The first step in a new era where optics supersedes electronics was established by fiber optic communication. Optical data processing is now following with optical elements which can address and retrieve information directly using fiber optics. The new technology is progressing rapidly due to a major input of materials scientists guided by early pioneers such as Francis Garito and Joseph Zyss, who are among the contributors to this volume, which is divided into eight parts: molecular engineering and nonlinear optics, Langmuir-Blodgett films, nonlinear polymers, harmonic generation, nonlinear optical materials, photoreactive materials, nonlinear liquid crystals, and optical testing. No subject index. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.
For many observers the beginning of a dynamic economic and stock market upswing in the U.S. in the mid 1990s marked the start of a new era, the times of the new economy. This phenomenon has been under intense discussion ever since - both in the political arena as well as among scientists. Thereby the somewhat glamorous term new economy reflects the conviction held by its proponents that the use of new technologies will lead to a never ending acceleration of technological progress and economic welfare.The origins of this development date back a long time: More than 30 years ago, the starting point was the basic innovation "digitilization"". Production as well as application of information and communications technologies (ICT) are based on this principle. At the beginning of the seventies, the first microprocessor was produced. Some ten years later, the first personal computer was brought onto the market. The commercial use of the Internet has begun in the mid nineties. In view of the economic boom in the U.S. accompanying the introduction of the Internet, the question arises as to what extent the new economy actually has exerted lasting positive effects on productivity - not only in the United States, but also worldwide.Inspired by these developments, the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology commissioned RWI, Essen, to study the driving forces of the new economy. In this report, the trends of the ICT sector and of the use of ICT products are analyzed with respect to the overall economic effects in Germany in comparison to the U.S. Further analyses were carried out regarding the intensity and effects of e-business. Finally, the influence of different methods of price measurement on productivity was analysed, since this is important for international comparisons of total factor productivity. The study culminates in a growth accounting calculation separating the contributions to economic growth by capital, labor, and technological progress.
This book proposes a new Ethics of Political Commemoration adapted from the Just War tradition, reflecting that remembrance is often conducted with political – and even coercive – intent. With its Ius ad Memoriam (what to commemorate) and Ius in Memoria (how to commemorate) criteria, the framework looks to guide debates that are currently inchoate so that remembrance of the past can transform relationships in the present and build a shared future. Offering a moral argument with memorable illustrations, Gutbrod and Wood draw on experiences from Armenia, Georgia, Ireland, Lebanon, and Libya, while connecting to mainstream debates in Western Europe and the United States. Bringing together an ethical tradition with the practice of conflict transformation, the framework fuses two perspectives that enrich each other. The book, in providing a first systematic presentation of the ethics, seeks to engage citizens and scholars, and help those who work to transform conflicts.
Esteemed historian and philosopher of science Hans-Jörg Rheinberger explores the incredible diversity of scientific experimentation in his new book, which extends his ground-breaking epistemological studies of the life sciences and the experimental practices that have made them so productive. Rheinberger explores the materiality of experiment, of its objects and instruments, the construction of models, and myriad ways of making things visible. The first part of the book is devoted to the circumstances and conditions that give the process of experimentation its structural cachet and make it a device from which novelty can emerge. Then, in the second part, Rheinberger focuses on the relations that experimental systems develop among each other, specifically their characteristic temporal, spatial, and narrative dimensions. The concepts that guide his investigation emerge through accessible examples, most of which are drawn from molecular biology, including from the author's own laboratory notebooks from his years researching ribosomes. This is a tour de force by one of today's most influential theorists of scientific practice"--
What are the foundations of human self-understanding and the value of responsible philosophical questioning? Focusing on Heidegger's early work on facticity, historicity, and the phenomenological hermeneutics of factical-historical life, Hans-Helmuth Gander develops an idea of understanding that reflects our connection with the world and other, and thus invites deep consideration of phenomenology, hermeneutics, and deconstruction. He draws usefully on Husserl's phenomenology and provides grounds for exchange with Descartes, Dilthey, Nietzsche, Gadamer, Ricoeur, and Foucault. On the way to developing a contemporary hermeneutical philosophy, Gander clarifies the human relation to self in and through conversation with Heidegger's early hermeneutics. Questions about reading and writing then follow as these are the very actions that structure human self-understanding and world understanding.
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