Shortly after the beginning of the 20th century, the federal government entered a new phase -- the rise of the administrative state. Among the forces propelling this development was the Progressive Movement, which sought greater government engagement with and regulation of various sectors of American society. An autonomous Department of Labor, with Cabinet status, was established in 1913, along with the Federal Reserve. The Federal Trade Commission was created the following year. With the entry of the United States into World War I, regulatory activities further expanded, and the number of administrative agencies and federal employees increased. With the post-war era, the expansion of the federal government momentarily slowed, but began again with the onset of the Great Depression and the launching of the New Deal. The colossus that was constructed to combat the national economic emergency was soon refashioned and augmented to enable the United States to victoriously end a world war. With the return to peace in 1945, the federal government stood as a giant complex organisation, with over 3.8 million employees. During the next 45 years, it would continue to expand in terms of both its principal units and resources. In the immediate past few years, however, some downsizing has occurred. This book reviews trends regarding various aspects of the operations of the federal government during the past 50 years, as evidenced by personnel, budget, and other data. It also identifies and discusses, in cameo form, various developments during the period that are considered significant for federal operations during the next century. Some of these are crafted innovations, such as mission performance planning and measurement; some are imposed restraints, such as the Supreme Court's Chadha decision rendering so-called congressional or legislative vetoes unconstitutional. Some developments are still evolving, such as the electronic government phenomenon, and await conclusive assessment.
Under the Constitution of the United States, the President is responsible for prosecuting war and directing the armed military conflicts, including attacks upon the nation. Congress is constitutionally empowered to declare war, may otherwise authorise the involvement of American armed forces in military conflict, appropriate funds for government activities and operations, including military actions, and engages in oversight to assess the extent to which government operations have been efficiently, economically and effectively conducted using appropriated funds. Congress also has a role in prescribing intelligence and foreign policy. In order to meet these responsibilities, Congress needs to be kept aware by the executive branch leaders of all the latest developments and actions that are taking place. Consequently, when on 5 October 2001, George W Bush sent a memorandum to top diplomatic, intelligence and law enforcement officials that emphasised the restriction of information disclosures to Congress, this instalment drew fire from various quarters of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Despite the speedy removal of the restrictive policy by the President, questions surfaced pertaining to the executive branches role in times of war and military conflict in informing Congress regarding American involvement in such events. This book, which is intended to provide background information, also sheds light with a brief review explaining the executive-congressional relations in this regard for 1941-2001.
When President George W Bush came into office in January 2001, he arrived from a campaign in which he had emphasised efficiency in government, particularly through the use of information technology, but had not revealed any plans for reorganising the executive branch. Then in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the organisation of the federal government for maintaining homeland security and combating terrorism became an important consideration for both the President and the 107th Congress. Establishment of the Office of Homeland Security in October 2001 as a co-ordinating entity as an important first step, followed by the President's June 6, 2002 call for the creation of a Department of Homeland Security. This book regards reorganisation and management as involving the alteration of the program administrative structure and operations of the executive branch for reasons of efficiency, economy and direction.
The Exec. Office of the Pres. (EOP) consists of a group of federal agencies immediately serving the Pres. Among the oldest of these are the White House Office, where many of the Pres¿s. personal assistants are located, and the Office of Mgmt. and Budget (OMB). Entities have been placed within the EOP by both pres. action and by Congress. Some components have endured; others have been brief experiments. Some have been transferred to other quarters of the exec. branch; others have been abolished. This report reviews the particular circumstances of the creation of, and underlying authority for, the EOP, and provides profiles of the entities that have been, and still are, located within that enclave. This is a print on demand report.
The security classification regime in use within the fed. executive branch traces its origins to armed forces info. protection practices of the WWI era. The system designates info. according to prescribed criteria and procedures, protected in accordance with one of three levels of sensitivity, and is based on the amount of harm to the national security that would result from its disclosure. Contents of this report: Classification Background; Control Markings Discovered; Control Markings Today; Comparison of Sensitive Security Info. Policies: USDA Marking; USDA Mgmt.; TSA/DOT Marking; TSA/DOT Mgmt.; Mgmt. Regime Comparison; Implications for Info. Sharing; Improving Classified Info. Life Cycle Mgmt.; Remedial Legislation; Related Literature.
Contents: Intro.; Admin. Orders; Certificates; Designations of Officials; Exec. Orders; General Licenses; Homeland Security Pres. Directives; Interpretations; Letters on Tariffs and Internat. Trade; Military Orders; National Security Instruments: NSC Policy Papers; National Security Action Memo; National Security Study Memo and National Security Decision Memo; Pres. Review Memo and Pres. Directives; National Security Study Memo and National Security Decision Directives; National Security Reviews and National Security Directives; Pres. Review Directives and Pres. Decision Directives; National Security Pres. Directives; Pres. Announcements; Pres. Findings; Pres. Reorg. Plans; Proclamations; Reg¿s.; Source Tools. A print on demand report.
