. It is time to learn the lessons of old, engage in a rethinking of the human story of barbarism and civilization, and invest in serving the common good of all people. When people open their minds and hearts, they can attain a new awakening and a liberation capable of leading us to realize, at this eleventh hour, a New 21st Century Humanism whose time has come. This has been the author's vision and life's purpose and journey that powered his passion for life's beauty and gave him the bliss of inner peace he wishes for all of humanity.
Business Practices in Malaysia SMEs offers a fresh insight into the business practices that occurred as well as lacking in local small and medium-sized enterprises. The seven chapters in this volume, originally presented as paper at national and international conferences focus on various aspects of important business practices in Malaysian small business. More importantly, Business Practices in Malaysia SMEs shares its understanding of how small business in Malaysia are being managed. Primarily based on recent empirical studies, this insightful contribution will serve as an invaluable information resource as well as will appeal to those who wish to seek a better understanding of small business management practices in the local context.
To be or not to be is an analysis of linguistic, cultural, political, economic and social factors, which explain the intricate root causes of conflicts which have ravished Sudan. It stands in stark contrast to the dominant simplification and distortions which have come to typify presentations of the region. Central to the book is an unapologetic explanation of Arabization; which often is portrayed as individual choices of religious loyalty, but, in fact, masks an intentional power-system which viciously corrupts Afrikan identities. By highlighting the detrimental complexities of manipulation, geopolitics, identity confusion and cultural imperialism, Hashim has not only written an authoritative book about Sudan, but also presented a comprehensive case study that all of Afrika must learn from. Rarely are we presented with such a vigourous inside-view to an area of Afrika which once was held in the highest civilizational esteem, but has been reduced to an ideological field of Arab-led terror, massacres and disintegration.
The authors of this study challenge the assumptions of the World Bank that the expansion in informal cross-border trade is a vindication of the market-liberalizing thrust of structural adjustment, and that adjustment policies have improved the effectiveness of an "independent" bourgeoisie that is emerging out of this trade as an agent of regional integration. Instead, they make the case for the adoption of what they call a "development approach" for tapping the benefits of the informal currency markets, as an alternative to the "market coercion" of structural adjustment.
The author takes the readers to the verdant hills and valleys of Kerala, called Gods own country, where the tea and rubber planters toil from dawn to dusk, in rain or sunshine, to grow tea and rubber.
كتاب يتناول بالبحث والدراسة نظام الحكم في عهد الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم الذي استمد منه نظام الخلافة شرعيته ، فبين أهم صفات هذا الحكم ومواصفاته ومعالمه الخ وجوانب الشبه بينه وبين نظام الخلافة مترجما باللغة الانكليزية
The military victories of ISIS have overturned the geopolitical map of the Middle East. Media attention has focused on ISIS' savage treatment of its enemies and its ability to attract foreign fighters. However, in order to explain its success, a dispassionate account of its innovations in insurgency, ideology and governance is needed. The first effort to build an 'Islamic state' in Iraq was defeated by US and Iraqi forces in 2011. That the second attempt, dating from 2014, has been more successful calls for explanation. Hashim argues that by focusing their ideology first and foremost on extreme anti-Shia sectarianism -- rather than on Western 'infidels' -- ISIS' founders were able to present themselves as the saviours of what they saw as the embattled Sunni 'nation' in Iraq. This enabled them to win the support of Sunni communities. Moreover, ISIS' stunning ability to take major cities is a result of its innovative tactics. It sows terror in advance of its attacks by using targeted assassinations to kill key city leaders, and its decentralised regional command structure facilitates an unusual degree of coordination between small assault units. Meanwhile, it is making a serious effort to engage in state-building and population control.
Tutorials in Clinical Chemistry is designed for trainee pathology residents, clinical chemists, medical students, and clinical laboratory scientists, in addition to those preparing for board and postgraduate examination. It is helpful to those in training as well as a teaching aid for mentors, faculty, and directors. The book is organized into 17 system-based chapters covering essential pathophysiology, biochemical investigation, and technical aspects of relevance to results interpretation. Tutorials in Clinical Chemistry is a must-have, didactic and essential knowledge as well as practical resource for learning and review. ? Facilitates easy access to troubleshooting common questions within a daily practice? Provides the landscape for the required knowledge and competency in clinical chemistry? Presents concise, direct, practical material for clinicians and clinical practitioners reaching out to the clinical laboratoryfor advice and interpretation of findings? Covers all aspects of clinical chemistry fellowship curriculum
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