This work, published in two volumes, contains descriptions of the wood and bark anatomies of 3000 dicotyledonous plants of 120 families, highlighting the anatomical and phylogenetic diversity of dicotyledonous plants of the Northern Hemisphere. The first volume principally treats families of the Early Angiosperms, Eudicots, Core Eudicots and Rosids, while the second concentrates on the Asterids. Presented in Volume 1 are microsections of the xylem and phloem of herbs, shrubs and trees of 1200 species and 85 families of various life forms of the temperate zone along altitudinal gradients from the lowland at the Mediterranean coast to the alpine zone in Western Europe. The global perspective of the findings is underlined by the analysis of 500 species from the Caucasus, the Rocky Mountains and Andes, the subtropical zone on the Canary Islands, the arid zones in the Sahara, in Eurasia, Arabia and Southwest North America, and the boreal and arctic zones in Eurasia and Canada. The presence of annual rings in all life forms demonstrates that herbs and dwarf shrubs are an excellent tool for the reconstruction of annual biomass production and the interannual dynamic of plant associations. The common principle of the anatomical expression of secondary growth is a key factor in understanding evolution and adaptation processes in all life forms, from the 2 cm tall whitlow grass (Draba arctica) in the arctic to the 40 m tall beech (Fagus sylvatica) in Central European managed forests. The study opens vast fields of research for dendrochronology, wood anatomy, taxonomy and ecology.
The present book is a translation of the original German edition (published in 1982) with some minor corrections and improvements. The guide to sup plementary and advanced literature given in the Appendix, however, has been brought up to date. This book is addressed primarily to students taking astronomy as a prin cipal or subsidiary subject, and to scientists of related fields, but amateur as tronomers should also be able to profit from it. For most chapters an elementary knowledge of mathematics and physics will be sufficient, however, Chaps. 5 and 6 impose somewhat greater requirements. In addition the reader should already be acquainted with the basic concepts of stellar physics as treated in introduc tory books, including the spectral types, the system of stellar magnitudes and colours, absolute magnitudes and luminosities, the Herlzsprung-Russell dia gram and its interpretation. A modem textbook should use SI units. On the other hand, the use of the cgs system is still the prevailing custom in astrophysics - together with the special units of astronomy: length is quoted in parsecs [pc], mass in solar masses [M0] and time in years [a]. We have therefore compromised and employed both cgs and SI units in this book, whichever was the appropriate choice in each instance. A table for conversion of cgs units into SI units and vice versa is given in the Appendix.
This book provides a solid foundation in the principles of heat and mass transfer and shows how to solve problems by applying modern methods. The basic theory is developed systematically, exploring in detail the solution methods to all important problems. The revised second edition incorporates state-of-the-art findings on heat and mass transfer correlations. The book will be useful not only to upper- and graduate-level students, but also to practicing scientists and engineers. Many worked-out examples and numerous exercises with their solutions will facilitate learning and understanding, and an appendix includes data on key properties of important substances.
The volume provides rich accounts on the enforcement of core issues but also on theoretical and methodological advances of the frontier of the research field. Areas of study that are meritoriously included are business closure and characteristics of the present knowledge economy. New sectors of the research frontier include societal entrepreneurship and the diversity of entrepreneurship in emergent market economies as well as methodologies such as discourse analysis and narrative approaches. This anthology certainly contributes to the crafting of a European identity in the field of entrepreneurship research. Bengt Johannisson, Växjö University and Jönköping University, Sweden Many of the world s leading experts on entrepreneurship and economic growth explore important issues that impact new venture creation; the influences of the knowledge-based economy on economic development; factors that govern exit from entrepreneurship, and a variety of critical social influences on entrepreneurship and economic development. Like the previous three volumes in this series from the European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, this is a significant contribution to entrepreneurship scholarship that has important insights for scholars and public policy-makers. William B. Gartner, Clemson University, US This state-of-the-art book provides a window on contemporary European entrepreneurship and small business research. The papers selected demonstrate the applied nature of entrepreneurship research as well as the various contributions that entrepreneurship can make to local, regional and national development. Written by international experts, the book reveals the heterogeneity of entrepreneurship in terms of substantive content and the methodologies employed. With both quantitative and qualitative approaches well represented, Entrepreneurship and Growth in Local, Regional and National Economies covers topics such as regional perspectives on entrepreneurship, new venture creation and growth, business exits, knowledge-based entrepreneurship and social inclusion. Furnishing the reader with rich and leading entrepreneurship research, this book will be invaluable for entrepreneurship and small business researchers as well as postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students of entrepreneurship. Policy makers will also find much of great interest to them.