The original, highly accessible text in Mediation Representation: Advocating as a Problem-Solver highlights critical choices and explores every step of the process, from advising clients on the mediation option through preparing cases for the session to appearing in pre-mediation conferences, sessions, and post-sessions. Students learn how to effectively present opening statements and represent clients in joint sessions. Techniques for overcoming impasses, dealing with emotions, and resolving moneyed disputes are explored, and consideration is given to generating forward movement in the process while uncovering creative solutions. Mediation Representation: Advocating as a Problem-Solver navigates mediation-related legal and ethical issues and considers alternative processes for resolving unsettled issues. A culturally neutral framework allows for representing diverse clients. Helpful appendixes are included that cover decision-trees, sample agreements, active listening, and effective questioning. Features: original, accessible text that highlights critical choices in mediation covers every step of the process advising clients on the mediation option preparing cases and clients for the mediation session appearing in pre-mediation conferences, sessions, and post-sessions shows how to effectively present opening statements and represent clients in joint sessions presents techniques for overcoming impasses, dealing with emotions, and resolving moneyed disputes considers how to generate movement and uncover creative solutions navigates mediation-related legal and ethical issues considers alternative processes for resolving unsettled issues provides a culturally neutral framework for representing diverse clients includes helpful appendixes on decision-trees, sample agreements, active listening, and effective questioning
Amphibian species around the world are unusually vulnerable to a variety of threats, by no means all of which are properly understood. Volume 11 in this major series will be published in parts devoted to the causes of amphibian decline and to conservation measures in regions of the world; this Part 3 is concerned with Western Europe (Britain, Ireland, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain and Portugal). Experts from each country contribute a chapter describing the ecological background and the conservation status of affected species, with an emphasis on native species. As well as infectious diseases and parasites (also covered in a general chapter), threats take the form of introduced and invasive species, pollution, destruction and alteration of habitat, and climate change. These are discussed as they affect each species. All these countries have monitoring schemes and conservation programmes, whose origins and activities are described. Recommendations for action are also made. Edited by leading scholars in the field, Volume 11, when complete, will therefore provide a definitive survey of the amphibian predicament and a stimulus to further research with the objective of arresting the global decline of an entire class of animal.
The Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science provides an outstanding resource in 33 published volumes with 2 helpful indexes. This thorough reference set--written by 1300 eminent, international experts--offers librarians, information/computer scientists, bibliographers, documentalists, systems analysts, and students, convenient access to the techniques and tools of both library and information science. Impeccably researched, cross referenced, alphabetized by subject, and generously illustrated, the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science integrates the essential theoretical and practical information accumulating in this rapidly growing field.
The most comprehensive bibliography yet published in the public opinion field." —Journalism Quarterly. Besides a selection of the most significant titles from earlier years, this book contains a comprehensive listing of books, pamphlets, and articles which appeared between 1934 and 1943. Originally published in 1946. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
When President George W Bush came into office in January 2001, he arrived from a campaign in which he had emphasised efficiency in government, particularly through the use of information technology, but had not revealed any plans for reorganising the executive branch. Then in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the organisation of the federal government for maintaining homeland security and combating terrorism became an important consideration for both the President and the 107th Congress. Establishment of the Office of Homeland Security in October 2001 as a co-ordinating entity as an important first step, followed by the President's June 6, 2002 call for the creation of a Department of Homeland Security. This book regards reorganisation and management as involving the alteration of the program administrative structure and operations of the executive branch for reasons of efficiency, economy and direction.
Under the Constitution of the United States, the President is responsible for prosecuting war and directing the armed military conflicts, including attacks upon the nation. Congress is constitutionally empowered to declare war, may otherwise authorise the involvement of American armed forces in military conflict, appropriate funds for government activities and operations, including military actions, and engages in oversight to assess the extent to which government operations have been efficiently, economically and effectively conducted using appropriated funds. Congress also has a role in prescribing intelligence and foreign policy. In order to meet these responsibilities, Congress needs to be kept aware by the executive branch leaders of all the latest developments and actions that are taking place. Consequently, when on 5 October 2001, George W Bush sent a memorandum to top diplomatic, intelligence and law enforcement officials that emphasised the restriction of information disclosures to Congress, this instalment drew fire from various quarters of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Despite the speedy removal of the restrictive policy by the President, questions surfaced pertaining to the executive branches role in times of war and military conflict in informing Congress regarding American involvement in such events. This book, which is intended to provide background information, also sheds light with a brief review explaining the executive-congressional relations in this regard for 1941-2001.
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