More than 100 years ago, in 1905, Walther Nernst discovered the Third Law of Thermodynamics, thus completing this fundamental theory. In 1920 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The book describes the life of this pioneer of science, his major stations being Graz, then Göttingen, and finally Berlin. Also presented is a lively account of the development of low temperature physics by Nernst during the early days of quantum theory, when he was in Berlin, closely associated with Albert Einstein, Max Planck, and Max von Laue.The book outlines the specific advances achieved by Nernst in the thermodynamic concepts of theoretical chemistry. Written for a general readership, it can also serve as a supplement for courses in physics and chemistry. In addition to the role of science in the life of Nernst, the impact of the political turmoil in Germany before and after the advent of the 20th century is also told.
This work is concerned with optical imaging – from simple apertures to complex imaging systems. It spans the range all the way from optical physics to technical optics. For microscopists and photographers it conveys a deeper insight into the intricacies of their daily used devices. Physics and engineering students learn to understand different imaging systems and sensors as well as lenses and errors, image amplification and processing. This introduction into the topic is suitable for beginners and experienced people. It is illustrated by many practical examples and may also be used as a work of reference. The book is useful for everyone employing and assessing imaging systems in general. A special focus is given to photo camera systems.
Since the publication of the author ́s BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY in 1999 more than 3000 new books and articles in the field of Islamic philosophy, its Greek sources and its aftermath in European philosophy appeared and illustrate the increasing interest of the Islamic and the Western world. Philosophical thought as part of the Islamic culture became a medium in the dialogue between cultures and a tool for reflexion and methodology, which are indispensable for creativity and human behaviour. This supplement covers all new publications as far as they were available and could be included in the extensive index on authors, texts, translations and commentaries, and philosophical terms and concepts.
This work is the result of a recently held International Epilepsy Colloquium on the mesial temporal lobe epilepsies (MTLE) which covered all aspects of this specific group of syndromes (or constellations), from animal model to treatment strategies. Written by international experts from different fields, it aims to provide professionals from neuroscientists to clinical neurologists, neurosurgeons and neuropaedia-tricians dealing with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, with a concise overview on the current body of knowledge and on emerging concepts and findings.
This classic of modern physics includes a vast array of approximation methods, mathematical tricks, and physical pictures that are also useful in the application of quantum mechanics to other fields. Students and professionals will find it an essential reference for calculations pertaining to hydrogen-like and helium-like atoms and their comparison with experimental results. In-depth explorations of the Dirac theory of the electron and of radiative effects include brief accounts of relevant experiments. The specific application of general field-theoretic results to atomic systems also receives a thorough examination. Author Hans A. Bethe (1906–2005), Professor of Physics at Cornell University, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. Co-author Edwin E. Salpeter is James Gilbert White Distinguished Professor of the Physical Sciences at Cornell University.
This book explains different magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and uses different combinations of these techniques to analyze defects in semiconductors and nanostructures. It also introduces novelties such as single defects MR and electron-paramagnetic-resonance-based methods: electron spin echo, electrically detected magnetic resonance, optically detected magnetic resonance and electron-nuclear double resonance – the designated tools for investigating the structural and spin properties of condensed systems, living matter, nanostructures and nanobiotechnology objects. Further, the authors address problems existing in semiconductor and nanotechnology sciences that can be resolved using MR, and discuss past, current and future applications of MR, with a focus on advances in MR methods. The book is intended for researchers in MR studies of semiconductors and nanostructures wanting a comprehensive review of what has been done in their own and related fields of study, as well as future perspectives.
For Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) production, each product requires a unique process technology. This book provides a comprehensive insight into the tools necessary for fabricating MEMS/NEMS and the process technologies applied. Besides, it describes enabling technologies which are necessary for a successful production, i.e., wafer planarization and bonding, as well as contamination control.
The first edition of this book had been written with the special aim to provide the necessary information for an understanding of the deformation and scission of chain molecules and its role in polymer fracture. In this field there had been an intense ac tivity in the sixties and early seventies. The new results from spectroscopical (ESR, IR) and fracture mechanics methods reported in the first edition had complemented in a very successful way the conventional interpretations of fracture behavior. The extremely friendly reception of this book by the polymer community has shown that the subject was timely chosen and that the treatment had satisfied a need. In view of the importance of a molecular interpretation of fracture phenomena and of the continued demand for this book which still is the only one of its kind, a second edition has become necessary. The aims of the second edition will be similar to those of the first: it will be at tempted to reference and evaluate completely the literature on stress-induced chain scission, now up to 1985/86. References on other subjects such as morphology, vis coelasticity, plastiC deformation and fracture mechanics, where the treatment was never meant to be exhaustive, have remained selective, but they have been updated.
The submersed cultivation of organisms in sterile containments or fermenters has become the standard manufacturing procedure, and will remain the gold standard for some time to come. This book thus addresses submersed cell culture and fermentation and its importance for the manufacturing industry. It goes beyond expression systems and integrally investigates all those factors relevant for manufacturing using suspension cultures. In so doing, the contributions cover all industrial cultivation methods in a comprehensive and comparative manner, with most of the authors coming from the industry itself. Depending on the maturity of the technology, the chapters address in turn the expression system, basic process design, key factors affecting process economics, plant and bioreactor design, and regulatory aspects.
This illustrated handbook describes a broad spectrum of methods in the fields of remote sensing, geophysics, geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, and microbiology designed to investigate landfill, mining and industrial sites. The descriptions provide information about the principle of the methods, applications and fundamentals. This handbook also deals with the stepwise procedure for investigating sites and common problems faced in efficient implementation of field operations.
This book introduces readers to essential facilitation techniques for leadership in the contexts of project and network management. It provides method-based messages, a facilitator curriculum, and a veritable arsenal of 50 carefully selected and 'reality-tested' tools for facilitation in non-hierarchical contexts. As such, readers will benefit just as much from learning by doing as from doing by learning. This book is also intended for all managers who are responsible for successful communication and co-operation in projects in and across organisations or networks of organisations, and who want to know how to share their plans effectively and improve collaboration. Though the book employs scientific principles, it is chiefly a practical guide, and draws on the authors’ extensive experience in consultancy and management.
This text is an introductory compilation of basic concepts, methods and applications in the field of spectroscopy. It discusses new radiation sources such as lasers and synchrotrons and describes the linear response together with the basic principles and the technical background for various scattering experiments.
Core textbook showcasing the broad scope and coherence of physical chemistry Principles of Physical Chemistry introduces undergraduate students to the concepts and methods of physical chemistry, which are fundamental to all of Chemistry. In their unique approach, the authors guide students along a logically consistent pathway from the principles of quantum mechanics and molecular structure to the properties of ensembles and supramolecular machines, with many examples from biology and nanoscience. By systematically proceeding from atoms to increasingly complex forms of matter, the book elucidates the connection between recognizable paradigms and modern chemistry research in a student-friendly manner. To promote intuition and understanding for beginning students, the text introduces concepts before proceeding to more rigorous treatments. Rigorous proofs and derivations are provided, as electronic supplements, for more advanced students. The book poses over 900 exercises and problems to help the student learn and master methods for physicochemical reasoning. Computational supplementary material, including Fortran simulations, MathCAD exercises, and Mathematica programs, are included on a companion website. Some topics discussed in the text are: Electronic structure and Variational Principle, including Pauli exclusion, spin-orbit interactions, and electron confinement in quantum dots. Chemical bonding and molecular structure, including electron tunneling, comparison of electron-in-a-box models and electron orbital methods, and the mechanics of chemical bonds. Absorption and emission of light, including transition dipoles for π-electron systems, coupled chromophores, excitons, and chiroptical activity. Statistical description of molecular ensembles, including microscopic interpretations of phase transitions, entropy, work, and heat. Chemical equilibria, including statistical description of equilibrium constants, electrochemistry, and the exposition of fundamental reaction types. Reaction kinetics and reaction dynamics, including nonlinear coupled reactions, femtochemistry, and solvent effects on reactions. Physicochemical properties of macromolecules and the principles of supramolecular assemblies, including polymer dynamics and chemical control of interfaces. The logic of supramolecular machines and their manipulation of photon, electron, and nuclear motion. With its highly coherent and systematic approach to the subject, Principles of Physical Chemistry is an ideal textbook and resource for students in undergraduate physical chemistry courses, especially those in programs of study related to chemistry, engineering, and molecular and chemical biology.
This new edition of the well-received introduction to solid-state physics provides a comprehensive overview of the basic theoretical and experimental concepts of materials science. Experimental aspects and laboratory details are highlighted in separate panels that enrich text and emphasize recent developments. Notably, new material in the third edition includes sections on important new devices, aspects of non- periodic structures of matter, phase transitions, defects, superconductors and nanostructures. Students will benefit significantly from solving the exercises given at the end of each chapter. This book is intended for university students in physics, materials science and electrical engineering. It has been thoroughly updated to maintain its relevance and usefulness to students and professionals.
This book deals with the life and work of Nathan Zuntz and specifically addresses the contribution he made to high altitude physiology and aviation medicine. While some of the material on this topic has already been published in English (Gunga and Kirsch, 1995a, 1995b), the overwhelming majority of it is only available in German (Gunga, 1989). Recently, new and interesting sources on the life and work of the Berlin physiologist have come to light. That was why the author gladly accepted the invitation from the History Book Committee of the American Physiological Society in 2005 to write a biography of Nathan Zuntz. The result is a completely new, revised version of the book which is based on more than twenty years of study on the life and work of this physiologist. This biography could not have been written without the help of numerous people and institutions. First, I would like to thank Dr. John West, the current Chairman of the APS History Book Committee, who personally committed himself so firmly to making this project possible from the very first day. I am very grateful to the Free University, the Charite, the DLR (German Aerospace Center) in Cologne and the management in Bonn-Oberkassel namely Dr. Horst Binnenbruck, Dr. Peter Preu, Prof. Dr. Günter Ruyters, Dr.
Proceedings of the VIIIth International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics : Tallahassee, Florida, USA, 18-23 October 1998
Proceedings of the VIIIth International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics : Tallahassee, Florida, USA, 18-23 October 1998
The generation of megagauss fields for science and technology is an exciting area at the extremes of parameter space, involving the application and controlled handling of extremely high power and energy densities in small volumes and on short time scales. New physical phenomena, technological challenges, and the selection and development of materials, together create a unique potential and synergy resulting in fascinating discoveries and achievements. This book is a collection of the contributions of an international conference, which assembled the leading scientists and engineers worldwide working on the generation and use of the strongest magnetic fields possible. Other research activities include generators that employ explosives to create ultra-high pulsed power for different applications, such as megavolt or radiation sources. Additional topics are the generation of plasmas and magnetized plasmas for fusion, imploding liners, rail guns, etc.
From the Greeks to the Arabs and Beyond written by Hans Daiber, is a six volume collection of Daiber’s scattered writings, journal articles, essays and encyclopaedia entries on Greek-Syriac-Arabic translations, Islamic theology and Sufism, the history of science, Islam in Europe, manuscripts and the history of oriental studies. It also includes reviews and obituaries. Vol. V and VI are catalogues of newly discovered Arabic manuscript originals and films/offprints from manuscripts related to the topics of the preceding volumes.
Bone and Cartilage Engineering provides a complete overview of recent knowledge in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. It follows a logical approach to the various aspects of extracorporal bone and cartilage tissue engineering. The cooperation between a basic scientist and a clinician made it possible to structure the book's content and style according to the interdisciplinary character of the field. The comprehensive nature of the book, including detailed descriptions of laboratory procedures, preclinical approaches, clinical applications, and regulatory issues, will make it an invaluable basis for everyone working in this field. This book will serve as a fundamental tool for basic researchers to establish or refine tissue engineering techniques as well as for clinicians to understand and use this modern therapeutic option.
This text book gives a comprehensive account of magnetism, one of the oldest yet most vibrant fields of physics. It spans the historical development, the physical foundations and the continuing research underlying the subject. The book covers both the classical and quantum mechanical aspects of magnetism and novel experimental techniques. Perhaps uniquely, it discusses spin transport and magnetization dynamics phenomena associated with atomically and spin engineered nano-structures against the backdrop of spintronics and magnetic storage and memory applications. The book is for students, and serves as a reference for scientists in academia and research laboratories.
This is the first comprehensive textbook on the physical aspects of organic solids. All phenomena which are necessary in order to understand modern technical applications are being dealt with in a way which makes the concepts of the topics accessible for students. The chapters - from the basics, production and characterization of organic solids and layers to organic semiconductors, superconductors and opto-electronical applications - have been arranged in a logical and well thought-out order.
Silicon, the basic material for a multibillion-dollar industry, is the most widely researched and applied semiconductor, and its surfaces are the most thoroughly studied of all semiconductor surfaces. Silicon Surfaces and Formation of Interfaces may be used as an introduction to graduate-level physics and chemical physics. Moreover, it gives a specialized and comprehensive description of the most common faces of silicon crystals as well as their interaction with adsorbates and overlayers. This knowledge is presented in a systematic and easy-to-follow way. Discussion of each system is preceded by a brief overview which categorizes the features and physical mechanisms before the details are presented. The literature is easily available, and the references are numerous and organized in tables, allowing a search without the need to browse through the text.Though this volume focuses on a scientific understanding of physics on the atomistic and mesoscopic levels, it also highlights existing and potential links between basic research in surface science and applications in the silicon industry. It will be valuable to anyone writing a paper, thesis, or proposal in the field of silicon surfaces.
Just as the circle number π or the Euler constant e determines mathematics, fundamental constants of nature define the scales of the natural sciences. This book presents a new perspective by means of a few axioms and compares the resulting validity with experimental data. By the axiomatic approach Sommerfeld's mysterious fine-structure constant and Dirac's cosmic number are fixed as pure number constants. Thanks to these number constants, it is possible to calculate the value for the anomalous magnetic-moment of the electron in a simple way compared to QED calculations. With the same number constants it is also possible to calculate masses, partial lifetimes, magnetic-moments or charge radii of fundamental particles. The expressions used for the calculations, with few exceptions, yield values within the experimental error limits of the Particle Data Group. The author shows that the introduced number constants give even better predictions than the complicated QED calculations of today's doctrine. In the first part only experimental data from the literature for checking the postulates are used. In the second part the author explains electrical transport measurements with emergent behaviour, which were carried out in a professional environment.
The monograph aims at a historical and bibliographical survey of the qur??nic and rational world-view of early Islam, of the period of translations from Greek into Syriac and Arabic, and of the impact of Islamic thought on Europe.
PF3, (CH3)3SiCl -> (CH3)3SiF, and RC(O)Cl -> RC(O)F. Others include the conversion of (C6H5)3P into (C6H5)3PF2 and of (R3NC(S)S)2 into R2NCF3, R=alkyl. In organic chemistry, fluorides are easily accessible from alcohols, geminal fluorides RR'CF2 from the respective aldehydes or ketones, and acyl fluorides RC(O)F from carboxylic acides by using DAST. Because DAST is easy to handle and gives clean reactions in syntheses, this Gmelin volume devotes much space to the description of the chemical and physical properties od DAST.
This first comprehensive description of the most important material properties and device aspects closes the gap between general books on solar cells and journal articles on chalcogenide-based photovoltaics. Written by two very renowned authors with years of practical experience in the field, the book covers II-VI and I-III-VI2 materials as well as energy conversion at heterojunctions. It also discusses the latest semiconductor heterojunction models and presents modern analysis concepts. Thin film technology is explained with an emphasis on current and future techniques for mass production, and the book closes with a compendium of failure analysis in photovoltaic thin film modules. With its overview of the semiconductor physics and technology needed, this practical book is ideal for students, researchers, and manufacturers, as well as for the growing number of engineers and researchers working in companies and institutes on chalcogenide photovoltaics.
The present volume, "Organoiron Compounds" B 17, systematically covers the literature through the end of 1987 for Sections 1.5.3 to 1.5.3.5, through the end of 1988 for Sections 1.5.4 to 1.5.6.7, and also includes many tater references. This volume continues Se ries B (volumes B 1 to B 15 al ready published) on the mononu clear organoiron compounds; Series A (volumes A 1 to A 9 already published) is devoted to the ferrocenes and Se ries C (volumes C 1 to C 5 and C 7 already published) treats organoiron com pounds with two or more Fe atoms in the molecule. Se ries B thus far includes the following mononuclear organoiron compounds: "Eisen-Organische Verbindungen" B 1 (1976), B 2 (1978, in English), B 3 (1979, partly in English) Sections 1 to 1.1.4.8 on 0 compounds and carbonyl compounds. "Eisen-Organische Verbindungen" B 4 (1978) Sections 1.1.5 to 1.2.3.2.3 on isonitrile and carbene compounds and on compounds with ligands bonded to the Fe atom by two C atoms eL ligands). "Eisen-Organische Verbindungen" B 5 (1978) Sections 1.3 to 1.3.6 on compounds with ligands bonded to the Fe atom by three C atoms (3L ligands).
This book analyzes the social capital of the growing knowledge economy, from both theoretical and empirical points of view. The theoretical section discusses social capital as an economic concept, developing a theory of the social capital of the enterprise. The empirical section compares aspects of the social capital of three different socio-economic systems: the US, Japan and Sweden. The book discusses a number of issues for further research.
This is the first book to provide comprehensive information on the anatomy and ecology of arctic and alpine plants from cold sites around the globe, including representative species from Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Himalaya, Japan, Argentina, Ecuador and Western USA. It presents the study sites, including characteristic landscape and vegetation photographs. It also discusses species distribution, habitat preferences and features plant pictures, particularly focusing on the specific stem anatomical features, which differ in many cases from temperate zone herbs. Furthermore, each plant is characterized according to a newly constructed codification system. Based on the first author’s 20-years of field research, a close collaboration with numerous botanical gardens, and the vast ecological experience of the other authors, the book presents approximately 350 species. The general layout is comparable to Doležal et al’s 2018 book Anatomy, Age and Ecology of High Mountain Plants in Ladakh, the Western Himalaya.
The volume continues the description of acyclic sulfur - nitrogen compounds with sulfur having the oxidation number II and covers amino-di- and aminopolysulfanes as well as diamino-di- and diamino-polysulfanes. Numerous examples of the class of diamino-disulfanes and their interesting chemical properties are described: N, N'-disulfanediyl-bis(N-heterocycles), for instance, undergo S-S bond scission in a thermal or photochemical radical - dimer equilibrium or react with acetylenes to give thiophenes, and N, N'disulfanediyl-bis(phthalimide) is a sulfur transfer reagent for organic synthesis. The volume completes the series on sulfur - nitrogen compounds which is a unique and comprehensive source of information for this field in chemistry.
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